2016电大《开放英语II(1)》形成性考核册作业1-3及答案参考必考重点(全题)

电大《开放英语II(1)》形成性考核册 电大【开放英语II(1)】形成性考核册答案 注：本答案仅供参考，如有错误敬请指正 【开放英语II(1)】形考作业一答案： 第一部分: 交际用语 (每题2分, 共10分) 一、阅读下面的小对话，从A, B, C, D四个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项。 1. May I help you, madam? _________D____________. A. Sorry, I have no idea B. Yes, I know what to buy C. You’d better give me a hand D. Yes, I ‘d like 2 kilos of oranges 2. May I know your address? ________A______________. A. Sure. Here you are. B. I have no idea C. It’s far from here D. Sorry, I’ve forgotten 3. Well, Mary, how are you? _________C______________. A. I’m good B. I’m pleased C. I’m fine D. I’m nice 4. I don’t like the sports programs on Sundays.__B______ A. So do I B. Neither do I C. So am I D. Neither am I 5. Will you go on a picnic with us tomorrow? _________B___________________. A. Yes, but I’ll have English classes. B. Sorry, I have an appointment with Dr. Brown. C. I’m afraid I have no idea. D. Neither am I 第二部分：英语知识运用（40分） 二、选择填空 阅读下面的句子和对话，从A, B, C, D四个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项。（每小题2分，共20分） 6. It happened___D_____ a winter night. A. at B. in C. by D. on 7 I know it isn’t important but I can’t help__B________ about it. A. but to think B. thinking C. to D. think 8. That’s all settled. It____D_______ talked about. A. shouldn’t B. mustn’t be C. can’t D. needn’t be 9. Her parents died when she was very young, so she was___A________ by her aunt. A. brought up B. brought out C. grown up D. grown 10. _____B___________ he said is quite right. A. That B. What C. How D. Why 11. Don’t worry. There is___C________ room for all your books here. A. more B. much C. enough D. some 12. What’s happened to Tom? ____D___________ to hospital. A. He’s taken B. He’ll be taken C. He’ll take D. He’s been taken 13. I don’t suppose he will attend the meeting, ___B__________? A. won’t he B. will he C. do I D. don’t I 14. _______A__________ fine weather it is! A. What B. What a C. How D. How a 15 Not only I but also Jane and Mary ____B________ tired of having one examination after another. A. is B. are C. am D. be 三、完型填空 阅读下面的短文，从短文后所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出能填入相应空白处的最佳选项，并在答题纸上写出所选的字母符号。（每题2分，共20分） Molly Wilson ___16_C___ a dancer and a mother for many years when she ___17__B___to sail round the world to raise money for charity. As a child she __18_A_____as a ballet dancer, but at 15 she had grown too tall for classical ballet, so she __19__D_____ a member of a pop dance team. She__20__B___, and___21_C__ she had children she retired from show business to bring them ___22_D____. They grew up, and when they were 18 they left home. She says, “When I decided to do the round- the – world race, my husband thought I was bored because the children had left home. He was also worried ___23_D_____ I had never sailed __24_A____. I was not bored, but I ___25_B____ some people who told me about the race. They had taken part in it, but they had only done one section, say, from New Zealand to Australia. I wanted to do the whole ten-month journey.” 16. A. is B. was C. had been D. has been 17. A. decides B. decided C. had decided D. has decided 18. A. had trained B. had been trained C. was trained D. trained 19. A. become B. had become C. has become D. became 20. A. gets married B. got married C. was marrying D. had married 21. A. before B. when C. after D. --- 22. A. down B. in C. out D. up 23. A. although B. however C. so D. because 24. A. before B. ago C. since D. after 25. A. met B. had met C. meet D. has meet 第三部分：阅读理解（30分） 四、阅读下列短文，从A、B、C、D四个选项中选择一个正确答案，并在答题纸上写出所选的字母符号。（每题2分，共20分） 短文理解1 An Extraordinary Change or Direction Molly Wilson had been a dancer and a mother for many years when she decided to sail round the world to raise money for charity. As a child she had trained as a ballet dancer, but at 15 she had grown too tall for classical ballet, so she became a member of a pop dance team. She got married, and after she had children she retired from show business to bring them up. They grew up, and when they were 18 they left home. She says, “When I decided to do the round- the – world race, my husband thought I was bored because the children had left home. He was also worried because I had never sailed before. I was not bored, but I had met some people who told me about the race. They had taken part in it, but they had only done one section, say, from New Zealand to Australia. I wanted to do the whole ten-month journey.” Before Molly left she did a lot of training, but it hadn’t prepared her for the worst weather which they experienced. She tells one story. “One night the sea was very rough and it was very cold. I had gone downstairs when a huge wave smashed into the boat and injured two men on the deck. One of the men couldn’t move because he had broken his leg. They were taken to hospital by helicopter. That was the worst time.” By the end of October last year, she had raised more than 50,000 pounds for charity. She says, “ Sometimes I ask myself, what did I do? How did I do it? But then I think, it’s the same as being a dancer. Before I left on the trip, I had trained hard. I had got very fit and had prepared myself completely. Then on the trip I was simply a good team member.” 26. What does the word “extraordinary” mean in the title? ___B___ A. very ordinary B. very unusual and surprising C. not special D. extreme 27. The sentence “ my husband thought I was bored “ in Para. 4 meant that my husband thought I felt __B______. A. dissatisfied because I had nothing better to do at home B. annoyed because I had to wait long for my children to come back home C. happy because I could do something I was interested in instead of taking care of children D. sad because all the children left me when they grow up 28. The word “section” in Para. 4 most probably means here __C_____ A. group of people B. part of the training C. part of the route of sail D. part of the job 29. Which of the following is nearest ( closest) in meaning to “rough” in the sentence “One night the sea was very rough” in Para. 5? ___C______ A. not exact B. difficult C. not smooth because of huge waves D. pleasant 30. The last paragraph suggests that ____A______. A. the qualities she needed for the trip were the same as those for a dancer B. many years of dancing had already prepared her for the sail completely, so she needn’t do anything before the journey C. she should be kind to other team members during the trip D. she should not forget dancing during the trip 短文理解 2 In the last 500 years, nothing about people—not their clothes, ideas, or languages – has changed as much as what they eat. The original chocolate drink was made from the seeds of the cocoa tree by South American Indians. The Spanish introduced it to the rest of the world during the 1500’s. And although it was very expensive, it quickly became fashionable. In London shops where chocolate drinks were served became important meeting places. Some still exist today. The potato is also from the New World. Around 1600, the Spanish brought it from Peru to Europe, where it soon was widely grown. Ireland became so dependent on it that thousands of Irish people starved when the crop failed during the “Potato Famine” of 1845-6, and thousands more were forced to emigrate to America. There are many other foods that have traveled from South America to the Old World. But some others went in the opposite direction. Brazil is now the World’s largest grower of coffee, and coffee is an important crop in Colombia and other South American countries. But it is native to Ethiopia. It is first made into a drink by Arabs during the 1400’s. According to an Arabic legend, coffee was discovered when a goatherd named Kaldi noticed that his goats were attracted to the red berries on a coffee bush. He tried one and experienced the “wide-awake” feeling that one-third of the world’s population now starts the day with. 31. According to the passage, which of the following has changed the most in the last 500 years? ___A___ A. Food C. Potato B. Chocolate D. Coffee 32. “Some” in “Some still exist today” refers to ___C________. A. some cocoa trees C. some shops B. some chocolate drinks D. some South American Indians 33. Thousands of Irish people starved during the “Potato Famine” because ___C_________. A. they were so dependent on the potato that they refused to eat anything else. B. they were forced to emigrate to America C. the weather conditions in Ireland were not suitable for growing the potato D. the potato harvest was bad 34. Coffee originally came from ___D_______. A. Brazil B. Colombia C. Ethiopia D. Arabia 35. The Arabic legend is used to prove that ___D_______. A. coffee was first discovered by Kaldi B. coffee was first discovered by Kaldi’s goats C. coffee was first discovered in South American countries D. coffee drinks were first made by Arabs 五、阅读下列短文，并根据短文内容判断其后的句子是正确（T），错误（F），还是文字中没有涉及相关信息（NG）。（每题2分，共10分） 短文理解3 Lily is 70 years old and she takes care of her 91-year-old mother. She told us about caring for her mother. I wake up early every day, it’s usually about 6.30 am, and wait until I hear Tilly, my mum, moving about. Then I make her a cup of tea. At about half past seven she gets up and we have breakfast together. We normally just have toast, but on Sundays we always have bacon and eggs. After breakfast she reads the newspaper, then she sits by the window and waves to the neighbours as they walk by. She hardly ever goes out but she is very proud of her personal appearance, so she goes to the hairdresser once a month. She doesn’t liker being left on her own for very long, so I always arrange for a neighbour to come and sit with her when I go out. Now and again, my friend and neighbour, Joan, comes to spend the day with her, and I can go and have lunch with another friend, May, who lives in town. I have a brother, Syd. He comes to stay two or three times a year. He is very good and keeps in touch, but he lives 300 miles away. Once a year, he collects mum and takes her to stay with him in London for a week. She doesn’t really like going because it’s a long journey, but I need the rest. Sally, the nurse, comes to see mum regularly. My next-door neighbour, Jack, often calls in. In the evening we usually watch TV and we sometimes play cards. Mum is fantastic for her age. But I can never decide to go anywhere spontaneously. I always have to plan it, so I feel a bit trapped. But what is the alternative? An old people’ home? I couldn’t do that to my mother? 36. Lily wakes before her mother. ( T ) 37. Joan sometimes spends the day with Lily’s mother. ( T ) 38. Tilly is satisfied with her hairdresser. ( NG ) 39. Lily’s brother comes to visit every three weeks. ( F ) 40. Lily and her mother play cards more than they watch TV. ( F ) 【开放英语II(1)】形考作业二答案： 第一部分: 交际用语 (每题2分, 共10分) 一、阅读下面的小对话，从A, B, C, D四个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项。 1. Nice weather, isn’t it? _______C_____________. A. I’m not sure B. Your know it well C. Yes, it is D. Yes, it isn’t 2. What about going for a walk? _________A__________________. A. Why not? A good idea B. That’s all right C. So, do I D. Walking is good to you 3. Would you mind if I open the window for a better view? ___________D___________________. A. That’s fine, thank you B. Yes, please C. Take a seat D. Of course not 4. Excuse me, how can I get to the nearest supermarket? ___________D___________________. A. It’s not very far from here B. The supermarket is very large C. The goods there are very expensive D. Sorry, sir. I’m a stranger here myself 5. What’s the problem, Harry? _________D_____________________. A. No problem B. No trouble at all C. Thank you for asking me about it D. I can’t remember where I left my glasses 第二部分：英语知识运用（40分） 二、选择填空 阅读下面的句子和对话，从A, B, C, D四个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项。（每小题2分，共20分） 6. Which do you like better, real movies ____D_______ cartoons? A. and, than B. or, than C. and, and D. or, to 7. What a fool I have been! Why __B______ I think of that before? A. don’t B. didn’t C. not D. do 8. Time is money! We should ___B_________ our time. A. be fit for B. make good use of C. play a part of D. take the place of 9. You must explain ___C_________ how they succeeded ___________ the experiment. A. of us, for B. at us, at C. to us, in D. for us, to 10. Of all the stories here, I like this one ___A_______. It’s not interesting at all. A. spoken, written B. speaking, written C. speaking, writing D. speak, write 11. We must make a difference between ____A______ language and _________ language. A. spoken, written B. speaking, written C. speaking, writing D. speak, write 12. I think all these are main points ___B________ much attention. A. being worthy of B. worthy of C. which worth D. which worthy of 13. They __B_____ the train until it disappeared in the distance. A. saw B. watched C. noticed D. observed 14. Can I get you a cup of tea? ________A___________________. A. that’s very nice of you B. with pleasure C. you can, please D. thank you for the tea 15. Mary forgot ____B_______ a letter to her mother, so she wrote to her just now. A. writing B. to write C. having wrote D. to have written 三、完型填空 阅读下面的短文，从短文后所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出能填入相应空白处的最佳选项，并在答题纸上写出所选的字母符号。（每题2分，共20分） A study has shown that fitness is the key _16__C___ long life, irrespective of body shape __17__A___ even smoking habits. Researchers discovered that people who exercise live longer than _18_D____, even if they are overweight and smoke. The study found that __19__D______ fit of the 6,000 middle-aged men in the study were five times more likely to die within six years of the start of the research than the fittest. This was true 20_B____ the men had heart problems, smoked or were overweight. Scientists concluded that it was better _21__B_____ and active than skinny and sedentary. Dr Ken cooper, a fitness expert, said, “ You are better off smoking a packet of cigarettes a day and exercising regularly than 22__A______ a non-smoker and sedentary.” Although he adds, “ But don’t misunderstand me. I am not endorsing _23___C________, I am trying to tell you how dangerous it is to be sedentary.” The British Government is putting pressure _24___A_______ manufacturers to reduce high levels of sugar in food and to restrict the hard-sell of junk food to children in order to improve the nation’s health. But the new study suggests the Government should encourage more people _25___C______. 16. A. for B. of C. to D. in 17. A. or B. and C. but D.either 18. A. those who does not B. these who do not C. these that do not D. those who do not 19. A. the little B. less C. lease D. the least 20. A. that B. whether or not C. if or not D. when 21. A. being fat B. to be fat C. to do D. doing 22. A. being B. be C. to be D. is 23. A. smoke B. to smoke C. smoking D. smoked 24. A. on B. in C. to D. for 25. A. exercise B. exercising C. to exercise D. exercised 第三部分：阅读理解（30分） 四、阅读下列短文，从A、B、C、D四个选项中选择一个正确答案，并在答题纸上写出所选的字母符号。（每题2分，共20分） 短文理解1 PAT the Dog Did you know there are some very special dogs doing good work in our hospital wards? These are PAT ( Pets As Therapy) dogs. Doctors and nurses are recognizing the benefits of pets more and more – particularly for children, people with mental illnesses and elderly people who are separated from their own pets or have had to give up their pets. Stroking and playing with a pet is a calming experience and something to look forward to. One hospital reported that a man with a mental illness, who hadn’t spoken for years, first stroked and played with a visiting dog and then started talking to it. Today, around 4,500 dogs and 50 cats and their volunteer owners are at work in the UK bringing comfort and pleasure to over 100,000 people in hospital. There are many other “working dogs”. There are guard dogs, police dogs, hunting dogs and dogs for the blind. Disabled people benefit greatly. Take the case of Alan Smythe, who has to visit hospital every month. Some things are difficult for him because he is in a wheelchair. But his life has altered dramatically since he got a god, Tess, from the charity “Dogs for the Disabled”. “She helps me to get dressed, and she brings me my socks and shoes. She fetches the newspaper from the shop, and she passes me the phone when it rings. I feel so much better too. It’s like having a really good friend. She comes with me to hospital. Once, she saved my life. I am a diabetic and one day my blood sugar level dropped, and when I was going into a coma she went next door and she alerted my neighbour. He gave me an insulin injection.” 26. Which of the following statement is TRUE according to the passage? ___B_________ A. All the dogs are allowed into the hospitals to visit the patients. B. Only some special dogs can help the patients feel better. C. Doctors and nurses doubt if pets can bring comfort to the patients. D. Doctors and nurses are aware pets will bring benefits to all the patients. 27. Pets are particularly beneficial to the following EXCEPT ____C________. A. children B. people with mental illness C. the elderly people who live alone D. the elderly people who have to live apart from their pets 28. The first sentence of Para. 2 suggests ____D________. A. touching and playing with a pet makes people nervous and anxious B. pets can make people become quiet and attentive C. people feel uncomfortable when they touch and play with a pet D. people feel relaxed and hopeful when they touch and play with a pet 29. The dog helps Alan do the following EXCEPT ____D_______. A. She helps her get dressed B. She accompanies her to the hospital C. She gets the newspaper for her D. She picks up the phone for her 30. The sentence “when I was going to a comma” means that ____C_______. A. when I got hungry B. when I felt asleep C. when I became unconscious D. when I fell down on the floor 短文理解 2 A funny thing happened on the way to the communication revolution: we stopped talking to each other. I was walking in the park with a friend recently, and his mobile phone rang, interrupting our conversation. There we were, walking and talking on a beautiful sunny day and – poof! I was cut off as if I had become absent from the conversation. The part was filled with people talking on their cell phones. They were passing people without looking at them, saying hello, noticing their babies or stopping to pat their dogs. It seems that the limitless electronic voice is preferred to human contact. The telephone used to connect you to the absent. Now it makes people feel absent. Recently I was in a car with three friends. The driver hushed the rest of us because he could not hear the person on the other end of his cell phone. There we were, four friends driving down the high way, unable to talk to each other because of the small thing designed to make communication easier. Why is it that the more connected we get, the more disconnected I feel? Every advance in communications technology is a setback to the closeness of human interaction. With e-mail and instant message over the Internet, we can now communicate without seeing or talking to one another. With voice mail, you can make entire conversations without ever reaching anyone. If my mom has a question, I just leave the answer on her machine. As almost every contact between human beings gets automatic, the emotional distance index goes up. Pumping gas at the station? Why say good-morning to the assistant when you can swipe your credit card at the pump and save yourself the bother of human contact? Making a deposit at the bank? Why talk to the clerk who lives in the neighborhood when you can put your card into the ATM? More and more, I find myself hiding behind e-mail to do a job meant for conversation or being relieved that voice mail picked up because I didn’t really have time to talk. The technology devoted to helping me keep in touch is making me lonelier. I own a mobile phone, an ATM card, a voice-mail telephone, and an e-mail account. Giving them up isn’t a choice. They are great for what they are intended to do. It’s their unintended results that make me upset. What good is all this gee-whiz technology if there is no one in the room to hear you crying out “Gee whiz”? 31. The author’s experience of walking in a park with a friend recently made him feel ___B_______. A. unhappy B. funny C. sunny D. wonderful 32. According to the author, human contact in a park means ___C_______. A. looking at each other and saying hello when passing B. noticing their babies and stopping to pat their dogs C. talking on the mobile phone and getting connected with the other people D. both A and B 33. According to the author, the more connected we get in communications technology, the ___C_____ we are. A. more automatic B. easier C. more disconnected D. closer 34. What are the examples the author gives to explain his idea that every advance in communications technology is a setback to the closeness of human interaction?____D_____ A. With e-mail and instant message over the Internet, we can now communicate without seeing or talking to one another. B. With voice mail, you can make entire conversations without ever reaching anyone. C. If his mom has a question, he just leaves the answer on her machine. D. All of the above 35. What is the unintended result of communication technology, according to the author?__B_______ A. It makes communication easier and conversation possible everywhere/ B. It actually creates a distance between people instead of bringing them together. C. It makes every contact between human beings automatic and makes people feel connected. D. It makes human contacts limitless with electronic voices everywhere. 五、阅读下列短文，并根据短文内容判断其后的句子是正确（T），错误（F），还是文字中没有涉及相关信息（NG）。（每题2分，共10分） 短文理解3 The ancient Olympic Games were part of a religious festival in honour of the Greek god Zeus, the father of all Greek gods and goddesses. The festival and games were held in Olympia, a religious sanctuary. The athletes came to Olympia from all parts of the Greek world, from as far as Spain in the west and Turkey in the east. The ancient Olympic Games began in the year 766 BC when Koroibos, a cook from the city of Elis, won a 200-metre-long race. They took place for a period of 617 years until the last games were held in AD 393. In the ancient games, athletes received prizes worth large amounts of money. In fact the word “athlete” is an ancient Greek word, meaning “one who competes for a prize”. Although women did not compete in the games, there was a separate festival held at the same time in honour of Hera, wife of Zeus. At this festival unmarried girls competed in foot races. The marathon was not an event of the ancient Olympic Games. The marathon is a modern event that was first introduced in the Olympic Games in 1896. It was named after a village called Marathon where the Persians were defeated by a small Greek army. The news of the victory was brought to Athens by soldier, who ran the 26 miles from the village of Marathon to the capital. 26 miles was therefore adopted as the distance of the modern marathon race. The Olympic flag was introduced in 1908 and carries the symbol of five linked rings. Which represent the five continents --- Africa, America, Asia, Australasia and Europe. The Olympic flame was first carried in the 1932 Olympic Games in Los Angeles. There was no torch relay in the ancient Olympic Games. The first torch relay in the modern Olympic Games was staged in Berlin in 1936. 36. The ancient Greeks held the first Olympic Games in 617 BC.（F） 37. The ancient Greeks held the Olympic Games for 393 years. (F) 38. They did not allow women to compete in the ancient Olympic Games.(T) 39. They first used the Olympic flag in 1908. (T) 40. Both the Olympic Games and the Marathon Race are very popular for old and young people in many countries of the world. ( F) 【开放英语II(1)】形考作业三答案： 交际用语 1. Hello, May I talk to the headmaster now? ______A______________. A. sorry, he is busy at the moment B. No, you can’t C. Sorry, you can’t D. I don’t know 2. Would you like to have dinner with us this evening? _______C__________. A. Ok, but I have to go to a meeting now B. No, I can’t C. Sorry, but this evening I have to go to the airport to meet my parents D. I don’t know 3. Oh, sorry to bother you. _______A_____________. A. That’s okay B. No, you can’t C. That’s good. D. Oh, I don’t know 4. Can you turn down the radio, please? ______B______________. A. Oh, I know B. I’m sorry, I didn’t realize it was that loud C. I’ll keep it down next time D. Please forgive me 5. Woulde you like to see the memu? _____C_____________. A. No, thanks, I already know what to order B. Your menu is very clear C. I hear the food here is tasty D. The setting is very comfortable 第二部分：英语知识运用（40分） 二、选择填空 阅读下面的句子和对话，从A, B, C, D四个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项。（每小题2分，共20分） 6. I prefer classic music __D_____ pop music. A. than B. on C. with D. to 7. All the team members tried their best. We lost the game, ___A____. A. however B. therefore C. since D. as 8. When we were having a meeting, the diector __B_______ the bad news by telephone. A. was telling B. was told C. could tell D. would tell 9. Silk ___B______ by Chinese for thousands of yours now. A. has used B. has been use C. was used D. is used 10. You __B_____ to lock the dorr at night. A. should B. ought C. must D. shall 11. Before I got to the cinema, the film __A________. A. had begun B. has begun C. is begun D. was beginning 12. The patient acted on the doctor’s _B_______ and finally recovered. A. advices B. advice C. advise D. advises 13. Alecture hall is __C_______ where students attend lectures. A. there B. which C. one D. that 14. I’m tired. I __B_______ working very hard. A. have B. have been C. had D. has 15. Let me __B_______ the case carefully before I draw a conclusion. A. look up B. look into C. look after D. look out 三、完型填空 阅读下面的短文，从短文后所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出能填入相应空白处的最佳选项，并在答题纸上写出所选的字母符号。（每题2分，共20分） Although international travel is usually an _16___B______ and pleasant experience, travellers should take steps to ensure that their health does not suffer either _17__C______ their time ________ the air or _________ their time abroad. Before you go, check with your doctor or local travel clinic 18___C_______ injections are necessary for the areas you are travelling 19__C________. Allow sufficient time to have these injections before you _20____C_______ because they may take time to become effective. Be sure that the information on health is up-to-date. Check on the Internet if you are not sure. Don’t go to bed late the day 21__D_______ you fly. Your body has a natural daily sleep pattern. It takes time to adjust to a new time one. There are many different _22___A_______ of jet lag: you may not be able to sleep, you may not want to eat or you may feel sick and tired. You may not be able to concentrate for some days after you arrive. There are several things you can do to _23___D______ the effects of jet lag: ---Do your 24__C______ to relax during the flight ---Sleep as much as you can on the flight. Use a mild sleeping pill if necessary. ---Drink as much water as you can. ---Don’t drink alcohol and caffeine. ---Take mild sleeping pills 25___B_______ the first few days in the new thime zone if you need them. 16. A. excited B. exciting C. excitted D. excitting 17. A. of, on, of B. of, in, of C. from, in, from D. from, on, from 18. A. where B. --- C. which D. that 19. A. --- B. in C. to D. at 20. A. will leave B. is leaving C. leave D. have left 21. A. after B. in C. on D. before 22. A. effects B. effect C. affect D. affects 23. A. short B. shorten C. less D. lessen 24. A. good B. better C. best D most 25. A. at B. for C. of D. on 第三部分：阅读理解（30分） 四、阅读下列短文，从A、B、C、D四个选项中选择一个正确答案，并在答题纸上写出所选的字母符号。（每题2分，共20分） 短文理解1 People all over the world today are beginning to hear and learn more and more about the problem of pullution. Pollution is caused either by man’s release of completely new and often artificial substances into the environment, or by releasing greatly increased amounts of a natural substance, such as oil from oil tankers into the sea. Whatever its underlying reasons, there is no doubt that much of the pollution caused could be controlled if only companies, individuals and governments would make more efforts. In the home there is an obvious need to control litter and waste. Food comes wrapped up three of four times in packages that all have to be disposed of; drinks are increasingly sold in bottles or tins which can’t be reused. This not only causes a litter problem, but also is a great waste of resources, in terms of glass, metal and paper. Advertising has helped this process by persuading many of us not only to buy things we neither want nor need, but also to throw away much of what we do buy. Pollution and waste combine to be a problem everyone can help to solve by cutting out unnecessary buying, excess use and careless disposal of the products we use in our daily lives. 26. The main cause of pollution is ___A_______. A. the release of artificial or natural substances into the environment B. the production of new industrial goods C. increased amounts of a natural substance D. our ever-increasing population 27. Much of the pollution could be controlled if only ___C______. A. people would pay more attention to the problem B. governments would take effective measures C. all sides concerned would make more efforts D. farmers would use less artificial fertilizers 28. Food packages, bottles and tins for drinks can cause _____B________. A. air and water pollution B. both a litter problem and a waste of resources C. to pay for the service D. to produce the receipt 29. Which of the following can not help solving the problem of pollution?____B______ A. Cutting out unnecessary buying B. Eating C. Reduce excess use D. Carefully dispose our daily products 30. What does the underlined word ‘ litter” mean in paragraph 2?____C_________ A. not many B. serious problem C. bits of waste things D. industrial pollution 短文理解2 Benjamin Disraeli, the famous nineteenth century prime minister, said, “London is not a city, it it a nation.” Today this is an understatement; London, with its vast range of different ethnic groups, is a world. Certainly, London is the most culturally diverse city in the world. The city was founded by the Romans and since then new arrivals have constantly added to its character and prosperity. Within 10 years 40% of Londoners will be from ethnic origin, but most of them will have been born in Britain. Children of Caribbean—Chinese marriages will go to school with children of Russian—Irish couples. None of them will be English but all of them will be Londoners. Most of Britain’s ethnic minority residents live in the capital, speaking over 300 languages. Nearly all of the African population and many of the Caribbean population of Britain live in London (83% and 58% respectively); 39% of the Chinese population of Britain and 36% of the Asian population of London. There are an estimated 330,000 refugees and asylum seekers living in London, with most recent arrivals coming from Eastern Europe, North Africa and Kurdistan. Young people, in particular, are skilled at dealing with a large number of different and hybrid cultures. They themselves often have several different ethnic identities since their parents and grandparents may come from several different backgrounds and their friends and partners do also. They are “ skilled cross-cultural travellers’ without leaving their home-town. 31.Why does the writer think that Bejamin Disraeli’s statement is an understatement?___D_______ A. part of the world B. even larger than some coutries in the world C. not a nation at all D. a miniature world thanks to its great cultural diversity 32. London is regarded as the most culturally diverse city in the world due to the following facts EXCEPT that ___C______. A. within 10 years 40% Londoners will be from ethnic minority groups B. most of Britain’s ethnic minority groups live in London speaking over 300 languages. C. London accommodates about 330,000 refugees and asylum seekers from many other countries D. many young people are immigrants from different baqckgrounds 33. Ethnic minority groups will make up __B_______ of the London population in the future. A. 36% B. 40% C. 39% D. 36% 34. The last paragraph mainlu tells us in London ___D________. A. young people are from different backgrounds B. young people are raised in a multicultural environment C. young people find it hard to adapt themselves to hybrid cultures D. young people feel at ease with a large number of diversified cultures 35. The passage mainly deals with _____C________. A. the advantage of hybrid cultures in London B. the composition of the population in London C. the cultural diversity in London D. the contribution make by the new arrivals to London 五、阅读下列短文，并根据短文内容判断其后的句子是正确（T），错误（F），还是文字中没有涉及相关信息（NG）。（每题2分，共10分） 短文理解3 Joan Evans was born in Liverpool, England in 1928, but she didn’t live there for very long. Her father was a soldier and was sent by the government India. He took all his family with him, and they lived in Calcutta, in a house which the army gave them. Joan liked living in India. She liked the food and the warm weather. As a child, she would go to school in the morning, but in the afternoon, she used to go out riding on her horse. When she was 20, the British left India and family returned to Liverpool. Joan didn’t want to returen with them, so she decided to get a job and stay in India. In the 1940’s in India there were not many jobs that an English woman could do, so she decided to study to become a nurse and work in a hospital there. Joan finished her studies in 1950 and started working in a large hospital caring for sich children. She was a very good nurse because she was very kind and worked very hard. When she was working at the hospital, she met a doctor named Gupta. Joan and Gupta started going to restaurants and the cinema together, and soon decided to get married. Joan’s family returned to India for the wedding. After two more years working in the hospital with Gupta, Joan decided that she wanted to be more to help the sick children in the city. She knew that the hospital only helped the children whose parents could pay for the medicine the children needed. Joan decided to start a charity to help children whose parents didn’t have enough money. The charity Joan started has now become the largest children’s charity in India. It has helped over 40,000 children since it was set up in 1955. It has grown and now helps children in other cities as well as Calcutt. In 1992 the charity built its own hospital in Calcutta. Many people who are alive today owe their life to Joan’s dreams. 36. Joan’s father bought a house in Calcutta. ( F ) 37. It wasn’t easy for Joan to find a job in India. ( T ) 38. Joan had wanted to work with children since she was a little gir. ( NG ) 39. Joan started the charity because she wanted a better job. ( F ) 40. The charity helps children in several cities. ( T ) 请您删除一下内容，O(∩_∩)O谢谢！！！2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the ‘effector’ cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and non-nerve cells. This process is termed ‘chemical neurotransmission’ and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as ‘cholinergic’. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the so-called motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a command is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds; an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for re-uptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nerve-to-nerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on non-voluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells; in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nerve-to-nerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In post-synaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. It is the complex of receptor combined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. The type in skeletal muscle is known as ‘nicotinic’; in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are ‘muscarinic’; and there are some of each type in the brain. These terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom Amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons referred to as cholinergic neurons. In the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. In the central nervous system acetylcholine is believed to be involved in learning, memory, and mood. Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A through the action of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and becomes packaged into membrane-bound vesicles . After the arrival of a nerve signal at the termination of an axon, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, causing the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft . For the nerve signal to continue, acetylcholine must diffuse to another nearby neuron or muscle cell, where it will bind and activate a receptor protein. There are two main types of cholinergic receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic. Nicotinic receptors are located at synapses between two neurons and at synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cells. Upon activation a nicotinic receptor acts as a channel for the movement of ions into and out of the neuron, directly resulting in depolarization of the neuron. Muscarinic receptors, located at the synapses of nerves with smooth or cardiac muscle, trigger a chain of chemical events referred to as signal transduction. For a cholinergic neuron to receive another impulse, acetylcholine must be released from the receptor to which it has bound. This will only happen if the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is very low. Low synaptic concentrations of acetylcholine can be maintained via a hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This enzyme hydrolyzes acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline. If acetylcholinesterase activity is inhibited, the synaptic concentration of acetylcholine will remain higher than normal. If this inhibition is irreversible, as in the case of exposure to many nerve gases and some pesticides, sweating, bronchial constriction, convulsions, paralysis, and possibly death can occur. Although irreversible inhibition is dangerous, beneficial effects may be derived from transient (reversible) inhibition. Drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase in a reversible manner have been shown to improve memory in some people with Alzheimer's disease. abstract expressionism, movement of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the mid-1940s and attained singular prominence in American art in the following decade; also called action painting and the New York school. It was the first important school in American painting to declare its independence from European styles and to influence the development of art abroad. Arshile Gorky first gave impetus to the movement. His paintings, derived at first from the art of Picasso, Miró, and surrealism, became more personally expressive. Jackson Pollock's turbulent yet elegant abstract paintings, which were created by spattering paint on huge canvases placed on the floor, brought abstract expressionism before a hostile public. Willem de Kooning's first one-man show in 1948 established him as a highly influential artist. His intensely complicated abstract paintings of the 1940s were followed by images of Woman, grotesque versions of buxom womanhood, which were virtually unparalleled in the sustained savagery of their execution. Painters such as Philip Guston and Franz Kline turned to the abstract late in the 1940s and soon developed strikingly original styles—the former, lyrical and evocative, the latter, forceful and boldly dramatic. Other important artists involved with the movement included Hans Hofmann, Robert Motherwell, and Mark Rothko; among other major abstract expressionists were such painters as Clyfford Still, Theodoros Stamos, Adolph Gottlieb, Helen Frankenthaler, Lee Krasner, and Esteban Vicente. Abstract expressionism presented a broad range of stylistic diversity within its largely, though not exclusively, nonrepresentational framework. For example, the expressive violence and activity in paintings by de Kooning or Pollock marked the opposite end of the pole from the simple, quiescent images of Mark Rothko. Basic to most abstract expressionist painting were the attention paid to surface qualities, i.e., qualities of brushstroke and texture; the use of huge canvases; the adoption of an approach to space in which all parts of the canvas played an equally vital role in the total work; the harnessing of accidents that occurred during the process of painting; the glorification of the act of painting itself as a means of visual communication; and the attempt to transfer pure emotion directly onto the canvas. The movement had an inestimable influence on the many varieties of work that followed it, especially in the way its proponents used color and materials. Its essential energy transmitted an enduring excitement to the American art scene. Science and technology is quite a broad category, and it covers everything from studying the stars and the planets to studying molecules and viruses. Beginning with the Greeks and Hipparchus, continuing through Ptolemy, Copernicus and Galileo, and today with our work on the International Space Station, man continues to learn more and more about the heavens.  From here, we look inward to biochemistry and biology. To truly understand biochemistry, scientists study and see the unseen by studying the chemistry of biological processes. This science, along with biophysics, aims to bring a better understanding of how bodies work – from how we turn food into energy to how nerve impulses transmit. analytic geometry, branch of geometry in which points are represented with respect to a coordinate system, such as Cartesian coordinates, and in which the approach to geometric problems is primarily algebraic. Its most common application is in the representation of equations involving two or three variables as curves in two or three dimensions or surfaces in three dimensions. For example, the linear equation ax+by+c=0 represents a straight line in thexy-plane, and the linear equation ax+by+cz+d=0 represents a plane in space, where a, b, c, and dare constant numbers (coefficients). In this way a geometric problem can be translated into an algebraic problem and the methods of algebra brought to bear on its solution. Conversely, the solution of a problem in algebra, such as finding the roots of an equation or system of equations, can be estimated or sometimes given exactly by geometric means, e.g., plotting curves and surfaces and determining points of intersection.  In plane analytic geometry a line is frequently described in terms of its slope, which expresses its inclination to the coordinate axes; technically, the slope m of a straight line is the (trigonometric) tangent of the angle it makes with the x-axis. If the line is parallel to the x-axis, its slope is zero. Two or more lines with equal slopes are parallel to one another. In general, the slope of the line through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by m= (y2-y1) / (x2-x1). The conic sections are treated in analytic geometry as the curves corresponding to the general quadratic equation ax2+bxy+cy2+dx+ey+f=0, where a, b, … , f are constants and a, b, and c are not all zero. In solid analytic geometry the orientation of a straight line is given not by one slope but by its direction cosines, λ, μ, and ν, the cosines of the angles the line makes with the x-, y-, and z-axes, respectively; these satisfy the relationship λ2+μ2+ν2= 1. In the same way that the conic sections are studied in two dimensions, the 17 quadric surfaces, e.g., the ellipsoid, paraboloid, and elliptic paraboloid, are studied in solid analytic geometry in terms of the general equationax2+by2+cz2+dxy+exz+fyz+px+qy+rz+s=0. The methods of analytic geometry have been generalized to four or more dimensions and have been combined with other branches of geometry. Analytic geometry was introduced by RenéDescartes in 1637 and was of fundamental importance in the development of the calculus by Sir Isaac Newton and G. W. Leibniz in the late 17th cent. More recently it has served as the basis for the modern development and exploitation of algebraic geometry. circle, closed plane curve consisting of all points at a given distance from some fixed point, called the center. A circle is a conic section cut by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cone. The term circle is also used to refer to the region enclosed by the curve, more properly called a circular region. The radius of a circle is any line segment connecting the center and a point on the curve; the term is also used for the length r of this segment, i.e., the common distance of all points on the curve from the center. Similarly, the circumference of a circle is either the curve itself or its length of arc. A line segment whose two ends lie on the circumference is a chord; a chord through the center is the diameter. A secant is a line of indefinite length intersecting the circle at two points, the segment of it within the circle being a chord. A tangent to a circle is a straight line touching the circle at only one point, the point of contact, or tangency, and is always perpendicular to the radius drawn to this point. A circle is inscribed in a polygon if each side of the polygon is tangent to the circle; a circle is circumscribed about a polygon if all the vertices of the polygon lie on the circumference. The length of the circumference C of a circle is equal to π (see pi) times twice the radius distance r, or C=2πr. The area A bounded by a circle is given by A=πr2. Greek geometry left many unsolved problems about circles, including the problem of squaring the circle, i.e., constructing a square with an area equal to that of a given circle, using only a straight edge and compass; it was finally proved impossible in the late 19th cent. (see geometric problems of antiquity). In modern mathematics the circle is the basis for such theories as inversive geometry and certain non-Euclidean geometries. The circle figures significantly in many cultures. In religion and art it frequently symbolizes heaven, eternity, or the universe. 整理范文，仅供参考 欢迎您下载我们的文档 资料可以编辑修改使用 致力于合同简历、论文写作、PPT设计、 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 书、策划案、学习 课件 超市陈列培训课件免费下载搭石ppt课件免费下载公安保密教育课件下载病媒生物防治课件 可下载高中数学必修四课件打包下载 、各类模板等方方面面，打造全网一站式需求 觉得好可以点个赞哦 如果没有找到合适的文档资料，可以留言告知我们哦