英汉互译课教案

null翻译的定义：typical concepts翻译的定义：typical conceptsTranslation is the act or process of rendering what is expressed in one language or set of symbols by means of another language or set of symbols. 翻译是使用不同语言的人们互相沟通的纽带和桥梁，是把一种语言（可以称之为“原语”）所 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 达的信息用另一种语言（可以称之为“译语”）传达出来的过程。 英汉语词汇的根本特征 （从词汇缺项角度看）英汉语词汇的根本特征 （从词汇缺项角度看）汉语缺冠词： 狗跑得快。 A dog runs quickly. Dogs run quickly. He is a pianist and singer. 他是钢琴师兼歌手。 This is the life for me. 这正是我最想要的生活。英语缺语气助词： Are you coming or not? 你来不来？ 你来不来呢？ 你来呢，还是不来？ 汉语中的常用语气助词有以下六个： 的；了；么；呢；吧；啊汉语冠词缺项及汉英翻译汉语冠词缺项及汉英翻译一门亲事 一场噩梦 可充当量词的可数名词 一群鱼 一群美女 一群观众 一群旁观者 一群影迷 一群示威者 一群劫匪 一群鸭 一群蜜蜂 一群羊 一群狼 一群海岛 a marriage a bad dream a shoal of herring a galaxy of beauties a crowd of spectators a group of onlookers a throng of film fans a troop of demonstrators a gang of robbers a flock of ducks a swarm of bees a herd of sheep a pack of wolves a cluster of islands 英汉语词汇的根本特征 （从个体角度看）英汉语词汇的根本特征 （从个体角度看）汉语：字与词 音形义兼备 音：多音字；四声变化；平仄；双声与叠韵 形：汉字的沿革体变 义：众多的形声字 英汉语词汇的根本特征 （从个体角度看）英汉语词汇的根本特征 （从个体角度看）英语语音的丰富变化 按照音的本质分析：语调；重音；音域；语速；连读 unchained melody： Lyrics.doc 英汉语词汇的根本特征 （从个体角度看）英汉语词汇的根本特征 （从个体角度看）按照音的功能分析：如：修辞功能——拟声onomatopoeia onomatopoeiaonomatopoeia公鸡 母鸡 小鸡 火鸡 公牛 母牛 小牛 鸭 猪 兔 crow cackle; cluck; chuck cheep gobble bellow mow bleat quack grunt mumble onomatopoeiaonomatopoeia狮 狼 狗 猪 驴 鼠 鸽 夜莺 海鸥 青蛙 蜜蜂 小鸟 蛇roar howl bark; yap; yelp; growl; bow-bow grunt hew-haw squeak; cheep; peep coo warble; jug mew croak buzz; hum; drone chirp; twitter hissonomatopoeiaonomatopoeiathe roll of the thunder the roar of the storm the shrieking of the siren the babbling of the spring the jingling of the bells the pattering of the drizzle the whisper of the breeze the rat-a-tat at the door the zooming of the jet雷声隆隆 暴风雨咆哮 汽笛尖叫 泉水汩汩 铃声叮当 细雨淅沥 微风瑟瑟 哒哒的敲门声 飞机“嗖”一声掠过 文学文体（诗歌）文学文体（诗歌）I slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance, Among my skimming swallows; I make the netted sunbeam dance Against my sandy shallows. —— Tennyson: The Brook 英汉语词汇的根本特征 （从对应角度看）英汉语词汇的根本特征 （从对应角度看）A：一对一关系 uranium; Marxism; CPU B：一对多关系 笑： laugh; smile; giggle; chuckle; beaming; jeer; guffaw; smirk; grin wife wife 和I 的同义词.doc C：不对应关系 “品”；目不识丁；雨后春笋；teenager文化与翻译:从一个例子开始文化与翻译:从一个例子开始It is a way, he says, of paying tribute to the rock'n'roll era that had a huge impact on him as a child. So why did the idea come off the backburner and on to paper and then celluloid? Celebrity burn-out is the answer. Hollywood's man with the golden touch had had a string of box-office success, from Sleepless in Seattle to Toy Story and Apollo 13, and had won Oscars two years in succession, for Philadelphia and then Forrest Gump. Art of CookingArt of Cooking煮boiled 炖stewed 烧braised 煎pan-fired 烤broil 滷cooked in light brine 炒stir-fried 爆quick-fried 炸deep-fired扒fried and simmered 煨simmered 煸sauteed 蒸steamed 烘baked 涮instant boiled 酿stuffed 熏smoked 酱marinated 白煮scalded 清蒸steamed in clear soup How to translate dish names?How to translate dish names?以原料命名者可以直译： 清炖牛尾 steamed oxtail in clear soup以形状为特色的可以使用in the shape of 或-shaped结构表达： 熊掌豆腐 bear paw-shaped beancurdHow to translate dish names?How to translate dish names?以人名地名命名的，可以直接使用人名地名的拼音： 北京烤鸭 Beijing roast duck 东坡肘子 Dongpo braised elbow具有特色的或中外不同的，现在常使用音译法（transliteration） 饺子 jiao’zi (wenton)How to translate dish names?How to translate dish names?对于典故性菜名，一般先介绍原料，然后直译菜名作补充 佛跳墙 assorted meat and vegetables soaked in wine jug, literally called the Buddha jumped over the wall成语习语俗语翻译的文化体现成语习语俗语翻译的文化体现历史与传说：to cross the Rubicon and burn one’s boats to cut the Gordian knot 生活：carry coal to New Castle love me, love my dog 文学：What’s been done cannot be undone. between the devil and the blue sea 成语习语俗语翻译的文化体现成语习语俗语翻译的文化体现运动： 棒球 to get to the first base运动： 拳击 to hit below the belt运动： 桥牌 to call a spade a spade文化翻译中常见错误分析(1)文化翻译中常见错误分析(1)原则：译出语导向（source-language oriented principle） 表现：惟恐失真，过分直译（word for word） 示例：Every dog has its day.每只狗都有它的日子。文化翻译中常见错误分析(2)文化翻译中常见错误分析(2)原则：译入语导向（target-language oriented principle） 表现：一味以译文读者的口味为准绳（free without any bound） 示例：Spring, the sweet spring, is the year‘s pleasant king.春，甘美之春，一年之中的尧舜。 成语的翻译成语的翻译seek a hare in a hen's nest talk horse kill the goose that lays the golden eggs One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy. Never offer to teach fish to swim. 缘木求鱼 吹牛 杀鸡取卵 一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。 不要教鱼儿游泳. 文化的常规处理手段文化的常规处理手段异化（foreignizing） 归化 (domesticating) to kill two birds with one stone 谋事在人，成事在天。 英汉语词汇的根本特征 （从应用角度看）英汉语词汇的根本特征 （从应用角度看）汉语：概括模糊 汉字约五万，常用汉字三千多个（《汉语大字典》） 把杯子递给我。 英语：具体精确 1976，《大英百科全书》认为英语词汇已经超过五十万；学者们的新统计认为，英语单词多达百万以上模糊与精确——汉语的概括词general-utility words模糊与精确——汉语的概括词general-utility words图书馆 水族馆 博物馆 旅馆 饭馆 体育馆 展览馆 照相馆 大使馆library aquarium museum hotel restaurant gymnasium exhibition hall photo studio embassy模糊与精确（动宾搭配）模糊与精确（动宾搭配）恢复健康 恢复疲劳 恢复谈判 恢复秩序 恢复正常 恢复知觉 恢复镇静 regain health relieve fatigue resume talk restore order return to normal recover consciousness regain composure模糊与精确（偏正搭配C-E)模糊与精确（偏正搭配C-E)老战士 老师傅 老领导 老黄牛 老芹菜 老黄历 老生常谈a veteran a master craftsman a senior leader a willing ox overgrown celery last year’s calendar commonplace 模糊与精确（偏正搭配C-E）模糊与精确（偏正搭配C-E）副总统 副经理 副教授 副司令 副食品 副作用 副标题vice president deputy manager associate professor assistant commanding officer non-staple food side effect subheading模糊与精确（偏正搭配E-C）模糊与精确（偏正搭配E-C）heavy1 1 of a certain weight, esp. of a weight that makes carrying, moving, or lifting difficult 2 of unusual force or amount 3 a serious, esp. if uninteresting b (esp. of periods of time) full of hard work 4 sad 5 a feeling or showing difficulty or slowness in moving b difficult to do or move in 6 (of food) rather solid and bad for the stomach 7 (of weather) a still, without wind, dark, etc. b (at sea) stormy, with big waves 8 (~ on ) infml. a severe (towards) b using in large quantities 9 sl. esp. AmE troublesome or threatening 10 find it heavy going to find it very difficult 11 make heavy weather of something to make something more difficult than it really is 12 play the heavy father to scold someone in a very serious way – opposite light – -ily adv – -iness n [u] Note: the usage cited here is adopted from LONGMAN DICTIONARY ( P. 525), with its adverbial use (heavy2) and noun use (heavy3)omitted模糊与精确（偏正搭配E-C）模糊与精确（偏正搭配E-C）heavy weather heavy crops heavy fog heavy traffic heavy artillery heavy soil heavy sky heavy bombardment恶劣的天气 大丰收 浓雾 拥挤的交通 重炮 难耕的土地 阴沉的天空 密集的轰炸nullheavy storm heavy ice heavy road heavy fire heavy heart heavy food heavy sea heavy hand大风暴 厚冰 泥滑难行的路 猛烈的炮火 沉重的心情 难消化的食物 汹涌的大海 严厉的手段nullheavy charge heavy applause heavy look heavy tongue heavy undertaking heavy snow heavy rain heavy money装满的火药 热烈的鼓掌 忧愁的面容 笨嘴笨舌 艰难的任务 鹅毛大雪 暴雨 大笔的钱nullheavy scene heavy drinking heavy fighting heavy market heavy sound heavy mortar heavy bread heavy news 尴尬的场面 狂饮 恶战 萧条的市场 低沉的声音 稠灰浆 发酵不好的面包 令人忧愁的消息选词用字练习选词用字练习IBM has a quite handsome increase of productivity this year.  Information technology will be at the heart of global economic competition in the 21st century.  The expansion of educational opportunities promoted the American idea of equal opportunity for all.  Traditional consumer attitudes are a major obstacle for cybermerchants.  Parents and family friends attend school games to support the children.  After hundreds of years of slow growth, the cities are suddenly racing off in every direction.  Great knowledge, experience and wisdom will help a man in a top position to achieve his ambition. 选词用字练习（2）选词用字练习（2）The increase in DINK families has shattered the traditional idea of Chinese family.  Nixon’s foreign policy accomplishments and all other aspects of his administration were soon overshadowed by the scandals known as Watergate.  As broadband marches on, some in the movie industry worry that viewing a film via the Internet will become popular.  Consumer electronics are the biggest sellers online.  Despite the regulatory headaches, Internet firms continue to expand and multiply.  Owing to the uncertainty of the weather, outdoor cafes are not a feature of English life.  Despite the white-hot demand, the color TV suppliers are expected to reap only thin profits due to harsh cost-cutting effort to drive its retail price. 对比语言学 （contrastive linguistics)对比语言学 （contrastive linguistics)句法形合与意合 （hypotaxis & parataxis)形合与意合 （hypotaxis & parataxis)英语句法的基本结构 葡萄与项链 英语句法的基本结构分析英语句法的基本结构分析It is a curious fact, of which I can think of no satisfactory explanation, that enthusiasm for country life and love of natural scenery are strongest and most widely diffused precisely in those European countries which have the worst climate and where the search for the picturesque involves the greatest discomfort. ——Aldous Huxley: The Country形合与意合 （hypotaxis & parataxis)形合与意合 （hypotaxis & parataxis)汉语典型句法：流水与竹节 汉语典型句法示例汉语典型句法示例从这里出门散步去，上山或是下山，在一个晴好的五月的向晚，正像是去赴一个美的宴会，比如去一个果子园，那边每株树上都是挂满着诗情最秀逸的果实，假如你单是站着看还是不满意时，只要你一伸手就可以采取，可以恣尝鲜味，足够你心灵的迷醉。 ——徐志摩《翡冷翠山居闲话》英汉语句法的互转英汉语句法的互转翻译与回译： I know a girl whose mother is a pianist. 构句中的词汇优势构句中的词汇优势英语的介词与名词优势 Carlisle Street runs westward, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn. Inadequate training for farmers and the low productivity of many farms place the majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position in their own countries. 汉语的动词优势 华大妈在枕头底掬了半天，掏出一包洋钱，交给老栓，老栓接了抖抖的装入了衣袋，又在外面按了两下，便点上灯笼，吹熄灯盏，走向屋里去了。 —— 鲁迅《药》构句中的词汇优势 汉语的动词优势与翻译处理构句中的词汇优势 汉语的动词优势与翻译处理他带学生到工厂去参观。 给我充分时间，我也能做好。 他拿了本字典，开始准备功课。 孩子们跑着来迎接我们。 谢谢你给我们这么多帮助。 一个人不向别人学习，是不能指望有多少成就的。 He took his students to the factory for a visit. Given enough time, I can do it too. Taking a dictionary, he began to prepare his lessons. The children came running to greet us. Thank you for giving us so much help. A man who doesn't learn from others can’t hope to achieve much. 少用动词，做地道的汉英翻译 化动词为分词定语少用动词，做地道的汉英翻译 化动词为分词定语他猛然倒在一把椅子上，椅子被压得吱吱响。 在我们学校里这一点表现为：教鞭消失了，心理老师出现了。 大学生不应该把他们辛苦挣来的钱都用来上馆子和约会。 允许美国战俘接受红十字会的食品包裹，允许他们写信，但信要经过检查。 He crashed down on a protesting chair. In our school this is reflected by the vanishing stick and the emerging psychiatrist. College students should not spend their hard-earned money on dining out or dating. American prisoners are permitted to receive Red Cross food parcels and write censored letters.少用动词，做地道的汉英翻译 化表语形容词为定语形容词少用动词，做地道的汉英翻译 化表语形容词为定语形容词由于形势混乱，引起了政府的严重关注。 讲座提供了很多信息，给我们留下了深刻的印象。 路面结冰，加上能见度很低，因而导致了这场交通事故。 我们现在的文化似乎追求的是工作时间要少，工资要高，生活要过得好。The chaotic situation caused serious concern. The informative lecture impressed all of us. Icy road and poor visibility led to the accident. The aims of our present-day cultures seem to be shorter hours, higher salary and a better life.少用动词，做地道的汉英翻译 使用评注性副词少用动词，做地道的汉英翻译 使用评注性副词瘾君子对“禁止吸烟”的牌子视若无睹，真是不可救药。 他在讨论会上沉默不语，这不是他的个性。 关于该问题的警告引起了公众的广泛关注，这是可以理解的。 农民要求政府采取行动禁止白条，是完全合理的。 Tobacco addicts remain hopelessly blind to signs that say NO SMOKING. He was uncharacteristically quiet at the discussion. Alarms about this problem have understandably caused wide public concern. Peasants justifiably urge the government to take action to ban IOUs. 少用动词，做地道的汉英翻译 其他手段少用动词，做地道的汉英翻译 其他手段他有才能，人品好，办事效率高，肯定会升职的。 如果有官员违法，肯定会被立即解职。 很重要的是善于听取别人的意见。 许多家长担心，如果没有电视，他们的孩子会要他们和他们一起玩。 His aptitude, personality and efficiency guarantee his promotion. Any violation of the law by any official will be cause for immediate dismissal. It is very important to be a good listener. Many parents are worried that without TV, their children would like them to be their entertainers.句子主语的充当 汉语句子主语的充当 汉语零主语：定义与渊源（天人合一的哲学观以及封建思想的禁锢） 举例与对比： 袭人道：“一百年还记着呢！比不得你， 拿着我的话当耳边风，夜里说了，早起就忘了。” “I’ll remember if I live to be a hundred!” said Aroma. “I’m not like you, letting what I say go in at one ear and out at the other forgetting what’s said at night by the next morning. 主题结构: Theme+ Rheme 谁都知道朝鲜战场是艰苦的。 Everybody knows that life on the Korean battlefield was rather hard. 在过去三年内，浦东新区完成了10项重大基础设施建设。 In the past three years, 10 major infrastructure projects have been completed in the Pudong New Area. 一个人学习上全得优也没什么了不起。 That one gets all A’s in his academic studies doesn't count much. 句子主语的充当 英语：对客观的崇尚句子主语的充当 英语：对客观的崇尚不同的人对退休持不同的态度。 我永远不会忘记这个教训。 突然他想到了一个好主意。 他因感情冲动而误入歧途。 人们对那次历史盛会记忆犹新。 她因病在医院住了四个星期。Attitudes toward retirement vary from person to person. The lesson will be rooted in my memory forever. A good idea suddenly struck him. Her passion led him astray. Memories of that historic occasion still linger. Her illness kept her in hospital four weeks.句子的逻辑：显形与隐性句子的逻辑：显形与隐性你不去，我也不去。 他一有空就来看我。 留得青山在，不愁没柴烧。 人各不相同，有的喜欢安静，有的喜欢活动。 I won’t go if you are not going. Whenever he is free, he will come to see me. As long as the green mountains are there, one should not worry about firewood. People are quite different. Some like being quiet while others like being active.句子的逻辑：显形与隐性 指出以下各句中and的功能(1)句子的逻辑：显形与隐性 指出以下各句中and的功能(1)It was time to go and he hurried away. Come early and you will see him. Come and tell me all about it. I cannot make him work hard, and I have repeatedly counseled him to do so. He will go on a journey and his brother will stay at home. The grinding machine you operate must be oiled, and that at once. and so on/ through and through/ half and half We have come to the last and most important step of the experiment.因果 条件 目的 让步 对比 and that加强语气/替代上文内容 固定短语运用 同位 句子的逻辑：显形与隐性 指出以下各句中and的功能(2)句子的逻辑：显形与隐性 指出以下各句中and的功能(2)We have ships, and men, and money. He is a statesman and writer. bread and butter/ one hundred and five Move, and you are a dead man. The wound grew angrier and angrier. The patient trembled and trembled and trembled. There are books and books. He speaks French, and very well too. I wished to learn the truth, and yet I dare not pursue my questioning. 强调 并列/兼语 同性一体 命令 递增 反复 性质相异相对 and…too而且 and yet 然而 分词短语的翻译分词短语的翻译Being a major concern now, the problem of cyber security calls for government measures for improvement.  Swallowing small companies, the big media corporations will be able to control what Americans read and watch.  Having brought about a lifestyle revolution, Internet use is threatened by hackers’ repeated attacks of the computer systems of important organizations.  The Japanese economy starts to show signs of life, reviving optimism in the country. 分词短语的翻译（2）分词短语的翻译（2）Taking off all across Asia, E-commerce is creating a new world of consumer choice and distinctly Asian versions of online giants.  Long dominated by the Japanese, Asia’s auto market now lies in the sights of ambitious US and European car manufactures.  Launched on 1 January, 1999, the euro becomes the official currency in the 11 European Union nations. American writers have produced novels, short stories, and poems, reflecting both the life of the nation and the diverse local and ethnic cultures within it. 同位语的翻译同位语的翻译Intel, the world’s largest microprocessor maker, experienced a surge of success in a tough labor market.  Taking off all across Asia, E-commerce is creating a new world of consumer choice and distinctly Asian versions of online giants.  Credit cards, an idea conceived 50 years ago, provide convenience to today’s consumers.  The colonization of the West was given a tremendous impetus by the building of the transcontinental railroad, one of the great engineering feats of all time. 定语状语的处理定语状语的处理中国是有着五千多年历史的文明古国。  中国实行的是中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度。  我们要紧密团结在以江泽民同志为核心的党中央周围，高举邓小平理论的伟大旗帜。  要进一步在全社会形成尊重知识，尊重人才，促进优秀人才脱颖而出的良好风气。  20世纪八十年代，在改革开放政策的推动下，中国农村绝大多数地区凭借自身的发展优势，经济得到快速增长。 长句的翻译长句的翻译As the West sleepwalks into a decade in which moral confidence and steadfastness will be increasingly needed and decreasingly found, and as a cry for “leadership” issues from millions who would not recognize it if they saw it, and probably reject it if they did, John Paul II becomes more fascinating.  To a generation that believed a massive military-industrial complex was brutalizing the American Dream, jeans symbolized a return to the friendlier, simpler values of the frontier, where each man (so goes the wistful legend) had control over his own life, and where people cooperated to survive. To a movement of largely middle-class youth concerned with political and economic justice, jeans evoke an identification with the working class, even the poor and oppressed, and made any economic distinction among young people themselves practically impossible. 句的分拆与融合句的分拆与融合知己知彼，百战不怠。  香港回归祖国，标志着一国两制构想的巨大成功。 高等教育快速发展，管理体制改革取得突破性进展。  中国是一个发展中国家，面临着发展经济与环境保护的双重任务。 世界各国人民应当携手合作，继续推进人类和平与发展的崇高事业。  许多国有企业生产经营困难，下岗和失业人员增多，就业压力加大。 发展是硬道理，我们都必须坚持这一原则。  努力实现和平统一，中国人不打中国人。 定语从句翻译（省略法）定语从句翻译（省略法）Like the press in most other countries, American newspapers range from the sensational, which feature crime, sex and gossip, to the serious, which focus on factual news and the analysis of world events.  E-commerce is a challenging and dynamic area where change, growth and innovation are the norm.  Scientists have been devoted to developing high-yield rice varieties that sparked the green revolution in the 1970s.  Another feature of London’s shopping life is the chain store, in which prices are low and a wide variety of goods are offered. 定语从句翻译（重复法）定语从句翻译（重复法）The high-tech explosion has created a new group of workers that like challenge and treasure the independence and the diversity of work. Cambridge University has nurtured great scientists, thinkers and poets such as Newton, Bacon, Byron, Milton and Darwin, who made outstanding contribution to the progress of mankind.  Not long from now, the seemingly endless expansion of computer power that has propelled the digital revolution of the past two decades will stop unless major breakthroughs take place.  People in the United States experience a wide range of options in their daily lives, which reflect individual personalities and situations and contribute to the richness of American life. 定语从句翻译（融合法）定语从句翻译（融合法）The idea that the family is the traditional unit of society is challenged by American youth who are increasingly turning down marriage.  Consumers will want roomier cars that are smaller outside, sager cars that weigh less, and better performing vehicles that are affordable.  The US, which led the way in the first phase of the Internet evolution, is still a mighty presence on the Global 100. Today’s Japan is totally different from the Japan of five decades ago, particularly in social attitudes, which have strayed from traditional Asian values. 汉语无主句汉语无主句进一步深化国有企业改革。  必须推进以德育为核心，以创新精神和实践能力为重点的素质教育。  预计中国打算在近期购买私车的人数将达到三百万。 应当鼓励国内外投资者到中西部投资。  没有调查研究就没有发言权。 弄得不好，就会前功尽弃。 汉语无主句（2）汉语无主句（2）要尽快使全国人民都过上殷实的小康生活，并不断向更高水平前进。  优先发展基础设施建设。  高度重视某些高级政府官员贪污腐败的严重性。 为建设一个现代化的社会主义强国而奋斗。  要促进人和自然的协调与和谐。  要坚持党的领导，必须改善党的领导。