自考美国文学史及选读2复习笔记

History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅡ) 美国文学史及选读2 PartⅣ The Literature Of Realism现实主义文学 1. 美国国内战争Civil War 1861-1865.美国现实主义文学：他们寻找描写美国人真实生活的方法，他们声称平凡的、就近的事件同重大的、遥运的事件一样都是艺术创作的源泉they sought to portray American life as it really was,, insisting that the ordinary and local were as suitable for artistic portrayal as the magnificent and the remote. 2. 现实主义一词来源于法语realisme, 她是一种文学原则，她强调描写平凡的生活，强调其“真实性和现实性”。Realism had originated in France as realisme, a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth” in the depiction of ordinary life. “现实主义要求创作素材绝对真实，即不能夸张，也不能缩小”,William Dean Howells(豪厄斯) defined realism as “nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material”.他反对那些表现失意和绝望类苍白无力的小说，他强调现实主义作品要发掘出生活中微笑的一方面，因为美国人都坚信自己的国家是一个充满希望，什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，作为文学也应该把这些特征表现出来he spoke out against the writing of a bleak fiction of failure and despair. He called for the treatment of the “Smiling aspects of life” as being the more “American”, insisting that American was truly a land of hope and of possibility that should be reflected in its literature. 3. 美国现实主义文学总体说来对生活的表面现象进行了乐观的处理，这是其局限，然而最伟大的现实伟大的现实主义大师亨利·詹姆斯、马克·吐温则摆脱了对十九世纪美国进行肤浅描写的局限，詹姆斯对他作品中的人物个性心理进行了深度探讨，他运用深厚的和复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行了揣摩。马克·吐温打破了乡土小说的狭窄局限，前所未有地描述了广阔的美国生活the bulk of America’s literary realism was limited to optimistic treatment of the surface of life. Yet the greatest of America’s realists, Henry James and Mark Twain, moved well beyond a superficial portrayal of nineteenth-century America. James probed deeply into the individual psychology of his characters, writing in a rich and intricate style that supported his intense scrutiny of complex human experience. Mark Twain, breaking out of the narrow limits of local color fiction, described the breadth of American experience as no one had ever done before, or since. 4. 美国新的现实主义即自然主义大师们不再崇尚过去粉饰太平的写作方法，他们设法尽力客观，真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活，他们强调世界的非道德性，他们认为，人们并没有意志的自由，他们的生活状况往往受到了生活的环境与自己的出身所局限；他们还认宗教上的“真理”是虚幻的，人类世俗的现实生活是痛苦的，死亡以后，一切又烟消云散了naturalism, a new and harsher realism. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classed who were dominated by their environment and heredity, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, that religious “truths” were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. 一、Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼1819-1892 1. 美国文学史上极其重要的、具有创新精神的作家之一，他的《草叶集》中系列诗歌是美国文学史上第一部真正的史诗one of the great innovators in American literature. In the cluster of poems he called “Leaves of Grass” he gave America its first genuine epic poem.他所创造的这种诗体叫做自由诗，在这种诗歌中，没有固定的节拍，也没有有规律的韵脚，惠特曼认为传统的格律诗不适合表达民主之声the poetic style he devised is now called free verse-that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. Whitman thought that the voice of democracy should not be haltered by traditional forms of verse. 2. 1855年出版《草叶集》第一部，其中的大部分作品表达的主题是人类与大自然。有一部分诗歌描写的是令作者痴迷的纽约，少量诗歌还对内战进行了描写，在诗歌中，惠特曼把各种具有平民思想的普通人，社会下层的不同个体的理念有机地结合了起来most of the poems in “Leaves of Grass” are about man and nature. However, a small number of very good poems deal with New York, the city that fascinated Whitman, and with the Civil War. In his poetry, Whitman combined the ideal of the democratic common man and that of the rugged individual. 他给诗人重新进行了定义，他认为诗人是一个英雄，是一个救世主，还是先知，诗人通过对真理的表达来引导大众in his poetry, Whiman combined the ideal of the democratic common man and that of the rugged individual. He envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet, one who leads the community by his expressions of the truth. 3. 教材作品：《自己之歌》：”Song of Myself” 《我坐在这儿眺望着》：”I sit and Look Out” 《敲呀！敲呀！鼓啊！》：”Drum-Taps Beat! Beat! Drums” 二、Emily Dickinson爱米丽·狄金森1830-1886 1. 她的诗歌古怪、简洁，她对做任何大众或流行诗人的概念保持惊人冷漠，她往往是通过一件具体的家庭小事，和一种闲适的生活来阐明事理，并把这些描写成为令人痴迷的诗歌she wrote her whimsical, darting verse with sublime indifference to any notion of being a democratic or popular poet. Her work illustrated the fact that one could take a single household and an inactive life, and make enchanting poetry out of it. 2. 她同姐姐终身未嫁一直住在一起，1862年以后，她过上了完全与世隔绝的生活，从此再也没有离开过自己的家乡，也没有同朋友聚会，狄金森与世隔绝可能是受到一桩不满爱情的影响，但主要可能还是源于她自己独特的个性，源于她自己要同世人隔绝的愿望，她诗歌并没有受到生活局限，相反她诗歌却极富创造性和想象力she and her sister remained at home and did not marry. After 1862 she became a total recluse, not leaving her house nor seeing even close friends. Her later retirement from the world, though perhaps affected by an unhappy love affair, seems mainly to have resulted from her own personality, from a desire to separate herself from the world. The range of her poetry suggests not her limited experiences but the power of her creativity and imagination. 3. 她在世时，发表了仅七首诗，爱米丽并没有按当时的标准来修改自己的作品，也无意去出版这些作品Emily, however, refused to revise her poems to fit the standards of others and took no interest in having them published; in fact she had only seven poems published during her lifetime. 4. 她的诗歌富有激情，诗歌都很短，很多诗建立在一个简单的意象或象征之上，狄金森在她小小抒情诗歌中却对生活中的大部分重大事件进行了探讨Emily Dickinson’s poetry comes out in bursts. The poems are short, many of them being based on a single image or symbol. But within her little lyrics Miss Dickinson writes about some of the most important things in life. 5. 教材作品：《我品味未经酿造的饮料》：”I taste a liquor never brewed” 《我意识到一场葬礼》：”I Felt a Funeral, in My Brain” 《鸟儿沿着小径过来》：“A Bird Came Down the Walk-“ 《我为美而死》：”I Died for Beauty-but Was Scarce” 《听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声-我死时》：”I Heard a Fly Buzz-when I died-“ 《我不能等候死神》：”Because I Could not Stop for Death-“ 三、Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽雅特·比彻·斯托1811-1896 1. 她出生名门，父亲莱曼是当地有名的牧师，父亲在家“一手遮天”，非常专横，对待他们兄妹非常严厉，他希望家里的男孩子将来成为传教士，女孩子能够嫁给传教士she was born into a respectable family that was to become famous, her father Lyman was a renowned clergyman. The family was dominated by the father who ruled with the kind of wrathful severity that he imagined were the chief characteristics of the God he worshiped and feared. The boys were expected to become preachers, the girls to marry preachers. 2. 1851年6月5日，系列小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的第一集在《民族时代》专栏上开始连载，到1852年4月1日最后一集刊登完成the novel “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” or “The Man That Was a Thing”, began serially in the National Era on June 5, 1851, and the last installment appeared on April 1, 1852. 3. 这部小说被翻译成40多种文字，被全球数百万计的人们广泛阅读，这部小说的成功源于该作品倾注了作者自己对两主人公所受痛苦和压迫的深刻感受，再就是人们为作者要解放这些奴隶的决心所感动Since then has been published in some forty languages and has been read by millions of people around the world. The power of the novel unquestionably comes from the investment of the author’s sense of her own suffering and oppression (as well as her determination to be free) in the characters of Tom and his fellow slave Eliza,, the protagonists of the book’s two main plots. 4. 《汤姆叔叔小屋题解》“A Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin” with documented case histories to support what she had portrayed fictionally. 1856年《德雷德，阴暗大沼地的故事》“Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp” attempt to repeat the theme and extend the argument of her masterpiece: that a society resting on slavery could not long survive. 5. 教材作品：《汤姆叔叔的小屋》：“Uncle Tom’s Cabin” 四、Mark Twain 马克·吐温1835-1910 1. 原名Samuel Langhorne Clemens 塞缪尔·朗赫恩·克莱门斯。1847年父亲去世后开始到一家出版社当学徒工，从1853年开始全国旅行，期间做过印刷排字临时工，结识了船长霍勒斯·比克斯比，从那以后便开始水上生活his formal education ended soon after his father’s death in 1847, when he became a printer’s apprentice. From 1853, he traveled widely, as a journeyman printer, in the eastern states and in the west, he met Horace Bixby, the captain of the boat, and turned to a career on the river.国内战争爆发以后，他离开密西西比河，先后在军队当过志愿者，到内华达州掏过金，他还做过木材投机生意，当过新闻记者he left the Mississippi at the outbreak of the Civil War, and became, in swift succession, and army volunteer, a gold-prospector in Nevada, a timber speculator and a journalist. 2. 在弗吉尼亚《企业》杂志任职期间，他开始使用笔名“马克·吐温”，意为口寻，也就是十二尺深while working for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, he adopted the pseudonym “Mark Twain”, the way of a boatman taking soundings, and meaning two fathoms, i.e. twelve feet. 3. 1865年，他第一本书《跳蛙》出版”Jumping Frog”; 1869年，《傻子国外旅行记》“Innocents Abroad”; 1872年，《艰苦岁月》“Roughing It”; 1873年，《镀金时代》“The Gilded Age” 1876年，《汤姆·索亚历险记》“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”; 1883年，《密西西比河上的生活》“Life on the Mississippi”; 1884年，《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》”Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”; 1894年，《傻瓜威尔逊》“Pudd head Wilson”; 1900年，《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》“The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg”; 1906年，《什么是人？》“What is Man”; 1916年，《神秘来客》“The Mysterious Stranger” 4. 晚年悲观与失望，对十九世纪美国社会价值观不能接受，后一直是一个坚定的怀疑论者，有时他通过时事恶毒的评论来疏缓自己的压力，晚景凄凉，亲人相继离去he pointed towards his uneasy acceptance of the values of nineteenth-century American society, he wrote three works expressing his acute pessimism. From that time until his death, he maintained a bitter skepticism, relieved at times by outraged commentary on world affairs. His last years were saddened by personal bereavement. 5. 教材作品：《汤姆·索亚历险记》“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” 五、O. Henry 欧·亨利 原名威廉·悉尼·波特（笔名欧·亨利）William Sidney Porter. 1. 由于人们对他撰写的故事特别感兴趣,《安斯利杂志》的出版人便邀请他到纽约专门写稿he wrote stories for different magazines, and when there came a big demand for his stories, the publishers of “Ainslee’s Magazing” invited him to come to New York. 2. 欧·亨利写的故事大部分讲的是纽约穷苦人的生活，也写过其他地方类似人的辛酸生活，他讲述的故事一般很短，情节安排巧妙又引人入胜，故事幽默，有趣，结果往往又出人意料，他的故事中有许多俚语和地方性语言表达，美国以外读者理解这些 内容 财务内部控制制度的内容财务内部控制制度的内容人员招聘与配置的内容项目成本控制的内容消防安全演练内容 有些困难，这些表达方式，在作者看来是一种本地特色，并且能够很好地同故事中的人物和场景结合起来Many of his stories tell about the lives of poor people in New York, as well as in other places, his works abound in good-natured humor. His stories are usually short, the plots are exceedingly clever and interesting; humor abounds, and the end is always surprising. Many of his stories contain a great deal of slang and colloquial expressions that make them hard to be understood by people outside of America. Such forms of speech are used to give what is called local, to make the stories fit in with the characters and scenes described. 3. 欧·亨利认为他自己是一个十分谦虚的人，他很害羞，不喜与人交往，即使是成名以后也是这样His own estimate of himself was always a very modest one and he was shy and retiring in the presence of friends yet his fame. 4. 最好小说集《四百万》his best volume” The Four Million”; 最好单部小说：《旧知》、《麦珙的礼物》、《市政 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 》、《没讲完的故事》、《月亮女神》、《吝啬爱人》、《装饰过的房间》，his best individual stories “Retrieved Reformation”, “The Gift of the Magi”, “A Municipal Report”, “An Unfinished Story”, “Phoebe”, “A Lickpenny Lover”, “The Furnished Room”. 5. 教材作品：《警察与赞美诗》：”The Cop and the Anthem” 六、Henry James亨利·詹姆斯1843-1916 1. 他大部分教育是在家里完成的，全家在欧洲的频繁旅行是他接受教育的另一个重要源泉he received the major part of his education at home, his family’s travels in Europe were another source of education for Henry. 2. 1871年，第一部小说《观察和守护》“Watch and Ward”; 1875年《罗德里克·赫德森》”Roderick Hudson”; 1877年《美国人》讲述的是一个国际性的话题，书中他认为美国人同丰富多彩的欧洲生活相比，显得没底蕴“The American” with its “international” theme of the traditionless American confronting the complexity of European life 1878年《达西·密勒》有人评论该作品是“对美国姑娘的嘲弄”，但正是这部作品让他首次获得了国际声誉”Daisy Miller”, which one American critic described as “an outrage to American girlhood” but which brought James his first international fame. 1881年《一个贵妇人的画像》是其早期作品中最好的一部“The Portrait of a Lady” the finest example of James’s early work. 3. 他第二个创作时期作品有： 1886年《波士顿人》“The Bostonians” 1886年《卡萨玛西玛公主》“The Princess Casamassima”; 1890年《悲惨的缪斯》“The Tragic Muse” 4. 第三阶段作品有： 1902年《鸽翼》“The Wings of the Dove”; 1903年《大使》”The Ambassadors” 1904年《金碗》”The Golden Bowl” 这时他写法日趋成熟和灵活，许多评论家声称为他的“主要阶段” exemplify the mature and formidable style of a third literary period, which critics have come to praise as “The Major Phase”. 5. 同豪厄斯不一样，他的影响不在当时，而是在他去世后接下来的一段时间里，他因对自己祖国的批语，人物情感的塑造较为封闭狭小，人物的社会范围也较为有限而遭到了当时评论家的功击，他最后阶段创作的作品晦涩难懂，风格也不大气，遭到了当时人们的嘲讽，其实只是对读者提出了更高的要求，只有有了同步的心灵，才能感应他作品中的微妙之处，要求读者所受教育同他一样，要求读者同作者一样不慌不忙，慢慢咀嚼Unlike Howells James’s greatest influence was exerted not on his own age but on the one that followed. He had been attacked for criticizing his native land and for the narrow emotional and social range of his characters. And he had been ridiculed for the obscure and costive style of his final period, a style that was able to express the subtlest meanings but was based on the assumption that the reader was as well educated, as exquisitely attuned, and in as little hurry as the author. 6. 原来小说主要是一种新闻形式，主要讲述一些浪漫故事。他则把小说转变成了个人在社会环境中面对种种冲突，，进行深刻转变的文学形式，对人们心理感受进行反映的一种文学形式，他定义这为感受的最高形式helping to transform the novel from its alliances with journalism and romantic story-telling into an art form of penetrating analysis of individuals confronting society, chronicles of the psychological perceptions that James himself defined as the highest form of experience. 7. 教材作品：《一个贵妇人的画像》：”The Portrait of A Lady” 七、Jack London杰克·伦敦1876-1916 1. 他在极端贫困中长大，很小的时候，就开始从事低贱和危险的工作，为了生存，他尝尽了生活的艰辛，之后下定决心通过自学来提高自己的生活状况及其他方面he grew up in extreme poverty: from earliest youth he supported himself with menial and dangerous jobs, experiencing profoundly the struggle for survival. 2. 1900年第一本故事集《狼子》：”The Son of the Wolf”; 1903年《荒野的呼唤》：”The Call of the Wild”; 1903年《深渊中的人们》”The People of the Abyss”; 1904年《海狼》”The Sea Wolf” 1905年《附级的斗争》“The War of the Classes”; 1906年《白牙》”White Fang” 1908年《铁蹄》”The Iron Heel” 1909年纯自传小说《马丁·伊登》这部作品也是研究杰克·伦敦的核心学术文献 “Martin Eden” a central document for London scholars. 1910年《革命》“Revolution” 其他作品《生活的法则》”The Law of Life”. 3. 他的小说中最受人们所接受，经得住时间考验的是关于强者与弱者之间原始又动人心魄的较量描写，这类作品一直经久不衰，他总是习惯把这些场景放在一些不可抗力，如骇人的大海及北极的荒野等大背景下来描写the most enduringly popular of his stories involved the primitive (and melodramatic) struggle of strong and weak individuals in the context of irresistible natural forces such as the wild sea or the arctic wastes. 4. 伦敦创作的在大自然中生存与抗争的有关人类的小说继续在全球受到欢迎。在这些作品中，伦敦往往把一切表面现象予以剥离，直到剩下赤裸裸的梦，直到最后最原始的质朴，这种质朴具有古代神话中怪异与震憾的力量London’s stories of man in and against nature continue to be popular all over the world. In them, London strips everything down to the symbolic starkness of dream, to a primordial simplicity that has the strange and compelling power of ancient myth. 5. 教材作品：《海狼》”The Sea Wolf” 《马丁·伊登》”Martin Eden” 八、Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945 全名西奥多·赫尔曼·阿尔伯特·德莱塞Theodore Herman Albert Dreiser 1. 从母亲那里他学会了与人为善，在幼小心里滋生了对弱者的同情心理，从父亲那里继承了注重道德的人个品质及面对失败、失望、绝望时表现出的坚强不屈的意志from his mother he seems to have absorbed a quality of compassionate wonder, from his father he seems to have inherited moral earnestness and the capacity to persist in the face of failure, disappointment, and despair. 2. 德莱塞年幼时生活非常不幸，贫穷，生活不稳定，家庭不和，年轻时，德莱塞不爱动，稀里糊涂，还有点害羞，同他小说中男女主人公一样，充满了各种稀奇古怪的幻相，实际上他的教育大部分来自自己生活的经历，来自独立的阅读和独立的思考Dreiser’s childhood was decidedly unhappy. The large family moved from house to house in Indiana dogged by poverty, insecurity, and internal division. Dreiser as a youth was as ungainly, confused, shy, and full of vague yearnings as most of his fictional protagonists, male and female, his education was to come from experience and from independent reading and thinking. 3. 1900年他的第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》，小说讲述了嘉莉·米贝的发迹和G·W·赫兹伍德的悲剧性陨落，该书通过人物描写，描绘了当时转型的社会，剧中人物既没有悔过之心，还逃脱了惩罚，用语较为激烈 ”Sister Carrie”, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G·W·Hurstwood. It depicted social transgressions by characters who felt no remorse and largely escaped punishment, and it used “strong” language and used names of living persons. 4. 最为成功的短篇小说《尼吉尔·杰夫》、《巴塞尔·洛格劳的女儿》his best short fictions “Nigger Jeff” and “Butcher Rogaum’s Daughter” 1910年《珍妮姑娘》”Jannie Gerhardt” “欲望三部曲”：1912年《金融家》；1914年《巨人》及1947年的《斯多葛》，作品通过这三部作品开始了转变，即从描述无助悲惨的主人公的故事转向描写那些社会和商业上占支配地位的平凡的人的能力 ”Trilogy of Desire”: “The Financier”; “The Titan”; “The Stoic”, Dreiser shifted from the pathos of helpless protagonists to the power of those unusual individuals who assume dominant roles in business and society. 5. 1915年《天才》”Genius”. 1928年《德莱塞访苏印象记》”Dreiser Looks at Russia” 6. 1925年出版的最为恢宏，最为成功的小说《美国悲剧》表达了金钱万能的同样主题，作者通过自传性的生活环境，社会现实及工业化细节等交织成一幅气势恢宏的场面，描写了书中年轻的主人公的行为方式，他获得满足的唯一方式好像就是不断地获取财富，如果必要还可以借助于婚姻the identification of potency with money is at the heart of Dreiser’s greatest and most successful novel, “An American Tragedy”. The Center of this immense novel’s thick texture of biographical circumstance, social fact, and industrial detail is a young man who acts as if the only way he can be truly fulfilled is by acquiring wealth-through marriage if necessary. 7. 教材作品：《嘉莉妹妹》：”Sister Carrie” PartⅤTwentieth-Century Literature二十世纪文学 一、Ezra Pound埃兹拉·庞德1885-1972 1. 埃兹拉·卢米斯·庞德Ezra Loomis Pound。他是一位非常具有个性的诗人，他能把传统与令人深刻和大胆的创新很熟练地结合起来he had a distinct poetic personality, he combined a command of the older tradition with impressive and often daring originality.他是一位多产的随笔作家，他不断地为纽约、伦敦、巴黎的小杂志撰稿，然后把这些作品汇集到一起，于是便组成了一个令人兴奋的文学大世界，他坚持无私地扶持那些刚入道，没什么影响，而他认为有前途的文学艺术家，最为重要的可能就是他给T·S·爱略特的帮助了he was a prolific essayist for the little magazines of New York, London, Paris, which then constituted a large and exciting literary world. He unselfishly and persistently championed the experimental and often unpopular artists. Most important of all, perhaps, was the advice and encouragement which he gave to T·S· Eliot. 2. 庞德和爱略特的作品都要求他们的读者熟悉古典作品，包括意大利和英国文艺复兴时期的作品，特别是欧洲大陆地区文学，包括法国象征主义，庞德保持了作品的艰深晦涩风格 both Pound and Eliot required of their readers a familiarity with the classics, the productions of Italian and English Renaissance,, and specialized areas of Continental literature, including the works of the French symbolists. Pound’s continued to draw fundamentally upon his formidably recondite culture. 3. 《向塞克斯图·普罗佩提多斯致敬》”Homage to Sextus Propertius”; 《人物》（或《面具》）”Personae” or “Masks”; 1920年《休·赛尔温·毛伯利》被看作是有关一战战争实质的讽刺类代表作”Hugh Selwyn Mauberley”, considered as a satire of the materialistic forces involved in World WarⅠ; 4. 1917年开始创作《诗集》，截止1959年总首数已达109首，有点象但丁的《神曲》，也是由三个部分组成，结构较为松散，作品中的主人公是喜剧性的人而不是神，他认为人类文明的毁灭主要是由于人类的三个时期，即上古时期、复兴时期和现代时期缺乏信用所至 ”The Cantos”, began in 1917, by 1959, the numbered 109 poems. The progressive series, exceeding the proposed limit of one hundred poems, are loosely connected cantos, like Dante’s “Divina Commedia” in three sections, but representing a comedy human, not divine, dealing with the wreck of civilizations by reason of the infidelity of mankind in the three epochs-the ancient world, the Renaissance, and the modern period. 5. 二战期间，庞德代表意大利政府，运用广播形式对美国军队进行强烈的谴责。回国后作为美国公民，他因叛国罪而遭起诉，但法庭审查时，被判无罪。1958年叛国起诉撤消后，又返回意大利，1972年在判去世during World War Ⅱ, Pound, on behalf of the Italian government, conducted radio broadcasts beamed at the American troops. He was returned to the United States as a citizen accused of treason, but on examination he was declared insane. After the treason charges were dismissed in 1958, Pound returned to Italy, where he died in 1972. 6. 教材作品：《一台古钢琴》：”A Virginal” 《再次致意》：”Salutation the Second” 《 合同 劳动合同范本免费下载装修合同范本免费下载租赁合同免费下载房屋买卖合同下载劳务合同范本下载 》：”A Pact” 《地铁站台》”In a Station of the Metro” 《长干行》”The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter” 二、Edwin Arlington Robison埃德温·阿林顿·罗宾逊1869-1935 1. 他是二十世纪最多产的美国新一代诗人之一。罗宾逊以律诗的形式，以这个小镇为背景创作了一部名叫《蒂尔伯里小镇》的诗集，随后他出生的加德纳镇也因此而改名为蒂尔伯里 one of the most productive of the new poets of the 20th century. Gardiner later became “Tilbury Town”, the title of an early collection of Robinson’s poetry, and the background for a series of vivid character sketches in verse. 2. 罗宾逊是在凄凉和贫穷之中开始自己的诗歌创作，走上他的诗人之路的，他居住在纽约环境最差的地方，平时靠打零工来维持生活 Robison began his career as a poet in bleakness and poverty. He lived in difficult circumstances in New York City, working at various odd jobs. 西奥多·罗斯福总统得知他生活艰难情况后，于1905年把他安排在纽约一个海关开始担任一个小职员The President, Theodore Roosevelt, learning of the poet’s difficulties, in 1905 gave Robinson a clerk’s job in the customhouse in New York. 3. 1904年《克雷格舰长》”Captain Craig” 4. 1922, 1925, 1928年连续三次获得普利策文学奖he was honored with the Pulitzer Prize in ….. 《理查·珂利》、《米尼弗·契维》是他现实主义创作取向的较好范例“Richard Cory” and “Miniver Cheevy” are good example of his realistic attitudes. 《本·琼生招待一个来自斯特拉福德的朋友》是一部关于莎士比亚性格特点的一个精彩评论“Ben Jonson Entertains a Man from Stratford” a brilliant commentary on Shakespeare’s character. 《默林》、《兰斯洛特》及《特拉斯特拉姆》是关于亚瑟王故事作品，从隐藏在人性中的缺点和阴暗面进行了深刻剖析，得出圆桌骑士团的衰落直至灭亡的原因 “Merlin”, “Lancelot”, “Tristram” were about Arthurian legends. Robinson typically explored the dark, hidden faults in human character that led to the decline and fall of the Round Table. 5. 教材作品：《山上的古屋》：”The House on the Hill” 《理查·珂利》：”Richard Cory” 《米尼弗·契维》：”Miniver Cheevy” 三、Robert Frost罗伯特·弗洛斯特1874-1963 1. 在去世时弗洛斯特已成为了美国民族诗人的翘首，曾四次获得普利策奖，美国国会还通过了庆祝他生日的一个议案。在他87岁高龄时，在美国总统约翰·F·肯尼迪的就职仪式中，他还念了自己的一首诗歌by the end of his life he had become a national bard; he won four Pulitzer Prizes; the United States Senate passed resolutions honoring his birthdays, and when he was eighty-seven he read his poetry at the inauguration of President John F· Kennedy. 2. 1912年决定闯荡文坛，航海到英国，1913年在伦敦出版了第一本诗集《小男孩的意志》in 1912 he decided to venture everything on a literary career. He sailed for England. 1913, in London, his first book “A Boy’s Will” was published. 3. 1914年第二部诗集《波士顿以北》，后回美国a second volume of poems “North of Boston”, then Frost returned. 1916年《山陵》”Mountain Interval” 1923年《新罕布什尔》”New Hampshire” 1928年《小河西流》”West-Running Brook” 1936年《又一片农场》”A Further Range” 1942年《智慧树》”A Witness Tree” 1947年《绒毛锈线菊》“Steeple Bush” 1962年《空旷地》”In the Clearing” 4. 弗洛斯特反对当时的许多诗歌改革原则，相反奉行“旧瓶装新酒”的原则，采用旧形式来表达新内容，他采用新英格兰乡村的朴实用语，特别偏好传统的抒情类和叙事类，短小精悍的格式，作为一个自然主义诗人，很明显，他的作品中体现了浪漫主义作家的一些风格，在他看来，大自然是比喻和象征的无穷宝藏，作品中没有宗都的说教和冥想的玄思，他的诗歌都浅显明了，经常探讨黑暗中的神秘，宇宙万物中的各种不同的荒凉和嘈杂的风景，其实这就是人类自身居住的世界的另外一种表现，这个世界复杂、无助、孤寂Frost had rejected the revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporanes, choosing instead “the old-fashioned way to be new”. He employed the plain speech of rural New Englanders and preferred the short, traditional forms of lyric and narrative, As a poet of nature he had obvious affinities with romantic writers. He saw nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol, but he had little faith in religious dogma or speculative thought. His poetry, for all its apparent simplicity, often probes mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe where men stand alone, unaided and perplexed. 5. 教材作品：《摘罢苹果》：”After Apple-Picking” 《没有走的路》：”The Road Not Taken” 《雪夜林边小立》：”Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” 《部分》：”Departmental” 《 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 》：”Design” 《大多数》：”The Most of It” 四、Carl Sandburg卡尔·桑德堡1878-1967 1. 在世时就获得了极高的评价，成为了美国电视观众所熟悉的诗人，美国人听他读他的诗作，吟唱他的民间故事，听他讲述关于林肯的各种奇闻轶事he lived to enjoy enormous popular acclaim, by the end of his life he had become a familiar figure to national television audiences who listened to him read his poems, sing folk ballads and relate anecdotes about Lincoln. 2. 同前辈惠特曼一样，桑德保的诗作描绘了美国人民生活的方方面面，描写了大草原及西部和东部的风光，他把现代城市作为花边勾画出了一幅优美的图景，从民粹主义者激进观点出发，桑德堡歌颂那些被社会遗弃的人，歌颂那些曾为城市文明作出贡献的移民和普通老百姓，歌颂那些在工业文明化的过程中已逝的和存活下来的人们 with the precedent of Whitman behind them, they present a sweeping panorama of American life, encompassing priairie, eastern,, and western landscapes as well as vignettes of the modern city. They celebrate, from the standpoint of a Populist radical, the lives of outcasts, the contributions of immigrants and common people to urban culture, and the occupations of those who have survived or been sacrificed in the rise of industrial civilization. 3. 1914年《芝加哥诗集》”Chicago Poems” 1918年《剥玉米的人》”Cornhuskers” 1920年《烟与钢》”Smoke and Steel” 1922年《太阳烧灼的西方石板》”Slabs of the Sunburnt West” 其它诗作《冰冷的墓》”Cool Tombs”; 《闪烁的深红》”Flash Crimson” 1936年《人民，是的》”People, Yes” 1927年《美国歌谣汇编》”The American Songbag” 1919年《芝加哥种族动乱》”The Chicago Race Riots” 《路特拜故事集》“The Rootabaga Stories” (for Children) 4. 1929《摄影家斯泰肯》、1932年《玛丽·林肯》是他的二部传记性质的作品his biographies “Steichen the Photographer” and “Mary Lincoln” 他的散文代表作是《亚拍拉罕·林肯》，是一部纪念性的颂扬类传记His major work in prose was monumental and celebratory biography of Abraham Lincoln. 5. 教材作品：《芝加哥》：”Chicago” 《港湾》：”The Harbor” 《雾》：”Fog” 《冰冷的墓》”Cool Tombs” 《闪烁的深红》”Flash Crimson” 《人民，是的》”The People, Yes” 五、Wallace Stevens华莱士·斯蒂文斯1879-1955 1. 他是一位极有天分的业余诗人，他不太注重自己在文坛上的荣誉和地位，他更关注自己作品本身的一种完美，他的作品的动机最初源于“秩序”的理念，他的“秩序”就是真理，就是自然与宇宙天然一致的次序，是人类与个体发现这种一致性的特权Wallace Stevens created his poetry as a gifted nonprofessional, less concerned about promoting his literary his literary reputation than about perfecting what he wrote. His work is primarily motivated by the belief that “ideas of order” that is, true ideas, correspond with an innate order in nature and the universe, and that it is the high privilege of individuals and mankind to discover this correspondence. 2. 1923年《风琴》”Harmonium”; 1935年《关于秩序的思想》”Ideas of Order” 1937年《带蓝吉它的人》”The Man With the Blue Guitar” 1942年《一个世界的几个部分》”Parts of a World” 1947年《入夏》”Transport to Summer” 1950年《秋天的曙光》”The Auroras of Autumn” 1951年《必要的天使》”Necessary Angel” 1954年《诗歌选集》”Collected Poems”获得了国家图书奖及普利策奖he received the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize; 1957年《遗著》”Opus Posthumous” 1966年《书信集》”Letters” 其它作品：《谐音》“Harmonium”; 《星期六早晨》”Sunday Morning”. 3. 他的作品滑稽、新奇、怪诞，他尝试过多种实验性写作风格，他作品中有法式优雅、奇异的幻想，及古怪的声音，引人入胜的类比，深不可测的书名等，其后期作品中反映的主要是理想与现实中交叉的矛盾，构造一系列的对立，冥想和哲理成份越来越多，作为杰出文化精英，他的作品有时艰深，有时古奥，他也承认他的作品是“为自己建造的一座殿堂”Stevens invoked the comic, the strange, the bizarre. He adopted a variety of experimental styles, created poetic surfaces of Frenchified elegance, exotic imagery, odd sounds, curious analogies, and inscrutable titles. The problem of the interrelation between the ideal and the real became a constant theme in his later poetry and led him to elaborate a series of oppositions, he became in his later work increasingly meditative and philosophical, an intellectual elitist, at times difficult and obscure, who wrote, as he admitted “for a gallery of one’s own”. 4. 教材作品：《彼得·昆士弹琴》:”Peter Quince at the Clavier” 《坛子的轶事》：”Anecdote of the Jar” 《冰淇淋皇帝》：”The Emperor of Ice-Cream” 六、Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯·斯特恩斯·爱略特1888-1965 1948年诺贝尔奖（won the Nobel Prize in 1948） 1. 1917年第一本诗集《普鲁弗洛克及其它一些观察》his first book of poems “Prufrock and Other Observations”，同他后来的大部分作品一样，这部作品触及到了人性中的软弱、沮丧等弱点，正确地思索了国家、人民、宗教信仰等的丧失like much of his later work it concerns various aspects of the frustration and enfeeblement of individual character as seen in perspective with the decay of states, peoples, and religious faith. 2. 1920年第四部《诗集》发行，第一首诗为《小老头》his fourth volume “Poems”, with “Gerontion” as it’s leading poem, published. 1920年还出版了诗集《圣林》其中还收入了几篇杂文，在《传统和个人天才》文章中，作者第一次阐释了自己的审美观，他提出的美学原理成为了现代评论极为有效的一种评判标准。知识、情感、体验的融合程度与集中程度是爱略特判定诗歌好坏的标准in 1920 also appeared “The Sacred Wood”, containing, among other essays, “Tradition and the Individual Talent”, the earliest statement of his aesthetics. The aesthetic principle which he first elaborated in this essay provided a useful instrument for modern criticism. The degree to which fusion and concentration of intellects feeling, and experience were achieved was Eliot’s criterion for judging the poem. 3. 《荒原》是现代文学中的主要经典作品之一，讲述的主题就是第一次世界大战给人们的启示，荒原意味着西方文明的衰落，现代人在精神上和文化上的颓废，采用讽刺性对比，大量使用了文学引用，该作品中作者还创造了一种新的文学形式，即相关的主题在连续运动中构成交响效果 “The Waste Land”, one of the major works of modern literature. Its subject, the apparent failure of western civilization which World War I seemed to demonstrate, suggested the spiritual debility of the modern individual and his culture while in satirical counterpoint his Sweeney poems had symbolized the rising tide of anticultural infidelity and human baseness. It used abundant of literary reference. It also introduced a form-the orchestration of related themes in successive movements. 4. 1925年《空心人》”The Hollow Men” 1930年《灰星期三》”Ash-Wednesday” 1943年《四个四重奏》”Four Quartets” 1924年，他的第二卷评论集《向德赖登致敬》”Homage to John Dryden”, his second volume of criticism 1932年《萎缩争论》”Sweeney Agonistes”; 《耶利尔诗集》”Ariel Poems” 1935年《大教堂凶杀案》”Murder in the Cathedral” 1936年《诗歌选集》、《论文集》、《古代和现代》“Collected Poems”, “Collected Essays”, “Ancient and Modern” 1933年《诗歌的用法和评论的用法》”The Uses of Poetry and the Uses of Criticism” 1952年《完美的诗歌与剧作》”The Complete Poems and Plays” 5. 他的戏剧作品：1939年《家庭重聚》”The Family Reunion” 1949年《鸡尾酒会》”The Cocktail Part” 1953年《机要秘书》”The Confidential Clerk” 1958年《政界元老》”The Elder Statesman” 6. 教材作品：《J·阿尔弗雷德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌》”The Love Song of J·Alfred Prufrock” 《序曲》”Preludes” 《三贤哲的旅程》“Journey of the Magi” 《空心人 给老盖伊一文钱吧》“The Hollow Men A Penny for the Old Guy” 七、F· Scott Fitzgerald F·司格特·菲茨杰拉德1896-1940 1. 1920年他第一本小说《人间天堂》”This Side of Paradise”取得名声后迎娶美人泽达won success, fame, and Zelda. 这本小说描写了美国“躁动青年”的放荡和随意生活，该作品在商业上立刻获得了极大的成功，泽达和菲茨杰拉德也决心过上他小说中描述的这种放荡无羁的生活，他们甚至有过之而无不及The book, with its portrayal of the casual dissipations of “flaming youth”, was an immediate commercial success, and Zelda and Scott Fitzgerald attempted to live up to-or even beyond-his fictional portraits of scandalous young men and women. 2. 第二本小说《漂亮的和该死的》”The beautiful and Damned” 《爵士时代故事集》”Tales of the Jazz Age” 《蔬菜》或叫《从邮递员到总统》”The Vegetable” or “from Postman to President” 3. 1925年的《了不起的盖茨比》”The Great Gateby”及1934年的《夜色温柔》“Tender Is the Night”，在这两部小说中，菲茨杰拉德提示了外表闪耀着天真的时代中的刺耳喧嚣。他运用生动优雅的散文，揭露了美国拜金主义的空虚，表现了美国人对爱情、豪华生活和各种欲望无止境的追求had revealed the stridency of an age of glittering innocence. In vivid and graceful prose he had, at the same time, portrayed the hollowness of the American worship of riches and the unending American dream of love, splendor, and fulfilled desires. 4. 教材作品：《了不起的盖茨比》”The Great Gateby” 八、Ernest Hemingway厄恩斯特·海明威1899-1961 1954年他因“现代叙述艺术的精湛技巧”而获得诺贝尔文学奖he was awarded a Nobel Prize for his “mastery of the art of modern narration”. 1961年在家自杀。 1. 一战中作为美国在法国的救护队的一名志愿驾驶员到军队服役，后转移到意大利前线，后受重伤 In World WarI, he volunteered to serve as a driver for an American ambulance unit in France, then transferred to duty on the Italian front, where he was seriously wounded. 2. 他极大地推动了报告文学的发展，他认为报告文学句子结构要简单，用语要节制，想象要简练，要采用不受感情影响的、戏剧化的语调he developed a spare, tight, reportorial prose based on simple sentence structure and using a restricted vocabulary, precise imagery, and an impersonal, dramatic tone. 3. 1923年第一本书《三个故事和十篇诗歌》”Three Stories and Ten Poems” 4. 1926年《太阳照样升起》”The Sun Also Rises” 海明威逐渐成为了格特鲁特·斯泰因所说的“迷惘的一代”的代言人 Hemingway became the spokesman for what Gertrude Stein had called “a lost generation”. 5. 对充斥于现代社会人们生活中的无聊、失败、死亡等，海明威有时做出的是消极评论，后来这种人生虚无主义的观点进行了修改，他反复运用坚定的语气声称，人凭借自己的勇气和方式，还是有可能过上美好生活的，在海明威看来，人类最伟大莫过于在压力之下显示自己的从容，或“最大限度地挖掘自己使自己成为一个纯粹的人” His works have sometimes been read as an essentially negative commentary on a modern world filled with sterility, failure, and death. Yet such a nihilistic vision is repeatedly modified by Hemingway’s affirmative assertion of the possibility of living with style and courage. To Hemingway, man’s greatest achievement is to show grace under pressure, or “purity of line through the maximum of exposure”. 6. 1929年《永别了，武器》”A Farewell to Arms” 1932年《死在午后》”Death in the Afternoon” 1935年《非洲的青山》”The Green Hills of Africa” 1940年《丧钟为谁而呜》”For Whom the Bell Tolls” 1950年《过河入林》”Across the River and into the trees” 1952年《老人与海》”The Old Man and the Sea” (triumphant even in defeat) 7. 教材作品：《永别了，武器》”A Farewell to Arms” 九、John Steinbeck约翰·斯坦贝克1902-1968 1. 斯坦贝克对同时代社会问题的探讨，尤其是对无产农民的苦难的描写，于1940年获得普利策奖，1962年获得了诺贝尔文学奖 Steinbeck’s treatment of the social problems of his time, particularly the plight of the dispossessed farmer, earned him a Pulitzer Prize in 1940, and, in 1962, a Nobel Prize for literature. 2. 他是二十世纪三十年代，美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家was the foremost novelist of the American Depression of the 1930s 3. 由于他对人们苦难生活有着直接的接触，因此他的大部分作品表达的都是对那些移民工人和下层社会人们的同情，他的作品反映的主要是体力劳动者的真实生活 His sympathy for the migrant workers and the down-trodden, so evident in his writing, was the result of firsthand knowledge of their struggles. His writing reflected his concern with the rituals of manual labor. 4. 1935年《托蒂亚平地》”Tortilla Flat” 《胜负未决的战斗》”In Dubious Battle” 1937年《鼠与人》”Of Mice and Men” 1938年《长谷》“The Long Valley” 1939年《愤怒的葡萄》“The Grapes of Wrath”, 作品讲述的是“奥克斯”人从一个长期遭受干旱和沙暴袭击的“沙尘谷”地区移民到加利福尼亚的一段故事，故事在移民的梦想破灭和悲惨的结局中结束，书中他肯定了普通老百姓为了生活与生命抗争的顽强品质 showed the migration of the “Okies” from the “Dust Bowls” to California, a migration that ended in broken dreams and misery but at the same time affirmed the ability of the common people to endure and prevail. 19441年《科特兹之海》”The Sea of Cortez” 5. 教材作品：《愤怒的葡萄》”The Grapes of Wrath” 十、William Faulkner威廉·福克纳1897-1962 1950年获诺贝尔文学奖 1. 1．1931年《圣殿》”Sanctuary”; 1927年《沙多里斯》”Sartoris”.随后他开始认识到“故乡的一枚小小邮票也值得去写，故乡有它一辈子也写不完的素材，我把这些素材经过升华，最后成为小说，有了这些基础以后，我可以随心所欲地达到一种绝对的高境界。打开别人的金矿，为自己创造了一个宇宙”then he “discovered”, as he said later, “that my own little postage stamp of native soil was worth writing about and that I would never live long enough to exhaust it and that by sublimating the actual into the apocryphal I would have complete liberty to use whatever talent I might have to its absolute top. It opened up a gold mine of other people, so I created a cosmos of my own”. 2. 1929年《喧嚣与骚动》”The Sound and the Fury” 1930年《在我弥留之际》”As I Lay Dying” 1932年《八月之光》”Light in August” 1934年《马蒂诺医生和其它故事选》”Doctor Martino and Others Stories” 1949年《大树林》”Big Woods” 1936年《押沙龙，押沙龙》”Absalom, Absalom” 1942年《去吧，摩西》”Go Down, Moses” 史努比家族三部曲，第1部1940年《小乡村》，第2部1957年《小镇》，第3部《大宅》，the trilogy on the Snopes family: “The Hamlet”, “The Town”, “The Mansion”. 3. 尽管福克纳一生几乎都是在密西西比度过的，但他游历却非常广泛，他作品的中心主题却是不局限在牛津，也不在密西西比河，甚至也不在美国，在他看来，“人类心灵与自己冲突”才是宇宙永恒的主题although his home was always in Mississippi, Faulkner traveled extensively. His central theme, however, was not Oxford, or Mississippi, or even America. It was, as he put it, the universal theme of “the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself”. 4. 教材作品：《给艾米莉小姐的玫瑰》：“A Rose for Emily” 附：作者及作品（第一、二册） 一、殖民主义时期 The Literature of Colonial America 1．船长约翰·史密斯 Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》 “A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》 “A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country” 《弗吉尼亚通史》 “General History of Virginia” 2．威廉·布拉德福德 William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》 “The History of Plymouth Plantation” 3．约翰·温思罗普 John Winthrop 《新英格兰历史》 “The History of New England” 4．罗杰·威廉姆斯 Roger Williams 《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America” 或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》 Or “ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ” 5．安妮·布莱德斯特 Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》 ”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America” 二、理性和革命时期文学 The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。本杰明·富兰克林 Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ※《自传》 “ The Autobiography ” 《穷人理查德的年鉴》 “Poor Richard’s Almanac” 2。托马斯·佩因 Thomas Paine (1737-1809) ※《美国危机》 “The American Crisis” 《收税官的案子》 “The Case of the Officers of the Excise” 《常识》 “Common Sense” 《人权》 “Rights of Man” 《理性的时代》 “The Age of Reason” 《土地公平》 “Agrarian Justice” 3。托马斯·杰弗逊 Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) ※《独立宣言》 “The Declaration of Independence” 4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺 Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ※《野忍冬花》 “The Wild Honey Suckle” ※《印第安人的坟地》 “The Indian Burying Ground” ※《致凯提·迪德》 “To a Caty-Did” 《想象的力量》 “The Power of Fancy” 《夜屋》 “The House of Night” 《英国囚船》 “The British Prison Ship” 《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》 “The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War” 《札记》 “Miscellaneous Works” 三、浪漫主义文学 The Literature of Romanticism 1。华盛顿·欧文 Washington Irving (1783-1859) ※《作者自叙》 “The Author’s Account of Himself” ※《睡谷传奇》 “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《见闻札记》 “Sketch Book” 《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》 “Jonathan Oldstyle” 《纽约外史》 “A History of New York” 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》 “Bracebridge Hall” 《旅行者故事》 “Tales of Traveller” 《查理二世》或《快乐君主》 “Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch” 《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》 “A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus” 《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada” 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》 ”Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” 《阿尔罕布拉》 “Alhambra” 《西班牙征服传说》 “Legends of the Conquest of Spain” 《草原游记》 “A Tour on the Prairies” 《阿斯托里亚》 “Astoria” 《博纳维尔船长历险记》 “The Adventures of Captain Bonneville” 《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》 ”Life of Oliver Goldsmith” 《乔治·华盛顿传》 “Life of George Washington” 2．詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀 James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》 “The Last of The Mohicans” 《间谍》 “The Spy” 《领航者》 “The Pilot” 《美国海军》 “U.S. Navy” 《皮袜子故事集》 “Leather Stocking Tales” 包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》 ”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder” 《最后的莫希干人》 “The Last of the Mohicans” 《拓荒者》、《大草原》 “The Pioneers”, “The Praire” 3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特 William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) ※《死之思考》 “Thanatopsis” ※《致水鸟》 “To a Waterfowl” 4。埃德加·阿伦·坡 Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ※《给海伦》 “To Helen” ※《乌鸦》 “The Raven” ※《安娜贝尔·李》 “Annabel Lee” ※《鄂榭府崩溃记》 “The Fall of the House of Usher” 《金瓶子城的方德先生》 “Ms. Found in a Bottle” 《述异集》 “Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque” 5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生 Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》 “Nature” ※《论自助》 “Self-Reliance” 《美国学者》 “The American Scholar” 《神学院致辞》 “The Divinity School Address” 《随笔集》 “Essays” 《代表》 “Representative Men” 《英国人》 “English Traits” 《诗集》 “Poems” 6。亨利·戴维·梭罗 Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ※《沃尔登 我生活的地方 我为何生活》 “Walden Where I Lived, and What I Lived For” 《平民反抗》 “Civil Disobedience” 7。纳撒尼尔·霍桑 Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) ※《红字》 “The Scarlet Letter” 《七尖角阁的房子》 “The House of the Seven Gables” 《海关大楼》 “The Custom House” 《福谷浪漫史》 “The Blithedale Romance” 《古夏青苔》 “Mosses From an Old Manse” 《宝石神像》 “The Marble Faun” 《伊桑·布兰德》 “Ethan Brand” 《小伙子布朗》 “Young Goodman Brown” 《海德格博士的体验》 “Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment” 《野心勃勃的客人》 “The Ambitious Guest” 《巨石脸》 “The Great Stone Face” 8。赫尔曼·麦尔维尔 Herman Melville (1819-1891) ※《白鲸》 “Moby Dick” 《泰皮》 “Typee” 《欧穆》 “Omoo” 《雷德车》 “Bedburn” 《白外衣》 “White-Jacket” 《比利·伯德》 “Billy Budd” 《玛地》 “Mardi” 《皮埃尔》 “Pierre” 《班内托·西兰尼》 “Benito Cereno” 9。亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882) ※《人生礼赞》 “A Psalm of Life” ※《奴隶的梦》 “The Slave’s Dream” ※《逝去的青春》 “My Lost Youth” ※《海华沙之歌 海华沙的禁食》 “The Song of Hiawatha Hiawatha’s Fasting” 《海外记游》 “Outre-Mer” 《海华沙》 “Hiawatha” 《夜吟》 “Voices of the Night” 《许珀里翁》 “Hyperion” 《歌谣及其他》 “Ballads and other Poems” 《奴隶 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 诗篇》 “Poems on Slavery” 《伊凡吉林》 “Evangeline” 《迈克尔·安吉洛》 “Michael Angelo” 《金星号遇难》 “The Wreck of the Hesperus” 《精益求精》 “Excelsior” 《乡村铁匠》 “The Village Blacksmith” 四、现实主义文学The Literature of Realism 1。沃尔特·惠特曼 Walt Whitman (1819-1892) ※《自己之歌》 “Song of Myself” ※《我坐在这儿眺望着》 “I Sit and Look out” ※《敲呀！敲呀！鼓啊！》 “DRUM-TAPS Beat! Beat! Drums” 《草叶集》 “Leaves of Grass” 2。爱米丽·狄金森 Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) ※《我品味未经酿造的饮料》 ”I taste a liquor never brewed” ※《我意识到一场葬礼》 “I felt a Funeral, in my Brain” ※《鸟儿沿着小径过来》 “A Bird Came down the Walk—“ ※《我为美而死》 “I died for Beauty-but was scarce” ※《听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声—我死时》 “I heard a Fly buzz—when I died—“ ※《我不能等候死神》 “Because I could not stop for Death—“ 3。哈丽雅特·比彻·斯托 (1811-1896) ※《汤姆叔叔的小屋》 “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” 《汤姆叔叔小屋题解》 “A Key to Uncle Tom’s cabin” 《德雷德，阴暗大沼地的故事》 “Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp” 4。马克·吐温 Mark Twain (1835-1910) ※《汤姆·索亚历险记》 ”The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” 《跳蛙》 “Jumping Frog” 《傻子国外旅行记》 “Innocents Abroad” 《艰苦岁月》 “Roughing It” 《镀金时代》 “The Gilded Age” 《密西西比河上的生活》 ”Life on the Mississippi” 《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》”Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” 《傻瓜威尔逊》 “Pudd’n head Wilson” 《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》”The Man that Corrupted Hadleybury” 《什么是人？》 “What is Man” 《神秘来客》 “The Mysterious Stranger” 5。欧·亨利 O· Henry (1862-1910) ※《警察与赞美诗》 “The Cop and the Anthem” 《四百万》 “The Four Million” 《旧知》 “Retrieved Reformation” 《麦珙的礼物》 “The Gift of the Magi” 《市政报告》 “A Municipal Report” 《没讲完的故事》 “An Unfinished Story” 《月亮女神》 “Phoebe” 《吝啬爱人》 “A Lickpenny Lover” 《装饰过的房间》 “The Furnished Room” 6。亨利·詹姆斯 Henry James (1843-1916) ※《一个贵妇人的画像》 ”The Portrait of A Lady” 《观察和守护》 “Watch and Ward” 《罗德里克·赫德森》 “Roderick Hudson” 《美国人》 “The American” 《达西·密勒》 “Daisy Miller” 《波士顿人》 “The Bostonians” 《卡萨玛西玛公主》 “The Princess Casamassima” 《悲惨的缪斯》 “The Tragic Muse” 《鸽翼》 “The Wings of the Dove” 《大使》 “The Ambassadors” 《金碗》 “The Golden Bowl” 7。杰克·伦敦 Jack London (1876-1916) ※《海狼》 “The Sea Wolf” ※《马丁·伊登》 “Martin Eden” 《狼子》 “The Son of the Wolf” 《荒野的呼唤》 “The Call of the Wild” 《深渊中的人们》 “The People of the Abyss” 《海狼》 “The Sea Wolf” 《阶级的斗争》 “The War of the Classes” 《铁蹄》 “The Iron Heel” 《马丁·伊登》 “Martin Eden” 《革命》 “Revolution” 《生活的法则》 “The Law of Life” 《白牙》 “White Fong” 8。西奥多·德莱塞 Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945) ※《嘉莉妹妹》 “Sister Carrie” 《尼吉尔·杰夫》 “Nigger Jeff” 《巴塞尔·洛格劳的女儿》”Butcher Rogaum’s Daughter” 《珍妮姑娘》 “Jannie Gerhardt” 《金融家》 “The Financier” 《巨人》 “The Titan” 《斯多葛》 “The Stoic” 《天才》 “Genius” 《德莱塞访苏印象记》 “Dreiser Looks at Russia” 五、二十世纪文学Twentieth—Century Literature 1。埃兹拉·龙德 Ezra Pound (1885-1972) ※《一台古钢琴》 “A Virginal” ※《再次致意》 “Salutation the Second” ※《合同》 “A Pact” ※《地铁站台》 “In a Station of the Metro” ※《长干行》 “The River-Merchant’s Wife:A Letter” 2。埃德温·阿林顿·罗宾逊Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869-1935) ※《山上的古屋》 “The House on the Hill” ※《理查·珂利》 “Richard Cory” ※《米尼弗·契维》 “Miniver Cheevy” 《蒂尔伯里小镇》 “Tilburg Town” 《克雷格舰长》 “Captain Craig” 《本·琼生招待一个来自斯特拉福德的朋友》 “Ben Jonson Entertains a Man from Stratford” 《默林》 “Merlin” 《兰斯洛特》 “Lancelot” 《特拉斯特拉姆》 “Tristram” 3。罗伯特·弗洛斯特 Robert Frost (1874-1963) ※《摘罢苹果》 “After Apple-Picking” ※《没有走的路》 “The Road Not Taken” ※《雪夜林边小立》 “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” ※《部分》 “Departmental” ※《设计》 “Design” ※《大多数》 “The Most of It” 《小男孩的意志》 “A Boy’s Will” 《波士顿以北》 “North of Boston” 《山陵》 “Mountain Interval” 《新罕布什尔》 “New Hampshire” 《小河西流》 “West-Running Brook” 《又一片农场》 “A Further Range” 《智慧树》 “A Witness Tree” 《绒毛锈线菊》 “Steeple Bush” 《空旷地》 “In the Clearing” 4。卡尔·桑德堡 Carl Sandburg (1878-1967) ※《芝加哥》 “Chicago” ※《港湾》 “The Harbor” ※《雾》 “Fog” ※《冰冷的墓》 “Cool Tombs” ※《闪烁的深红》 “Flash Crimson” ※《人民，是的》 “The People, Yes” 《芝加哥诗集》 “Chicago Poems” 《剥玉米的人》 “Cornhuskers” 《烟与钢》 “Smoke and Steel” 《太阳烧灼的西方石板》”Slabs of the Sunburnt West” 《美国歌谣汇编》 “The American Songbag” 《芝加哥种族动乱》 “The Chicago Race Riots” 《路特拜故事集》 “The Rootabaga Stories” 《摄影家斯泰肯》 “Steichen the Photographer” 《玛丽·林肯》 “Mary Lincoln” 《亚伯拉罕·林肯》 “Abraham Lincoln” 5。华莱士·斯蒂文斯 Wallace Stevens (1879-1955) ※《彼得·昆士弹琴》 “Peter Quince at the Clavier” ※《坛子的轶事》 “Anecdote of the Jar” ※《冰淇淋皇帝》 “The Emperor of Ice-Cream” 《风琴》 “Harmonium” 《关于秩序的思想》 “Ideas of Order” 《带蓝吉它的人》 “The Man with the Blue Guitar” 《一个世界的几个部分》 ”Parts of a World” 《入夏》 “Transport to Summer” 《秋天的曙光》 “The Auroras of Autumn” 《必要的天使》 “Necessary Angel” 《诗歌选集》 “Collected Poems” 《遗著》 “Opus Posthumous” 《谐音》 “Harmonium” 《星期六早晨》 “Sunday Morning” 6。托马斯·斯特恩斯·爱略特 Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888-1965) ※《J·阿尔弗雷德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌》 “The Love Song of J· Alfred Prufrock” ※《序曲》 “Preludes” ※《三贤哲的旅程》 “Journey of the Magi” ※《空心人 给老盖伊一文钱吧》”The Hollow Men A Penny for Old Guy” 《普鲁弗洛克及其它一些观察》 ”Prufrock and Other Observations” 《诗集》 “Poems” 《圣林》 “The Sacred Wood” 《传统和个人天才》 “Tradition and the Individual Talent” 《荒原》 “The Waste Land” 《空心人》 “The Hollow Men” 《灰星期三》 “Ash-Wednesday” 《四个四重奏》 “Four Quartets” 《向德赖登致敬》 “Homage to John Dryden” 《萎缩争论》 “Sweeney Agonistes” 《耶利尔诗集》 “Ariel Poems” 《大教堂凶杀案》 “Murder in the Cathedral” 《诗歌的用法和评论的用法》”The Uses of Poetry and the Uses of Criticism” 《家庭重聚》 “The Family Reunion” 《鸡尾酒会》 “The Cocktail Party” 《机要秘书》 “The Confidential Clerk” 《政界元老》 “The Elder Statesman” 《完美的诗歌与剧作》 “The Complete Poems and Plays” 7。F·司各特·菲茨杰拉德 F· Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) ※《了不起的盖茨比》 “The Great Gatsby” 《人间天堂》 “This Side of Paradise” 《漂亮的和该死的》 “The Beautiful and Damned” 《爵士时代故事集》 “Tales of the Jazz Age” 《蔬菜》 “The Vegetable” 或叫《从邮递员到总统》 “from Postman to President” 《夜色温柔》 “Tender Is the Night” 8。厄恩斯特·海明威 Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) ※《永别了，武器》 “A Farewell to Arms” 《三个故事和十篇诗歌》”Three Stories and Ten Poems” 《太阳照样升起》 “The Sun Also Rises” 《丧钟为谁而鸣》 “For Whom the Bell Tolls” 《死在午后》 “Death in the Afternoon” 《非洲的青山》 “The Green Hills of Africa” 《过河入林》 “Across the River and into the Trees” 《老人与海》 “The Old Man and the Sea” 9。约翰·斯坦贝尔 John Steinbeck (1902-1968) ※《愤怒的葡萄》 “The Grapes of Wrath” 《科特兹之海》 “The Sea of Corctz” 《长谷》 “The Long Valley” 《鼠与人》 “Of Mice and Men” 《胜负末决的战斗》 “In Dubious Battle” 《托蒂亚平地》 “Tortilla Flat” 10。威廉·福克纳 William Faulkner (1897-1962) ※《给艾米莉小姐的玫瑰》“A Rose for Emily” 《圣殿》 “Sanctuary” 《沙多里斯》 “Sartoris” 《喧嚣与骚动》 “The Sound and the Fury” 《在我弥留之际》 “As I Lay Dying” 《八月之光》 “Light in August” 《马蒂诺医生和其它故事选》 ”Doctor Martino and Others Stories” 《武士的行动》 “Knight’s Gambit” 《大树林》 “Big Woods” 《押沙龙，押沙龙》 “Absalom, Absalom” 《去吧，摩西》 “Go Down, Moses” 《小乡村》 “The Hamlet” 《小镇》 “The Town” 《大宅》 “The Mansion”