APA与MLA格式区别

MLAvs.APAWhichshouldyouuse?Askeachofyourteacherswhichstyletheywantyoutouse.Iftheyhavenopreference,youcanuseanyorfollowtheseguidelines：APA:psychology,education,andothersocialsciences.MLA:literature,arts,andhumanities.Chicago:usedwithallsubjectsinthe"realworld"bybooks,magazines,newspapers,andothernon-scholarlypublications.MLA&APAI.ParentheticalCitationAuthor’sNameintheTextMLAStyleAccordingtoJones,“StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle,especiallywhenitwastheirfirsttime”(199).Jonesfound“studentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle”(199).Youonlyneedtoindicatepagenumbers,sincetheauthor'snameappearsinthetext.APAStyleAccordingtoJones(1998),“StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle,especiallywhenitwastheirfirsttime”(p.199).Jones(1998)found“studentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle”(p.199).Dateofpublicationisplacedafterauthor’sname.MLA&APAMLAstyleThispointhasalreadybeenargued(Tannen178-85).Author'snameandpagenumbersareplacedattheendoftheattributedtext.APAstyleThispointhasalreadybeenargued(Tannen,1994).如果没有引述具体观点，APA可以省略页码。Author’snameandpublicationdate(separatedbyacomma)areplacedattheendoftheattributedtext.Omityearfromsubsequentcitationsafterfirstcitationwithinparagraph.MLA&APAAuthors’NamesintheTextMLAStyle(2or3authors)Others,likeJakobsonandWaugh(210-15),holdtheoppositepointofview.Amongintentionalspoonerisms,the“punlikemetathesisofdistinctivefeaturesmayservetoweldtogetherwordsetymologicallyunrelatedbutcloseintheirsoundandmeaning”(JakobsonandWaugh304).如果有三位作者，在括号夹注中应用逗号分隔他们的姓氏，如：(Alton,Davies,andRice56)Accordingtoeducationalpsychologists,raisingchildrenisaresponsibilityoftheentirecommunity(Franklin,Childs,Smith135).MLAStyle(4ormoreauthors)Thestudywasextendedfortwoyears,andonlyafterresultswerereviewedbyanindependentpaneldidtheresearcherspublishtheirfindings(Blaineetal.35).APAStyle(2authors)Others,likeJakobsonandWaugh(1978,pp.210-15),holdtheoppositepointofview.Research(Yamada&Matsuura,1982)reportsthepoorperformanceofadvancedEnglishlearnerswhocoulduseEnglisharticlescorrectlyonlyin70percentofthecases.APAStyle(3to5authors)第一次引用：Accordingtoeducationalpsychologists,raisingchildrenisaresponsibilityoftheentirecommunity(Franklin,Childs,&Smith,1995).以后的引用：Tobesuccessful,“communitiesmustbewillingtotakethisresponsibility”(Franklinetal.,1995,p.135).APAStyle(6ormoreauthors)PatternsofByzantineintriguehavelongplaguedtheinternalpoliticsofcommunitycollegeadministrationinTexas(Douglasetal.,2003,p.xxx)MLA不使用“&”APA不使用“and”。MLA&APAAuthor’sNameNotintheTextMLAstyleOthersholdtheoppositepointofview(e.g.,JakobsonandWaugh210-15).MonasteriesinmedievalEuropewerenotshortofspeculationsaboutGreekinventions(Marcuse190-203).APAstyleOthersholdtheoppositepointofview(Jakobson&Waugh,1978).EmilyBronte“expressedincreasinghostilityfortheworldofhumanrelationships,whethersexualorsocial”(Taylor,1988,p.11).MLA&APACitingTwoorMoreWorksbytheSameAuthororAuthorsMLAStyle引用同一作者的多篇文献时，在括号夹注中应加入文献标题中的关键词组。 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 名用下划线，文章用引号。Shakespeare’sKingLearhasbeencalleda“comedyofthegrotesque”(Frye,Anatomy237).Computersarenotusefultoolsforsmallchildren(Lightenor,“TooSoon”38),thoughhehasacknowledgedthatearlyexposuretocomputergamesdoesleadtobettersmallmotorskilldevelopment(Lightenor,“Hand-EyeDevelopment”17).Thebooktitle(underlined)orjournalarticle(inquotes)isprovided.Ifthereisnoauthor,thenonlythebooktitlejournalarticlewouldappear,forexample,(Anatomy,237).APAStyle按APA规范，同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别，如：(Zhang,1997)，(Zhang,1999)，(Zhang,2004)。同一作者的多篇文献，文献按发 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 次序排列，如：(Zhang,1997,1999,2004)。同年发表的多个文献应对年份另加字母，以示区别，正文后参考文献著录中相应的条目里的年份应加同样的字母，如：(Bloom,2003a,2003b)。Shakespeare’sKingLearhasbeencalleda“comedyofthegrotesque”(Frye,1982,p.237).Citingindirectsource论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献（即二级文献secondarysource），但在无法找到直接文献（即一级文献primarysource）的情况下，引文可以从非直接文献中析出。MLASamuelJohnsonadmittedthatEdmundBurkewasan“extraordinaryman”(qtd.inBoswell450).注意：“qtd.in”中的字母“i”不得大写。APA：Grayson(ascitedinMurzynski&Degelman,1996,p.135)identifiedfourcomponentsofbodylanguagethatwererelatedtojudgmentsofvulnerability.Oneresearcher(Grayson,ascitedinMurzynski&Degelman,1996,p.135)identifiedfourcomponentsofbodylanguagethatwererelatedtojudgmentsofvulnerability.引用非直接文献以后，在正文后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目（即上述实例中的“Boswell”和“Murzynski&Degelman,1996”）。MLA&APABibliographyEntriesBooksofaSingleAuthorMLAStyleFrye,Northrop.AnatomyofCriticism:FourEssays.Princeton:PrincetonUP,1957.APAStyleFrye,N.(1957).Anatomyofcriticism:Fouressays.Princeton:PrincetonUP.DoublespaceisrequiredfortheAPAformat.MLA&APABooksofMulti-AuthorsMLAStyleBondanella,Peter,andJuliaConawayBondanella,eds. DictionaryofItalianLiterature.Westport:Greenwood,1979.APAStyleBondanella,P.,&Bondanella,J.C.(1979).DictionaryofItalianLiterature.Westport:Greenwood.SelectionfromaneditedbookMLAStyleGlover,David.“TheStuffThatDreamsAreMadeOf:Masculinity,Femininity,andtheThriller.”Gender,GenreandNarrativePleasure.Ed.DerekLonghurst.London:UnwinHyman,1989.67-83.APAStyleWilson,S.F.(1990).Communitysupportandintegration:Newdirectionsforoutcomeresearch.InS.Rose(Ed.),Casemanagement:Anoverviewandassessment(pp.13-42).WhitePlains,NY:Longman.MLA规范中，书的编者的姓和名均用全称。APA规范里，编者的姓用全称，名用首字母。MLA&APAJournalArticlesMLAStyleMonk,Patricia.“Frankenstein'sDaughters:TheProblemsoftheFeminineImageinScienceFiction.”Mosaic13.4(1980):15-27.APAStyleMonk,P.(1980).Frankenstein’sdaughters:Theproblemsofthefeminineimageinsciencefiction.Mosaic,13.4,15-27.在MLA规范里，作者的姓名应完整，应标明首名的全称和中间名的首字母。在APA里，作者的首名和中间名均应用首字母。在MLA规范里，期刊名与期刊卷数之间不用逗号。在APA规范里期刊的卷数应用斜体表示。按MLA的规范，标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母均必须大写，而其余每一个词的首字母，除冠词、介词、并列连词以及不定式符号（“to”）以外都必须大写。按APA的规范，标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母必须大写，而其余每一个词的首字母，除专有名词以外，均不需要大写。MLA&APANewspaperArticlesMLAStyleDalin,Damon.“A$7GreetingCard?Yes,ButListenToTheMelodyItWillPlayForYou.”WallStreetJournal10May1983,Easterned.:37.APAStyleDalin,D.(1983,May10).A$7greetingcard?Yes,butlistentothemelodyitwillplayforyou.WallStreetJournal,p37.MLA&APAArticlesfromReferenceBooksMLAStyle“Mandarin.”TheEncyclopediaAmericana.1994ed.Bergmann,PeterGabriel.“Relativity.”TheNewEncyclopediaBritannica.Vol.26.Chicago:EncyclopediaBritannica.1993.501-8..     APAStyleBergmann,P.(1993).Relativity.InThenewencyclopediaBritannica (Vol.26,pp.501-508).Chicago:EncyclopediaBritannica.MLA&APAWebSourcesMLAStyle姓，名.“文献题名.”杂志名称.发表日期.网址(检索日期).Fischer,MichaelF.“Paronomasia.”WorthlessWordsfortheDay.21November2005.http://www.answers.com/topic/paronomasia(8May2007).APAStyle姓，名首.(发表年,月日).文献题名.杂志名称.[Online].(检索年,月日).Fischer,M.F.(2005,November21).Paronomasia.WorthlessWordsfortheDay.[On-line].(2007,May8).