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下肢深静脉血栓下肢深静脉血栓 忧 3分(内容丰富) , 编辑词条 摘要 目前没有摘要内容欢迎补充编辑摘要 目录-[ 隐藏 ] 1. 1概述 2. 2病因学 3. 3病理改变 4. 4临床表现 5. 5辅助检查 6. 6诊断 7. 7鉴别诊断 8. 8治疗措施 9. 9预防 编辑本段|回到顶部概述 下肢深静脉血栓形成是常见病。此病可后遗下肢水肿、继发性静脉 曲张、皮炎、色素沉着、郁滞性溃疡等,严重损害劳动人民健康。美国每 年约有50万人患本病,我国尚无统计数字,但并不少见。上海中山医院 自195...

下肢深静脉血栓
下肢深静脉血栓 忧 3分(内容丰富) , 编辑词条 摘要 目前没有摘要内容欢迎补充编辑摘要 目录-[ 隐藏 ] 1. 1概述 2. 2病因学 3. 3病理改变 4. 4临床 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 现 5. 5辅助检查 6. 6诊断 7. 7鉴别诊断 8. 8治疗措施 9. 9预防 编辑本段|回到顶部概述 下肢深静脉血栓形成是常见病。此病可后遗下肢水肿、继发性静脉 曲张、皮炎、色素沉着、郁滞性溃疡等,严重损害劳动人民健康。美国每 年约有50万人患本病,我国尚无统计数字,但并不少见。上海中山医院 自1957,1977年期间共收治深静脉血栓病人49例,其中下肢深静脉30 例,上腔静脉10例,下腔静脉7例,上肢静脉仅2例。该院血管外科自 1978,1988年收治深静脉血栓病人124例,其中下肢深静脉106例,上 腔静脉1例,下腔静脉7例,上肢静脉10例,故深静脉血栓形成的部位 以下肢髂股静脉段最多见。 编辑本段|回到顶部病因学 hot standby mode, ensure that the rehabilitation centre 7*24 hours/normal, secure network working condition. network outlet is equipped with a firewall. Guarantees stable and secure operation of the network. According to the star-shaped structure of computer networks to achieve medical ground floor second floor access layer switches to ground five layer Interconnect as well as rehabilitation, 1, 2nd floor access layer switch interconnect. Network route 12-core single-mode fiber-optic cable through a weak pipeline laying perpendicular to the shaft from the FD to the device of floors of BD. 48 data points corresponding to each pair of optical fiber intranet, Internet 24 data points, and fully reserve standby, rehabilitation center for future facility expansion needs. convenient and economical. Internet medical room as core telecommunication line, the four-storey information directly into a layer of weak lines, with 1 large Gigabit switch as the core of Internet System. meet the rehab hospital-wide Internet applications, data exchange and social access, public information release. Together, access switch selection based on fast, load power, security and stability, business integration, ease of management and maintenance of equipment basic conditions to meet hospital-wide data exchange, to provide users with access to multiple business, Exchange and integration of secure network. Network outlet is equipped with 十九世纪中期,Virchow提出深静脉血栓形成的三大因素:静脉血流滞缓、静脉壁损伤和血液高凝状态,至今仍为各国学者所公认。兹分述如下: (一)静脉血流滞缓手术中脊髓麻醉或全身麻醉导致周围静脉扩张,静脉流速减慢;手术中由于麻醉作用致使下肢肌内完全麻痹,失去收缩功能,术后又因切口疼痛和其它原因卧床休息,下肢肌肉处于松弛状态,致使血流滞缓,诱发下肢深静脉血栓形成。据Borow报道手术持续时间与深静血栓的发生有关,手术持续时间1,2小时20%发病,2,3小时46.7%,3小时以上62.5%(国外报道的发病率远较国内高),并发现50%在术后第1天发生,30%在术后第2天发生。Sevitt从临床上观察证明血栓常起自静脉瓣膜袋,静脉连续处以及比目鱼肌等处的静脉窦。比目鱼肌静脉窦内的血流,是依靠肌肉舒缩作用向心回流,因此它是血栓形成的易发部位。血栓也可发生于无瓣膜,但易发生血栓,可能因被前方的右髂总动脉压迫所致。约24%髂外静脉是有瓣膜的,在此瓣膜的近端也有相当高的血栓发生率。 (二)静脉壁的损伤 1.化学性损伤静脉内注射各种刺激性溶液和高渗溶液,如各种抗生素、有机碘溶液、高渗葡萄糖溶液等均能在不同程度上刺激静脉内膜,导致静脉炎和静脉血栓形成。 机械性损伤静脉局部挫伤、撕裂伤或骨折碎片创伤均可产生静脉血 2. 栓形成。股骨颈骨折损伤股总静脉,骨盆骨折常能损伤髂总静脉或其分支,均可并发髂股静脉血栓形成。 3.感染性损伤化脓性血栓性静脉炎由静脉周围感染灶引起,较为少见,如感染性子宫内膜炎,可引起子宫静脉的脓毒性血栓性静脉炎。 (三)血液高凝状态这是引起静脉血栓形成的基本因素之一。各种大型手术是引起高凝状血小板粘聚能力增强;术后血清前纤维蛋白溶酶活化剂和纤维蛋白溶酶两者的抑制剂水平均有升高,从而使纤维蛋白溶解减少。脾切除术后由于血小板骤然增加,可增加血液凝固性,烧伤或严重脱水使血液浓缩,也可增加血液凝固性。晚期癌肿如肺癌、胰腺癌,其它如卵巢、前列腺、胃或结肠癌,当癌细胞破坏组织同时,常释放许多物质,如粘蛋白凝血活素等,某些酶的活性增高,也可使血凝固孕药,可降低抗凝血酶?的水平,从而增加血液的凝固度。大剂量应用止血药物,也可使血液呈高凝状态。 综合上述静脉血栓形成的病因,静脉血流滞缓和血液高凝状态是两个主要原因。单一因素尚不能独立致病,常常是两个或3个因素的综合作用造成深静脉血栓形成。例如产后深静脉血栓形成发病率高,即是综合因素所致。产后子宫内胎盘剥离能在短期内迅速止血,不致发生产后大出血,与血液的高凝状态有密切关系。妊娠时胎盘产生大量雌激素,足月时达最高峰,其雌三醇的量可增加到非孕时的1000倍。雌激素促进肝脏产生各种凝血因子,同时妊娠末期体内纤维蛋白原也大量增加,致使血液呈高凝状态,产后再加卧床休息,使下肢血流滞缓,从而有发生深静脉血栓的倾向。单纯血流滞缓不足以产生本病,有时伴有血管壁的损伤,如直接损伤、慢性疾病或远处组织损伤,产生白细胞趋向性因子,使白细胞移向血管壁。 cure network. Network outlet is equipped withwide data exchange, to provide users with access to multiple business, Exchange and integration of se-c conditions to meet hospitalbased on fast, load power, security and stability, business integration, ease of management and maintenance of equipment basiwide Internet applications, data exchange and social access, public information release. Together, access switch selection -ospitalinformation directly into a layer of weak lines, with 1 large Gigabit switch as the core of Internet System. meet the rehab hstorey -future facility expansion needs. convenient and economical. Internet medical room as core telecommunication line, the fouronding to each pair of optical fiber intranet, Internet 24 data points, and fully reserve standby, rehabilitation center for ts correspoptic cable through a weak pipeline laying perpendicular to the shaft from the FD to the device of floors of BD. 48 data poin-mode fiber-core single-onnect as well as rehabilitation, 1, 2nd floor access layer switch interconnect. Network route 12Interc shaped structure of computer networks to achieve medical ground floor second floor access layer switches to ground five layer-n. network outlet is equipped with a firewall. Guarantees stable and secure operation of the network. According to the starhot standby mode, ensure that the rehabilitation centre 7*24 hours/normal, secure network working conditio2 同样,内皮细胞层出现裂隙,基底膜的内膜下胶的显露,均可使血小板移向血管内膜,导致凝集过程的发生。 编辑本段|回到顶部病理改变 静脉血栓可分为三种类型:?红血栓或凝固血栓,组成比较均匀,血小板和白细胞散在分布在红细胞和纤维素的胶状块内;?白血栓,包括纤维素、成层的血小板和白细胞,只有极少的红细胞;?混合血栓,最常见,包含白血栓组成头部,板层状的红血栓和白血栓构成体部,红血栓或板层状的血栓构成尾部。 下肢深静脉血栓形成有些病例起源于小腿静脉,另有些病例起源于股静脉、髂静脉。 静脉血栓形成所引起的病理生理改变,主要是静脉回流障碍所发生的各种影响。静脉血液回流障碍的程度取决于受累血管的大小和部位,以及血栓形成的范围和性质。静脉血栓形成后,在血栓远侧静脉压力升高所引起的一系列病理生理变化,如小静脉甚至毛细静脉处于明显的郁血状态,毛细血管的渗透压因静脉压力改变而升高,血管内皮细胞内缺氧而渗透性增加,以致血管内液体成分向外渗出,移向组织间隙,往往造成肢体肿胀。如有红细胞渗出于血管外,其代谢产物含铁血黄素,形成皮肤色素沉着。 在静脉血栓形成时,可伴有一定程度的动脉痉挛,在动脉搏动减弱的情况下,会引起淋巴郁滞,淋巴回流障碍,加重肢体的肿胀。 此外,在静脉血栓形成过程中,所引起的静脉本身及其周围组织的炎症反应,血栓远侧静脉压迅速升高,使静脉骤然扩张,因淋巴回流障碍造成下肢水肿,因静脉血栓形成而造成的动脉痉挛,使肢体处于缺氧状态,这一系列病理生理的变化,都能引起程度不等的疼痛症状。 在静脉血栓形成的急性期,当肢体六干静脉血液回流受到障碍时,血栓远侧的高压静脉血,将利用所有通常不起重要作用的交通支增加回流。如大腿上部和腹下部的浅静脉吻合支可通至对侧躯干,向上可通过腹壁至奇静脉和胸廓内静脉系统。在深部,吻合支可通过骨盆静脉丛抵达对侧的髂内静脉。这些静脉的适应性扩张,促使血栓远侧静脉血向心回流。 血栓的蔓延可沿静脉血流方向,向近心端伸延,如小腿的血栓可以继续伸延至下腔静脉。当血栓完全阻塞静脉主干后,就可以逆行伸延。血栓的碎块还可以脱落,随血流经右心,继之栓塞于肺动脉,即并发肺栓塞。 另一方面血栓可机化,再管化和再内膜化,使静脉腔恢复一定程度的通畅。血栓机化的过程,自外周开始,逐渐向中央进行。进行的程度参差不一。血栓退行性变化的发生,可能是血液内纤维蛋白溶酶发生作用的结果。也可能是细胞自溶作用和吞噬作用的结果。机化的另一重要过程,是内皮细胞的生长,并穿透入血栓,这是再管化的重要组成部分。在动物实验中,曾观察到2,5周即可导致静脉再通,但瓣膜已受损。临床观察中,发现再管化是一个漫长的病程,约需8,15年。机体的最后结果,将使静脉恢复一定程度的机能。但因管腔爱纤维组织收缩作用的影响,以及静脉瓣膜本身遭受破坏,使瓣膜消失,或呈肥厚状粘附于管壁,从而导致继发性深静脉瓣膜机能不全,产生静脉血栓形成后综合征。 编辑本段|回到顶部临床表现 最常见的主要临床表现是一侧肢体的突然肿胀。患下肢深静脉血栓形成病人,局部感疼痛,行走时加剧。轻者局部仅感沉重,站立时症状加重。 tlet is equipped withwide data exchange, to provide users with access to multiple business, Exchange and integration of secure network. Network ou-nd maintenance of equipment basic conditions to meet hospitalsed on fast, load power, security and stability, business integration, ease of management awide Internet applications, data exchange and social access, public information release. Together, access switch selection ba-nternet System. meet the rehab hospitalstorey information directly into a layer of weak lines, with 1 large Gigabit switch as the core of I-lecommunication line, the fourndby, rehabilitation center for future facility expansion needs. convenient and economical. Internet medical room as core tets corresponding to each pair of optical fiber intranet, Internet 24 data points, and fully reserve staoptic cable through a weak pipeline laying perpendicular to the shaft from the FD to the device of floors of BD. 48 data poin-mode fiber-core single-e 12Interconnect as well as rehabilitation, 1, 2nd floor access layer switch interconnect. Network rout shaped structure of computer networks to achieve medical ground floor second floor access layer switches to ground five layer-network. According to the stars equipped with a firewall. Guarantees stable and secure operation of the hot standby mode, ensure that the rehabilitation centre 7*24 hours/normal, secure network working condition. network outlet i3 体检有以下几个特征:?患肢肿胀。肿胀的发展程度,须依据每天用卷带尺精确的测量,并与健侧下肢对照粗细才可靠,单纯依靠肉眼观察是不可靠的。这一体征对确诊深静脉血栓具有较高的价值,小腿肿胀严重时,常致组织张力增高;?压痛。静脉血栓部位常有压痛。因此,下肢应检查小腿肌肉、腘窝、内收肌管及腹股沟下方股静脉;?Homans征。将足向背侧急剧弯曲时,可引起小腿肌肉深部疼痛。小腿深静脉血栓时,Homans征常为阳性。这是由于腓肠肌及比目鱼肌被动伸长时,刺激小腿血全静脉而引起;?浅静脉曲张。深静脉阻塞可引起浅静脉压升高,发病1、2周后可姓浅静脉曲张。 根据静脉血栓的部位不同,可出现各种不同的临床表现,兹分述如下: 1.小腿深静脉血栓形成虽然小腿深静脉是术后最易发生血栓的部位,但有时常被漏诊。常见的症状有小腿部疼痛及压痛,小腿部轻度肿胀或肿胀不明显,Homans征可阳性,浅静脉压常属正常。 2.股静脉血栓形成绝大多数股静脉血栓继发于小腿深静脉血栓。但少数股静脉血栓也可单独存在。体征为在内收肌管部位、腘窝部和小腿深部均有压痛。患侧小腿及踝部常出现轻度水肿,患肢静脉压较健侧升高2,3倍。Homans征阳性或阴性。 3.髂股静脉血栓形成绝大多数髂股静脉血栓形成继发于小腿深静脉血栓,但有时原发于髂股静脉或髂静脉。产后妇女、骨盆骨折、盆腔手术 ,3倍。和晚期癌肿病人易发生。病变发生在左侧下肢深静脉较右侧多2这可能是由于左侧髂总静脉的行径较长,部分左髂部总静脉腔受右髂总动脉压迫的缘故。偶尔也可能由于左髂总静脉与下腔静脉交界处存在先天性网状畸形。 本病发病急骤,数小时内整个患肢出现疼痛、压痛及明显肿胀。股上部及同侧下腹壁浅静脉曲张。沿股三角区及股内收肌管部位有明显压痛。在股静脉部位可摸到索条物,并压痛。严重者,患肢皮色呈青紫,称“股青肿”(phlegmasiaceruleadolens),提示患肢深浅静脉广泛性血栓形成,伴有动脉痉挛,有时可导致肢体静脉型坏疽。全身症状一般不明显,体温上升不超过39?,可有轻度心动过速和急倦不适等症状“股青肿”较罕见。 编辑本段|回到顶部辅助检查 对诊断有困难的静脉血栓形成,可选用下列检查以资确诊。 (一)上行性静脉造影可了解血栓的部位和范围。病人仰卧,取半直立位,头端高30,45º。先在踝部扎一橡皮管止血带压迫浅静脉。用12号穿刺针直接经皮穿刺入足背浅静脉,在一分钟内注入40%泛影葡胺80,100ml,在电视屏幕引导下,先摄小腿部X片,再摄大腿及骨盆部X片。注射造影剂后,再快速注入生理盐水,以冲洗静脉管腔,减少造影剂刺激,防止浅静脉炎发生。 造影X线片常显示静脉内球状或蜿蜒状充盈缺损,或静脉主干不显影,远侧静脉有扩张,附近有丰富的侧支静脉,均提示静脉内有血栓形成。 (二)静脉压测量用盛满生理盐水的玻璃测量器连续针头,穿刺足或踝部浅静脉或手臂浅静脉,测得静脉压。其数值需与健侧静脉压对照。这种检查用于病变早期侧支血管建立之前,才有诊断价值。 (三)血管无损伤性检查法(vascularnoninvasivetechnique)近年 future facility expansion needs. convenient and economical. Internet medical room as core telecommunication line, the fouronding to each pair of optical fiber intranet, Internet 24 data points, and fully reserve standby, rehabilitation center for ts correspoptic cable through a weak pipeline laying perpendicular to the shaft from the FD to the device of floors of BD. 48 data poin-mode fiber-core single-onnect as well as rehabilitation, 1, 2nd floor access layer switch interconnect. Network route 12Interc shaped structure of computer networks to achieve medical ground floor second floor access layer switches to ground five layer-n. network outlet is equipped with a firewall. Guarantees stable and secure operation of the network. According to the starhot standby mode, ensure that the rehabilitation centre 7*24 hours/normal, secure network working conditiocure network. Network outlet is equipped withwide data exchange, to provide users with access to multiple business, Exchange and integration of se-c conditions to meet hospitalbased on fast, load power, security and stability, business integration, ease of management and maintenance of equipment basiwide Internet applications, data exchange and social access, public information release. Together, access switch selection -ospitalinformation directly into a layer of weak lines, with 1 large Gigabit switch as the core of Internet System. meet the rehab hstorey -4 来对诊断深静脉血栓形成的检查法有很大进展,采用血管无损伤性检查法,包括放射性纤维蛋白原试验、超声波检查、电阻抗体积描记法等。放射性纤维蛋白原试验对检查小腿深静脉血栓较敏感,超声波检查对检查髂股静脉血栓形成最有价值。如采用上述两种检查法,诊断尚难明确,仍需作静脉造影。至今尚无一种无损伤检查法可完全替代传统的静脉造影。不断探索和完善无损伤检查法,乃是今后努力的方向。 1.放射性纤维蛋白原试验1965年Atkins首先应用于临床,其原理是125碘标记人体纤维蛋白原,能被正在形成的血栓摄取、形成的放射射性,可从体表上进行扫描。这种试验操作简单,正确率高,特别是可以检出难以发现的较小静脉隐匿型血栓。因此这可作为筛选检查。 它的缺点主要有:?不能发现陈旧性血栓,因为它不摄取125碘纤维蛋白原;?不适用于检查骨盆邻近部位的静脉血栓,因为在这一区域,有较大动脉和血供丰富的组织,有含同位素尿液的膀胱,扫描时难以对比;?不能鉴别下列疾病:纤维渗出液炎症,浅静脉血栓性静脉炎,新近手术切口,创伤,血肿,蜂窝组织炎,急性关节炎及原发性淋巴水肿。 2.超声波检查1959年里村茂夫首先应用,其原理是当一束超声波对一个移动物质反射时,由于Doppler效应,它的频率随被测物体波移动速率而改变。血液中的红细胞作为反射物,当超声波束穿过流动的血液时,其频率将随血流速度而改变。检查时,将超声探测仪的探头,放在下肢较大静脉的体表位置上,如股静脉、髂外静脉、中段股浅静脉、腘静脉和胫后静脉。当血液通过时发出声响,无血流时声响消失。这是一种简便的诊断方法,可反复检查。能迅速作出结论。但根据各家报道,确诊率高低悬殊,自31,94%不等。它有下列缺点:?不适于检查较小的静脉血栓,因没有造成较大静脉的血流改变;?圈套静脉,如早期血栓尚未形成明显阻塞,就不一定能够发现;?如有很大侧支或浅静脉,可造成深静脉通畅的假象;?不能测得肌肉中静脉、股深静脉和盆腔静脉丛的血栓。目前已有国产袖珍式超声波听诊器,对检查静脉通畅度,十分简便、迅速。 3.电阻抗体积描记法1971年Wheeler首先倡用,其原理是正常人深吸气时,能阻碍下肢静脉血回流,使小腿血容易增加;呼气时,静脉血重新回流,下肢血容量恢复常态。电阻抗体积描记法可以测出小腿容量的改变。下肢深静脉血栓形成的病人,深呼吸时,小腿血容量无明显的相应改变。Kakkar指出,这种检查可以正当正确地诊断较大静脉的血栓形成,但对小腿较小静脉的血栓形成,效果并不满意。 编辑本段|回到顶部诊断 1.多见于产后、盆腔术后、外伤、晚期癌肿、昏迷或长期卧床的患者。 2.起病较急,患肢肿胀发硬、疼痛,活动后加重,常伴有发热、脉快。 3.血栓部位压痛,沿血管可扪及索状物,血栓远侧肢体或全肢体肿胀,皮肤呈青紫色,皮温降低,足背、胫后动脉搏动减弱或消失,或出现静脉性坏疽。血栓伸延至下腔静脉时,则两下肢、臀部、下腹和外生殖器均明显水肿。血栓发生在小腿肌肉静脉丛时,Homans征和Neuhof征阳性。 4.后期血栓吸收机化,常遗留静脉机能不全,出生浅静脉曲张、色素沉着、溃疡、肿胀等,称为深静脉血栓形成后综合征。分为:?周围型。以血液倒灌为主。?中央型。以血液回流障碍为主。?混合型。既有血液倒灌,又有回流障碍。 tlet is equipped withwide data exchange, to provide users with access to multiple business, Exchange and integration of secure network. Network ou-nd maintenance of equipment basic conditions to meet hospitalsed on fast, load power, security and stability, business integration, ease of management awide Internet applications, data exchange and social access, public information release. Together, access switch selection ba-nternet System. meet the rehab hospitalstorey information directly into a layer of weak lines, with 1 large Gigabit switch as the core of I-lecommunication line, the fourndby, rehabilitation center for future facility expansion needs. convenient and economical. Internet medical room as core tets corresponding to each pair of optical fiber intranet, Internet 24 data points, and fully reserve staoptic cable through a weak pipeline laying perpendicular to the shaft from the FD to the device of floors of BD. 48 data poin-mode fiber-core single-e 12Interconnect as well as rehabilitation, 1, 2nd floor access layer switch interconnect. Network rout shaped structure of computer networks to achieve medical ground floor second floor access layer switches to ground five layer-network. According to the stars equipped with a firewall. Guarantees stable and secure operation of the hot standby mode, ensure that the rehabilitation centre 7*24 hours/normal, secure network working condition. network outlet i5 5.血栓脱落可致肺栓塞。 6.放射性纤维蛋白原试验、多普勒超声及静脉血流图检查,有助于诊断。静脉造影可确定诊断。 编辑本段|回到顶部鉴别诊断 在下肢深静血栓形成的急性期和慢性期分别应和下列疾病相鉴别: (一)急性动脉栓塞本病也常表现为单侧下肢的突发疼痛,与下肢静脉血栓有相似之处,但急性动脉栓塞时肢体无肿胀,主要表现为足及小腿皮温厥冷、剧痛、麻木、自主运动及皮肤感觉丧失,足背动脉、胫后动脉搏动消失,有时股腘动脉搏动也消失,根据以上特点,鉴别较易。 (二)急性下肢弥散性淋巴管炎本病发病也较快,肢体肿胀,常伴有寒战、高热,皮肤发红,皮温升高,浅静脉不曲张,根据以上特点,可与下肢深静脉血栓相鉴别。 (三)淋巴水肿本病与下肢深静脉血栓慢性期有相似之处。 (四)其他疾病凡因术后、产后、严重创伤或全身性疾病卧床病人,突然觉小腿深部疼痛,有压痛,Homans征阳性,首先应考虑小腿深静脉血栓形成。但需与下列疾病作鉴别:急性小腿肌炎,急性小腿纤维组织炎,小腿肌劳损,小腿深静脉破裂出血及跟腱断裂。后者均有外伤史,起病急骤,局部疼痛剧烈,伴小腿尤其踝部皮肤瘀血斑,可资鉴别。 对诊断确有困难者,除观察临床表现外,选择上述一或两种以上特殊检查,即可确诊。 编辑本段|回到顶部治疗措施 (一)急性期近年来深静脉血栓形成的急性期治疗主要是非手术疗法,但偶尔仍需手术治疗。 1.非手术疗效 ?卧床休息和抬高患肢:患急性深静脉血栓病人,需卧床休息1,2周,使血栓紧粘附于静脉内膜,减轻局部疼痛,促使炎症反应消退。在此期间,避免用力排例以防血栓脱落导致肺栓塞。患肢抬高需高于心脏水平,约离床20,30cm,膝关节处安置于稍屈曲位。如抬高适宜,就不需用弹力绷带或穿弹力袜。开始起床活动时,需穿弹力袜或用弹力绷带,适度地压迫浅静脉,以增加静脉加回流量,以及维持最低限度的静脉压,阻止下肢水肿发展。弹力袜使用时间:?对小腿深静脉或浅静脉血栓性静脉炎,一般不需用,但如踝部及小腿下部出现水肿,可用数周;?对腘、股静脉血栓形成,一般使用不超过6周;?对髂股静脉血栓形成,先使用3个月,以后间断取除,一般不超过6月,但如水肿出现,则需继续应用。病人在早期,禁忌久站及久坐。对重型髂股静脉血栓形成病人,适当限制站立及坐位,并抬高患肢3个月,这样可促使下肢建立侧支静脉以减轻下肢水肿。 ?抗凝血疗法:这时深静脉血栓形成现代最主要的治疗方法这一。正确地使用抗凝剂可降低朏栓塞并发率和深静脉血栓形成的后遗症。其作用在于防止已形成的血栓继续滋长和其他部位新血栓的形成,并促使血栓静脉较迅速地再管化。 适应证:?静脉血栓形成后1月内;?静脉血栓形成后有肺栓塞可能时;?血栓取除术后。 禁忌证:?出血素质;?流产后;?亚急性心内膜炎;?溃疡病。 常用抗凝血剂有肝素和香豆素类衍化物。 future facility expansion needs. convenient and economical. Internet medical room as core telecommunication line, the fouronding to each pair of optical fiber intranet, Internet 24 data points, and fully reserve standby, rehabilitation center for ts correspoptic cable through a weak pipeline laying perpendicular to the shaft from the FD to the device of floors of BD. 48 data poin-mode fiber-core single-onnect as well as rehabilitation, 1, 2nd floor access layer switch interconnect. Network route 12Interc shaped structure of computer networks to achieve medical ground floor second floor access layer switches to ground five layer-n. network outlet is equipped with a firewall. Guarantees stable and secure operation of the network. According to the starhot standby mode, ensure that the rehabilitation centre 7*24 hours/normal, secure network working conditiocure network. Network outlet is equipped withwide data exchange, to provide users with access to multiple business, Exchange and integration of se-c conditions to meet hospitalbased on fast, load power, security and stability, business integration, ease of management and maintenance of equipment basiwide Internet applications, data exchange and social access, public information release. Together, access switch selection -ospitalinformation directly into a layer of weak lines, with 1 large Gigabit switch as the core of Internet System. meet the rehab hstorey -6 肝素是一种有效抗凝剂,药效迅速,静脉注射10分钟后,就能有效地控制血液凝结力。其作用时间短,在体内迅速被破坏,大部被酶破坏,小部经肾排泄。静脉注射3,6小时后,血液凝固时间即能恢复正常。肝素水溶剂有12500μ和5000μ两种针剂,每100μ相当于1mg。一般剂量近垦素1,1.5mg/dkg/4,6h计算。给药途径可经皮下脂肪层、肌肉、或静脉注射:?深脂肪层注射:一般注射在腹壁深脂肪层,用浓的肝素溶液(100mg/dml),剂量每次按公斤体重1,1.5mg计算。每隔8,12小时注射1次;?肌肉注射:肝素剂量每次50mg,每隔6小时注射1次;?静脉注射:连续静脉滴注法和间歇静脉注射法,可每次注射50mg,每4,6小时1次。 肝素应用时,需测定凝血时间调节肝素剂量。一般用试管法测定,在间隔注射前1小时测定,以调节下次的注射剂量,凝血时间(试管法)正常值为4,12分钟。在进行肝素疗法期间,要求凝血时间维持在15,20分钟。如凝血时间为20,25分钟,肝素剂量减半;凝血时间超过25分钟,暂停注射1次。4,6小时后再次测定,以决定肝素用量。肝素疗程一般为4,5天,然后应用口服抗凝药物,如香豆素类药物。 肝素一般很少有过敏反应。用量过多,可引起出血,如血尿、创口出血或内脏出血等。一旦发生,可用硫酸鱼精蛋白拮抗,剂量按1,1.5mg对抗肝素1mg。它具有完全的拮抗作用,可每隔4小时注射1次直到出血停止。必要时可输新鲜血。 香豆素类衍化物是一种凝血酶原抑制剂。其作用诱导期长,一般需在用药后24,48小时才开始起作用。作用消失时间也长,并有药物累积作用,要停药后往往要经过4,10天作用才完全消失。香豆素类衍化物均用口服法。凝血酶原值应维持在20,30%(浓度%)。 现国内常用香豆素类衍化物有:双香豆素(dicoumarin),新抗凝(stntrom)和华法灵钠(warfarinsodium)。一般以华法灵钠最常用,第一日每次5mg,每日3次;第二日每次5mg,每日2次;第三日开始每次2.5mg或5mg,每日1次,根据凝血酶原时间调节。 香豆素类衍化物引起出血时,处理为静脉注射维生素K110,20mg。严重出血者,需静脉注射大剂量维生素K1,每次50mg,每日1,2次,并输新鲜血。 凡肝肾功能不全及有出血倾向者,禁用抗凝血疗法。抗凝血疗法,一般选用肝素4,5天,停肝素前一天起口服香豆素类衍化物,疗程应根据病变部位及有无肺栓塞而定。1975年Hirsh指出,小腿深静脉血栓形成需4,6周;髂股静脉血栓形成需3,6月;轻度肺栓塞需4,6周;重度肺栓塞需6个月。 ?溶血栓疗法:急性深静脉血栓形成或并发肺栓塞,在发病1周内的病人可应用纤维蛋白溶解剂包括链激酶及尿激酶治疗。1984年Zimmermann主张在血栓形成2周内,仍可应用溶栓药物。 链激酶是从溶血性链球菌培养液提制,尿激酶则由人尿提制,两者均是有效的活化剂,能激活血液中纤维量白酶原使之转变为纤维蛋白酶。此酶可水解纤维蛋白成为小分子多肽,达到溶解血栓的目的。 尿激酶的使用法:?初剂量:一般为5万μ/次,溶于5%葡萄糖水或低分子右旋糖酐250,500ml静脉滴注,每日2次;?维持剂量:纤维蛋 ndby, rehabilitation center for future facility expansion needs. convenient and economical. Internet medical room as core tets corresponding to each pair of optical fiber intranet, Internet 24 data points, and fully reserve staoptic cable through a weak pipeline laying perpendicular to the shaft from the FD to the device of floors of BD. 48 data poin-mode fiber-core single-e 12Interconnect as well as rehabilitation, 1, 2nd floor access layer switch interconnect. Network rout shaped structure of computer networks to achieve medical ground floor second floor access layer switches to ground five layer-network. According to the stars equipped with a firewall. Guarantees stable and secure operation of the hot standby mode, ensure that the rehabilitation centre 7*24 hours/normal, secure network working condition. network outlet itlet is equipped withwide data exchange, to provide users with access to multiple business, Exchange and integration of secure network. Network ou-nd maintenance of equipment basic conditions to meet hospitalsed on fast, load power, security and stability, business integration, ease of management awide Internet applications, data exchange and social access, public information release. Together, access switch selection ba-nternet System. meet the rehab hospitalstorey information directly into a layer of weak lines, with 1 large Gigabit switch as the core of I-lecommunication line, the four7 白原正常值为200,400ml/dl,如测定低于200mg/dl,暂停注射1次。同时测定优球蛋白溶解时间,正常值大于120分钟,如小于70分钟,也需暂停次。使用时间可长达7,10天;?副作用:尿激酶无致热反应,副作用远较链激酶为轻,可有出血如创口出血,但很少发生,发热、恶心、呕吐、头痛、倦怠、胸闷及皮疹等。并发严重出血时,可用10%6-氨基已酸10,20ml,静脉注射,必要时可输注纤维蛋白原。 近年来,已研制成功作用仅限于血栓部位的新溶栓药物,使溶栓药物史上又增添新的一页。?人体组织型纤溶酶原激活物(TPA),自子宫组织或人体黑色素瘤细胞瘤培养液中提取,能特异地激活血栓表面凝胶状态的纤溶酶原,但对血液循环中溶解状态的纤溶酶原无作用,故无全身影响,该药产量甚微,价贵。1989年Krupski报道临床应用TPA治疗血管阻塞,8例中有7例血栓完全溶解,1例部分溶解,无并发症。国内实验研究已完成,尚未摊投入临床应用。?尿激酶前体(Pro-UK),是尿激酶的活作用,国内外均处于实验阶段。 ?其他药物:中分子量(平均分子量7,8万)或低分子量(平均分子量2,4万)右旋糖酐静脉滴注,是治疗急性深静脉血栓形成的辅助药物,现已被广泛应用。低分子右旋糖酐能消除红细胞凝聚,防止血栓继续滋长及改善微循环。疗程为10,14天。可与肝素或尿激酶同时应用。副作用:偶有过敏反应、胸闷、呼吸困难、腰痛、出血和寒战等。 手术疗法下肢深静脉血栓形成,一般不作手术取栓。但对于广泛性 2. 髂股静脉血栓形成伴动脉血供障碍而肢体趋于坏疽者(股青肿),则常需手术取栓。髂股静脉血栓取除术的手术时间,一般在发开门见山72小时内,尤以48小时内效果最好。手术时间越早,血栓与静脉壁粘连、炎症反应程度越轻、静脉内膜破坏越轻、继发血栓形成越少,手术取栓越可彻底,术后疗效更佳。在作髂股静脉切开取栓时,需暂时性阻断下腔静脉或髂总静脉,以防取栓时血栓脱落发生肺栓塞。如采用进腹途径显露、钳夹阻断下腔静脉,创伤较大且费时。目前采用的方法,是先在健侧腹股沟部在局麻下作一小切口,显露股静脉,插入带气囊的腔静脉阻断导管,在取栓时鼓张气囊,暂时性阻断下腔静脉回流。然后再作病侧用股沟部切口,显露股静脉,插入Fogarty导管(一种带气囊的导管)向近心端到达髂总静脉,鼓张气囊后,将血栓缓慢地拉出。萎瘪腔静脉阻断地管的气囊,恢复静脉血回流。用塑料带暂时控制股静脉近端,将Fogarty导管再向远心端插入腘静脉,鼓张气囊后,将远端血栓缓慢地拉出。同时可在体表反复辅以向心方向的手法挤压,挤出小腿静脉及分支内的血栓。这是一个必不可少的步骤,否则可发生继发血栓。两侧的静脉壁切口宜用7-0或5-0尼龙线作精细的间断缝合或连续缝合,要求内膜对合整齐,勿使外膜内翻。术后需应用抗凝血疗法。 Andriopulos 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 164例髂静脉血栓切除术,其中87例在发病4天内手术,41例在发病8天内手术,其余更晚。有6例发生肺栓塞,2例死亡。在165例中远期随访者134例,疗效最好者是发开门见山1,4天内手术的病人。134例中50%痊愈,295偶有中度肿胀,仅4例存在严重血栓形成后综合征。手术效果较为满意。1980年Nüllen报道46例急性髂股静脉血栓形成,对其中13例凝有肺栓塞患者作了及时的血栓切除术。取栓后同时作暂时性动静脉瘘,3月后关闭瘘口。13例患者术后均未发生 wide Internet applications, data exchange and social access, public information release. Together, access switch selection -ospitalinformation directly into a layer of weak lines, with 1 large Gigabit switch as the core of Internet System. meet the rehab hstorey -future facility expansion needs. convenient and economical. Internet medical room as core telecommunication line, the fouronding to each pair of optical fiber intranet, Internet 24 data points, and fully reserve standby, rehabilitation center for ts correspoptic cable through a weak pipeline laying perpendicular to the shaft from the FD to the device of floors of BD. 48 data poin-mode fiber-core single-onnect as well as rehabilitation, 1, 2nd floor access layer switch interconnect. Network route 12Interc shaped structure of computer networks to achieve medical ground floor second floor access layer switches to ground five layer-n. network outlet is equipped with a firewall. Guarantees stable and secure operation of the network. According to the starhot standby mode, ensure that the rehabilitation centre 7*24 hours/normal, secure network working conditiocure network. Network outlet is equipped withwide data exchange, to provide users with access to multiple business, Exchange and integration of se-c conditions to meet hospitalbased on fast, load power, security and stability, business integration, ease of management and maintenance of equipment basi8 血栓形成及肺栓塞,所有病人均保存了静脉瓣膜功能,无深静脉血栓形成后综合征症状。掌握好手术适应证,髂股静脉血栓切除术仍是有效的治疗方法之一。 (二)慢性期下肢深静脉血全西藏居发病一年之内,一般不作任何静脉重建应届生手术。在此期间,大量侧支循环可望建立。经药物治疗和其他辅助治疗后,许多病例下肢静脉回流障碍可明显减轻。 根据病理过程,下肢深静脉血栓形成可粗略分成阻塞期和再通期两个阶段,其手术治疗方法截然不同。术前均需作下肢深静脉上行性和下行性造影,以明确病变部位和程度。 1.阻塞期下肢深静脉血栓形成后,肢体主干静脉回流受到障碍,血栓远侧的高压静脉增加回流。大腿上部和腹下部的浅静脉吻合支可通至对侧躯干,向上可通过腹壁至奇静脉和胸廓内静脉系统。在深部,吻合支可通过骨盆静脉丛抵达对侧髂内静脉。这些静脉的适应性扩张,促使血栓远侧静脉血心回流。但许多病例,侧支循环建立缓慢不足以代偿阻塞静脉的回流功能,引起下肢肿胀、色素沉着、皮炎及溃疡。各种手术的目的均是加强侧支循环,克服血液回流障碍。手术方式有下述数种: ?原位大隐静脉移植术:本手术仅适用于股腘静脉血栓形成,方法非常简单,只需要膝后显露腘静脉,将大隐静脉远侧与膝以下腘静脉作端侧吻合。但必须具备下述条件:大隐静脉近端以上的股静脉和髂静脉通畅;小腿部深静脉通畅;大隐静脉无曲张及栓塞且瓣膜功能良好。本手术只需作一个吻合口,使同侧大隐静脉取代了股腘静脉的血液回流功能。 ?大隐静脉转流移植术:1958年Palma首倡这种术式,适用于近侧髂股静脉血栓形成,股静脉中下段及小腿深静脉无明显继发血栓的病例。在患侧股静脉部位作一纵形切开,剖出管腔通畅的股浅静脉一段备用。继分离健侧大隐静脉,结扎、切断各分支,分离至膝以下达足够长度,在近股静脉处暂时阻断大隐静脉,于远端切断大隐静脉,腔内充盈肝素溶液(肝素20mg加生理盐水100ml)。大隐静脉远端经耻骨上皮下脂层隧道引向患侧股浅静脉。全身肝素化(肝素1mg/kg)后作大隐静脉与股浅静脉端侧吻合术。为提高吻合口通畅率,可在患肢吻合口远端加作暂时性动静脉瘘,并预置两根缝线于动静脉瘘处,将缝线引出皮肤外,3,4周待吻合口血管内膜愈合,再结扎此动静脉瘘。 1979年Dale报道48例大隐静脉-髂股静脉转流移植术,疗效良好者28例,好转9例,失败11例。 ?带蒂大纲膜移植术:髂股静脉血栓形成患者,如健侧或患肢的大隐静脉均不能利用(如已切除或曲张、栓塞等),可采用带蒂大网膜移植术。 先作上腹正中切口,打开腹腔,仔细分剖大网膜,仅保留胃网膜右动、静脉,使共蒂宽皮下和大腿深筋膜,向上、下方作皮下隧道,将大网膜自右侧盆腔腹膜开口中位出,沿腹股沟皮下隧道一直放至大腿中部。根据大风膜血管行径,可作裁剪延长,最长可延至膝下,裁剪时需注意勿损害大网膜血供,如部分大网膜变暗黑色,可将其剪去。不作裁剪延长,大网膜的存活率较高,但移植位置不够理想,常仅达大腿中上段。大网膜是否裁剪延长,各有利弊,可按具体情况确定。大网膜铺平后,将大网膜与腹膜作固定缝合,以防发生医源性股疝。 由于大网膜布满淋巴和毛细血管网,移植后,对减轻肢体肿胀有一定 tlet is equipped withwide data exchange, to provide users with access to multiple business, Exchange and integration of secure network. Network ou-nd maintenance of equipment basic conditions to meet hospitalsed on fast, load power, security and stability, business integration, ease of management awide Internet applications, data exchange and social access, public information release. Together, access switch selection ba-nternet System. meet the rehab hospitalstorey information directly into a layer of weak lines, with 1 large Gigabit switch as the core of I-lecommunication line, the fourndby, rehabilitation center for future facility expansion needs. convenient and economical. Internet medical room as core tets corresponding to each pair of optical fiber intranet, Internet 24 data points, and fully reserve staoptic cable through a weak pipeline laying perpendicular to the shaft from the FD to the device of floors of BD. 48 data poin-mode fiber-core single-e 12Interconnect as well as rehabilitation, 1, 2nd floor access layer switch interconnect. Network rout shaped structure of computer networks to achieve medical ground floor second floor access layer switches to ground five layer-network. According to the stars equipped with a firewall. Guarantees stable and secure operation of the hot standby mode, ensure that the rehabilitation centre 7*24 hours/normal, secure network working condition. network outlet i9 效果。经上海中山医院临床观察,大多数病例术后肢体肿胀有不同程度减轻,但小腿肿胀难以完全恢复正常。一般仍较健侧周长大约2,3cm。估计这与大网膜移植长度不够以及下肢长期血液郁滞致肌细胞肿胀变性等因素有关。 2.再通期下肢深静脉血栓形成时,静脉壁和瓣膜同时存在炎性反应,血栓阻塞管腔并粘附于瓣膜。在血栓机化和再管化过程中,静脉瓣膜再前受到损伤,因疤痕而增厚,造成一个管腔通畅但瓣膜关闭不全的深静脉系统。因瓣膜关闭不全仍可引起下肢肿胀、浅静脉曲张、色素沉着、皮炎和溃疡。下肢下行性静脉造影,可见造影剂明显逆流,严重者可自腹股沟部一直逆流至膝下乃至踝部。 过去曾采用股浅静脉结扎或小腿穿通支静脉结扎治疗本病。近期有一定疗效,但远期疗效不甚满意。 近年我们采用带瓣膜肱静脉段-股静脉移植术。治疗再能期深静脉血栓形成后遗症,取得较好疗效。 具体操作步骤如下:先在股部做一纵形切口,游离股总、股浅和深静脉,常可发现股静脉壁增厚变硬,与周围组织有粘连,瓣膜已破坏殆尽。然后暴露上臂的肱静脉,将长2,3cm带1,2对静脉瓣膜的肱静脉,经测试显示机能良好后,切下备用。将带瓣膜肱静脉与股浅静脉作端吻合。一般将移植瓣膜置于股深静脉开口这下,以确保股深静脉血液向心回流而逆流入股浅静脉。术后抬高患肢鼓励作小腿肌和足背屈的被动和主动运动。 1985年Taheri报道5年中作了66例静脉瓣膜移植术,随访到48例,75%的病人下肢肿胀减轻或消退,18例术前有溃疡,17例术后溃疡愈合。5例并合血肿,4例发生于腹股沟部,1例发生于上臂。31例做了术后静脉造影,28例瓣膜关闭功能良好,1例股静脉血栓形成,另2例瓣膜关闭不全。 上海中山医院自1983年5月在国内首先开始对深静关闭不全患者作带瓣膜肱静脉段移植术,并作了改进:由移植一对瓣膜改为心可能移植相信两对瓣膜:肱静脉缺损部用大隐静脉作间置移植。术后短期内下肢踝部溃疡迅速愈合,肿胀减轻,经两年多随访疗效良好。 目前新技术仍在发展,包括用带瓣膜的腋静脉段、对侧股静脉段、颈静脉段的移植等,正在试验中。 值得指出的是,下肢深静脉血栓形成的手术治疗,必须配合以药物和其他辅助治疗。对不同部位、不同轻重和不同阶段的血栓形成宜采用截然不同的手术 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 。目前各种手术方法尚待改进,其疗效尚待进一步提高。可以预料,通过各国血管外科医师的持久努力,更有效更新颖简便的方法必将不断涌现,完善地治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的新时期即将诞生。 编辑本段|回到顶部预防 急性下肢深静脉血栓形成的预防措施包括:在邻近四肢或盆腔静脉周围的操作应轻巧,避免内膜损伤。避免术后在小腿下垫枕以影响小腿深静脉回流。鼓励病人的足和趾经常主动活动,并嘱多作深呼吸及咳嗽动作。尽可能早期下床活动,必要时下肢穿医用弹力长袜。特别对年老、癌症或心脏病患者在胸腔、腹腔或盆腔大于手术后,股骨骨折后,以及产后妇女更为重视。此外,有下列几种预防方法: (一)机械预防方法国外采取跳板装置或充气长统靴,或电刺激化使 -future facility expansion needs. convenient and economical. Internet medical room as core telecommunication line, the fouronding to each pair of optical fiber intranet, Internet 24 data points, and fully reserve standby, rehabilitation center for ts correspoptic cable through a weak pipeline laying perpendicular to the shaft from the FD to the device of floors of BD. 48 data poin-mode fiber-core single-onnect as well as rehabilitation, 1, 2nd floor access layer switch interconnect. Network route 12Interc shaped structure of computer networks to achieve medical ground floor second floor access layer switches to ground five layer-n. network outlet is equipped with a firewall. Guarantees stable and secure operation of the network. According to the starhot standby mode, ensure that the rehabilitation centre 7*24 hours/normal, secure network working conditiocure network. Network outlet is equipped withwide data exchange, to provide users with access to multiple business, Exchange and integration of se-c conditions to meet hospitalbased on fast, load power, security and stability, business integration, ease of management and maintenance of equipment basiwide Internet applications, data exchange and social access, public information release. Together, access switch selection -ospitalinformation directly into a layer of weak lines, with 1 large Gigabit switch as the core of Internet System. meet the rehab hstorey 10 静脉血流加速,降低术后下肢深静脉血全发病率。 (二)药物预防法主要是对抗血液高凝状态。目前应用的方法有两种: 1.右旋糖酐1975年Grubr认为右旋糖酐的预防作用在于:?削弱血 小板活动,降低粘稠性;?改变纤维凝块结构;?增加血栓易溶性;?有 扩容作用,能改善血循环。常用的右旋糖酐70(平均分子量7,8万)和 国内常用的右旋糖酐40(平均分子量2,4万),可在术前和术中应用, 也可在麻醉开始晨用500ml,静脉滴注,术后再用500ml,然后隔日用1 次,共3次。 1976年Verstrate指出,预防性应用右旋糖酐对妇科手术如经腹部 或阴道子宫切除术和矫形外科尤其是髋关节手术,可使血栓形成发病率明 显降低;对年龄超过40岁,施行腹部择期性手术者,如胃、结肠、胆道 或前列腺手术,并无明显作用。 2.抗血小板粘聚药物近年来,国外采用潘生丁、肠溶阿司匹林等抗血 小板粘聚药物,来预防下肢深静脉血栓形成,取得一定效果。一般用潘生 丁25mg,每日3次,肠深阿司匹林0.3,每日3次,联合应用,效果较好。 下肢深静脉血栓怎么形成的? [ 标签:下肢,静脉 血栓,静脉 ] 下肢深静脉血栓形成是常见病。此病可后遗下肢水肿、继发性静脉曲张、皮炎、色素沉着、郁滞性溃疡等,严重损害劳动人民健康。 它是怎么形成的! 文少君 回答:1 人气:2 解决时间:2008-02-23 10:07 满意答案 好评率:0% 静脉血栓形成多发生于下肢深静脉,临床比较常见,治疗效果不够理想,常遗留下肢深静脉阻塞或静脉瓣膜功能不全。 一、病因 19世纪中期(1946,1956),Virchow提出静脉血栓形成的三大因素,即静脉血流滞缓、静脉壁损伤和血液高凝状态。近年来,通过大量临床与实验观察,不仅使各因素有了具体内容,而且可用检测方法予以证实。但在上述三种因素中,任何一个单一因素往往都不足以致病,必须是各种因素的组合,尤其是血流缓慢和高凝状态,才可能引起血栓形成。 二、病理 静脉血栓形成的病理变化,主要是由于血液高凝状态和血流滞缓而发生血 -lecommunication line, the fourndby, rehabilitation center for future facility expansion needs. convenient and economical. Internet medical room as core tets corresponding to each pair of optical fiber intranet, Internet 24 data points, and fully reserve staoptic cable through a weak pipeline laying perpendicular to the shaft from the FD to the device of floors of BD. 48 data poin-mode fiber-core single-e 12Interconnect as well as rehabilitation, 1, 2nd floor access layer switch interconnect. Network rout shaped structure of computer networks to achieve medical ground floor second floor access layer switches to ground five layer-network. According to the stars equipped with a firewall. Guarantees stable and secure operation of the hot standby mode, ensure that the rehabilitation centre 7*24 hours/normal, secure network working condition. network outlet itlet is equipped withwide data exchange, to provide users with access to multiple business, Exchange and integration of secure network. Network ou-nd maintenance of equipment basic conditions to meet hospitalsed on fast, load power, security and stability, business integration, ease of management awide Internet applications, data exchange and social access, public information release. Together, access switch selection ba-nternet System. meet the rehab hospitalstorey information directly into a layer of weak lines, with 1 large Gigabit switch as the core of I11 栓,血栓与管壁一般仅有轻度粘连,容易脱落,可引起肺栓塞。激发炎症反应后,血栓与血管壁粘连也可较紧密。按照血栓的组成,静脉血栓有三种类型:?红血栓 最为常见,组成比较均匀,血小板和白细胞散在性分布在红细胞和纤维素的胶状块内;?白血栓 基本由纤维素、白细胞和成层的血小板组成,只有极少量红细胞;?混合血栓 由白血栓组成头部,板层状的红血栓和白血栓构成体部、红血栓或板层状的血栓构成尾部。静脉血栓形成引起静脉回流障碍,其程度取决于受累血管的大小和部位,以及血栓的范围和性质。阻塞远端静脉压升高,毛细血管瘀血,内皮细胞缺氧,使毛细血管渗透性增加,阻塞远端肢体出现肿胀。深静脉压升高及静脉回流障碍,使交通支静脉扩张开放,阻塞远端血流经交通支而入浅静脉,出现浅静脉扩张。血栓可沿静脉血流方向向近心端蔓近,小腿血栓可继续伸延到下腔静脉,甚至对侧。当血栓完全阻塞静脉主干后,血栓还可逆行向远端伸延。血栓可脱落,随血流经右心,栓塞于肺动脉,而并发肺栓塞。另一方面血栓可以机化、再管化和再内膜化,使静脉管腔能恢复一定程度的通畅。因管腔受纤维组织收缩作用影响,以及瓣膜本身的破坏,可致静脉瓣膜功能不全。 深静脉血栓的护理要点是什么, [ 标签:静脉 血栓,血栓,护理 ] 天有点灰 回答:1 人气:31 解决时间:2010-03-19 21:29 精华知识 好评率:88% 【摘要】 深静脉血栓属于下肢静脉回流障碍性疾病。该疾病有三个主要的致病因素,并有一定的发病群体。深静脉血栓的临床表现有多种,主要集中在小腿肌肉静脉丛血栓形成和髂股静脉血栓形成上。根据笔者长期的护理经验,本文通过几种体检特征描述了该疾病的临床表现,并重点论述了护理该疾病的要点。 【关键词】 深静脉;血栓;护理 深静脉血栓形成系指血液不正常地在深静脉内凝结,属于下肢静脉回流障碍性疾病。致病因素有血流缓慢、静脉壁损伤和高凝状态三大因素。多见于以下几类人群:(1)长时间制动、卧床者易发生深静脉血栓,如手术后患者,长期卧床可引起血流缓慢,血液黏稠度升高,而发生血栓。(2)静脉壁损伤后易发生血栓,如静脉输注刺激性药物,外伤和感染均可造成静脉壁损伤,损伤的血管壁有利于凝血因子形成,促使血栓形成。(3)血液高凝状态易发生静脉血栓,除以上提到的手术因素外,肿瘤、口服避孕药、妊娠都可导致血液高凝状态,引起血栓形成。下肢深静脉血栓形成,可发生在下肢深静脉的任何部位,临床常见的有两类:小腿肌肉静脉丛血栓形成和髂股静脉血栓形成。前者位于末梢,称为周 wide data exchange, to provide users with access to multiple business, Exchange and integration of se-c conditions to meet hospitalbased on fast, load power, security and stability, business integration, ease of management and maintenance of equipment basiwide Internet applications, data exchange and social access, public information release. Together, access switch selection -ospitalinformation directly into a layer of weak lines, with 1 large Gigabit switch as the core of Internet System. meet the rehab hstorey -future facility expansion needs. convenient and economical. Internet medical room as core telecommunication line, the fouronding to each pair of optical fiber intranet, Internet 24 data points, and fully reserve standby, rehabilitation center for ts correspoptic cable through a weak pipeline laying perpendicular to the shaft from the FD to the device of floors of BD. 48 data poin-mode fiber-core single-onnect as well as rehabilitation, 1, 2nd floor access layer switch interconnect. Network route 12Interc shaped structure of computer networks to achieve medical ground floor second floor access layer switches to ground five layer-n. network outlet is equipped with a firewall. Guarantees stable and secure operation of the network. According to the starhot standby mode, ensure that the rehabilitation centre 7*24 hours/normal, secure network working conditiocure network. Network outlet is equipped with12 围型;后者位于中心,称为中央型。无论周围或中央型,均可通过顺行繁衍或逆行扩展,而累及整个肢体者,称为混合型。 1 临床资料 本科从2007年1月至6月共行深静脉置管54例,出现深静脉血栓者5例,其中1例PICC置管,其余均为股静脉置管。经积极治疗,均获得恢复。 2 临床表现 最常见的是一侧肢体的突然肿胀,局部感到疼痛,行走时加剧,轻者局部仅感沉重,站立时症状加重,体检有以下几个特征。(1)患肢肿胀:肿胀的发展程度,须每天用卷尺精确测量,并与健侧下肢对照粗细。(2)压痛:静脉血栓部位常有压痛。(3)浅静脉曲张:深静脉阻塞可引起浅静脉压升高,发生1,2周后可见浅静脉曲张。如突然出现剧烈疼痛,患肢广泛性明显肿胀,皮肤紧张发亮,发绀,可发生水疱,皮温明显降低,足背、胫后动脉波动消失,全身反应明显,体温大多超过39 ?,常常出现肢体静脉性坏疽及休克,成为股青肿。 3 护理 (1)急性期嘱患者卧床休息,并抬高患肢15 ?,30 ?,以利于下肢静脉 回流,减轻水肿。(2)尽可能采用患肢远端浅静脉给药,使药物直接达到血栓部位,增加局部的药物浓度(一般患肢只作为溶栓药物给药途径,不作其他药物输入)。(3)严禁按摩、推拿患肢,保持大便通畅,避免用力大便,以免造成腹压突然增高致血栓脱落。(4)避免碰撞患肢,翻身时动作不宜过大。(5)给予高维生素、高蛋白、低脂饮食,忌食辛甘肥厚之品,以免增加血液黏度,加重病情。(6)每班测量大腿周径,密切观察患肢周径及皮肤颜色、温度变化。(7)预防并发症:加强口腔皮肤护理,多漱口、多饮水,大便干结者可用开塞露通便,定时翻身,更换体位,防止褥疮发生。(8)下肢深静脉血栓最严重并发症为肺栓塞,致死率达70%,应密切观察患者有无胸闷、胸痛及呼吸困难、窒息感、咳嗽、咯血,一旦出现上述情况,应立即通知医生。 4 讨论 笔者在日常的护理工作中,接触到了一些深静脉血栓的患儿。经过几年的积累,笔者总结了以下的几点经验:(1)每班用卷尺精确测量患肢周长,并与健侧对照。(2)若发现一侧肢体较对侧更粗,或有疼痛等不适,应立即做CT检查。(3)加强对患儿的心理护理,保持患儿的情绪稳定,使他们乐观积极地接受治疗。(4)下肢深静脉置管患者,适当活动下肢,以防血栓形成。(5)微泵护理,保证微泵性能良好,严格无菌操作。(6)恢复期护理:恢复期患者应逐渐增加行走距离和下肢肌肉活动,增加肌肉收缩,加速静脉血液回流,促进下肢深静脉再通和侧支循环建立,防止新的血栓形成。运动应循序渐进,避免剧烈活动,以不感疲劳为度。(7)每日监测凝血谱变化,严密观察有无皮肤、黏膜出血征象,静脉穿刺点有无渗血,有无血尿、便血,有无头痛、呕吐,意识障碍等颅内出血情况。 lecommunication line, the fourndby, rehabilitation center for future facility expansion needs. convenient and economical. Internet medical room as core tets corresponding to each pair of optical fiber intranet, Internet 24 data points, and fully reserve staoptic cable through a weak pipeline laying perpendicular to the shaft from the FD to the device of floors of BD. 48 data poin-mode fiber-core single-e 12Interconnect as well as rehabilitation, 1, 2nd floor access layer switch interconnect. Network rout shaped structure of computer networks to achieve medical ground floor second floor access layer switches to ground five layer-network. According to the stars equipped with a firewall. Guarantees stable and secure operation of the hot standby mode, ensure that the rehabilitation centre 7*24 hours/normal, secure network working condition. network outlet itlet is equipped withwide data exchange, to provide users with access to multiple business, Exchange and integration of secure network. Network ou-nd maintenance of equipment basic conditions to meet hospitalsed on fast, load power, security and stability, business integration, ease of management awide Internet applications, data exchange and social access, public information release. Together, access switch selection ba-nternet System. meet the rehab hospitalstorey information directly into a layer of weak lines, with 1 large Gigabit switch as the core of I-13 cure network. Network outlet is equipped withwide data exchange, to provide users with access to multiple business, Exchange and integration of se-c conditions to meet hospitalbased on fast, load power, security and stability, business integration, ease of management and maintenance of equipment basiwide Internet applications, data exchange and social access, public information release. Together, access switch selection -ospitalinformation directly into a layer of weak lines, with 1 large Gigabit switch as the core of Internet System. meet the rehab hstorey -future facility expansion needs. convenient and economical. Internet medical room as core telecommunication line, the fouronding to each pair of optical fiber intranet, Internet 24 data points, and fully reserve standby, rehabilitation center for ts correspoptic cable through a weak pipeline laying perpendicular to the shaft from the FD to the device of floors of BD. 48 data poin-mode fiber-core single-onnect as well as rehabilitation, 1, 2nd floor access layer switch interconnect. Network route 12Interc shaped structure of computer networks to achieve medical ground floor second floor access layer switches to ground five layer-n. network outlet is equipped with a firewall. Guarantees stable and secure operation of the network. According to the starhot standby mode, ensure that the rehabilitation centre 7*24 hours/normal, secure network working conditio14
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