左哈尔的Polysystem-Theory(多元系统理论)分析解析

Chapter5PolysystemTheoryIntroductionofItamarEven-Zohar ProfessorEmeritusofCultureResearch,ofUniversityofTelAviv Culturaltheorist,notatranslationtheorist.OneofforerunnersoftranslationstudiesItamarEven-Zohar(Picturetaken1993,SantiagodeCompostela) Commandaworkingknowledgeof:Hebrew(mothertongue),Arabic,English,French,Swedish,Spanish,Norwegian,Danish,Italian,Russian,German,Icelandic,andafewotherlanguages.SystemPolysystemSystem:ThisconceptisintroducedbyTynjanov.Elements,Tynjanovargued,donotexistinisolation,butalwaysinaninterrelationshipwithotherelementsofothersystems.systemsLiterarystructureSemi-literarystructureExtraliterarystructureinterrelateddecidingSpecificelementfunctionSystemPolysystemEven-ZoharadoptedTynjanov’sconceptofsystem.HedevelopedthepolysystemhypothesiswhileworkingonamodelforIsraeliHebrewliterature.Inaseriesofpaperswrittenfrom1970to1977andcollectedin1978as“PapersinHistoricalPoetics”《历史诗学论文集》,hefirstintroducedtheterm“polysystem”torefertotheentirenetworkofcorrelatedsystemwithinsociety.Thusitisaglobaltermcoveringalloftheliterarysystem,bothmajorandminorexistinginagivenculture.PolysystemLiterarySystemExtraliterarySystemCanonizedformNon-canonizedformesteemeddiscoursesandgenres:Poetry…‘lessworthy’genres:Children’sliteraturePopularfiction…PatronageSocialconditionsEconomicsInstitutionalmanipulation… Heisnotspecificallyatranslationtheorist,butaculturaltheorist.Buthispioneeringworkcontinuestoexertconsiderableinfluenceontranslation,particularlywhenstudyingtranslationinemergingculturesorculturesincrisis.Histhinkingabouttranslationsledhimtosomeofthemostprovocativehypothesesaboutliterarysystem.Polysytemwithtranslationtheories“Itisnecessarytoincludetranslatedliteratureinthepolysystem.Thisisrarelydone,butnoobserverofthehistoryofanyliteraturecanavoidrecognizingasanimportantfacttheimpactoftranslationsandtheirroleinthesynchronyanddiachronyofacertainliterature”.(Even-Zohar,1978)Polysytemwithtranslationtheories JustasthephilosopherChomskyuseslinguisticstostudyhowthehumanbrainfunctioninhisphilosophy,Even-Zoharregardstranslatedliteratureasaneffectivewaytostudyhowthepolysystemposeeffectontranslatedliterature.Hebelievesthroughtheanalysisoftherelationshipoftranslatedtooriginalliteraryworks,hecouldarriveatabetterunderstandingofthenatureofpolysystem.Polysystemtheory Even-Zoharincorporatedthedatacollectedfromhisobservationsonhowtranslationsfunctioninvarioussocieties.Hedevelopedanapproach”Polysystemtheory”toexplainthefunctionofallkindsofwritingwithinagivenculture. Hisdatashowedthattranslatedliteraturefunctionsdifferentlydependingupontheage,strength,andstabilityoftheparticularliterarypolysystem.Polysystemdeterminesthepolysystemtheory Even-Zoharexploredtherelationshipbetweenthetranslatedtextsandtheliterarypolysysteminthreeaspects: Reclassificationsofthepositionoftranslationwithinvaryingculturalsystems. Howtextstobetranslatedareselectedbythereceivingculture. Howtranslatedtextsadoptcertainnormsandfunctionsasaresultoftheirrelationtoothertargetlanguagesystem.Reclassification Previousclassification:Allthetranslationswereinvariablyclassifiedassecondarysystem.Theliterarytranslationwasconsideredsecondaryactivity,mechanical,ratherthancreative,neitherworthyofseriouscriticalattention. Even-Zoharargued:Itdepends!Notallpolysystemsarethesame.Suchclassificationwasinaccurate.Polysystemsoflarger,olderculturesAnglo-American&FrenchLengthandself-sufficiencyoftheirtraditionsRelegatetranslatedliteraturetothemarginsofsocietySecondarysystemReason:HaveAll！ Well-developedliterarytraditions Manydifferentkindsofwriting Originalwritingproducesinnovationsinideasandformsindependentoftranslation Inthishistoricalsituation,translationoften(butnotnecessarilyalways)assumesformsalreadyestablishedasadominanttypewithinaparticulargenre,andthetranslatedliteraturetendstoremainfairlyconservative,adheringtonormswhichthe“higher”formshavealreadyrejected.Interestingly,despiteplayingasecondaryrole,translationsproducedunderthesecircumstancesmayparadoxicallyintroducenewideasintoaculturewhileatthesametimepreservingtraditionalforms.PolysytemofyoungerorsmallernationsIsrael&theLowCountriesThetranslatedliteratureplayedamorecentralroleReason:TolearnAll！拿来主义Threecircumstances:Maintainingaprimaryposition Whenaliteratureisyoung,orintheprocessofbeingestablished.i.e.Israel;Czechin19th；我国清末明初 Translationfulfillstheneedofayoungliteraturetouseitsnewlanguageforasmanydifferentkindsofwritingaspossible.Sinceitcannotcreateallformsandgenres,translatedtextsmayserveasthemostimportantforacertainamounttime.Threecircumstances:Maintainingaprimaryposition2.Whenaliteratureis“peropheral”,or“weak”orboth.i.e.Israel;theLowCountries；我国文革期间 Theycannotproduceallthekindsofwritingastronger,largersystemcan—thusitsinabilitytoproduceinnovationsandsubsequentdependencyupontranslationtointroduceprecedent-settingtexts.Insuchcircumstances,translatedtextsservenotonlyasamediumthroughwhichnewideascanbeimported,butalsoastheformofwritingmostfrequentlyimitatedby“creative”writersinthenativelanguage.Threecircumstances:Maintainingaprimaryposition3.Whenaliteratureisexperiencinga“crisis”,orturningpoint.i.e.NorthAmericaninthe60s;五四前后,文革后 Establishedliterarymodelsnolongerstimulatethenewgenerationofwriterswhothenturnelsewhereforideasandforms.WhyIsraelattachessomuchimportancetotranslatedliterature?GeographicalcrossroadIsraelIntellectualcontactsSocialforcemultilingualismreligioneconomyWesterncultureDiplomaticforceMajorliteratureexiles“ThirdWorld”cultureCanonliterarySocialcrossroadHistoricalforceGlobalizationof“Israeli’ssituation”TheabovesituationisnotonlytheIsraelwasin,butalsoallthenationsontheeartharein.Astheglobalizationsincommerce,cultureandotheraspects,nonationisanisland.Allthecountriesareatthecrossroads,allarethecenter,andallareexposedtothepoly-interactions.Sohighlighttheimportanceoftranslationiscrucial.Thefutureoftheworldmaydependupontheaccuratetranslationofoneword.--PallEngleTounderstandone’spast,one’sidentity,anunderstandingoftranslationinandofitselfiscrucial;translationceasestobeaneliteintellectual“game”,afootnotetoliteraryscholarship,butbecomesfundamentaltothelivesandlivelihoodofeveryoneintheentireregion(andmaybetheworld).--EdwinGentzler 我国学者张南峰先生对“多元系统理论”在翻译学的建立方面所产生的影响也给予了极高的评价，认为：“在西方，令翻译研究取得学科地位并走到学术研究系统中心的，是多元系统理论以及其他文化学派的翻译理论和研究模式”。 Insummary,Even-Zoharrecognizedboththe“primary”(creatingnewitemsandmodels)aswell“secondary”(reinforcingitemsandmodels)importanceoftranslatedliteratureinliteraryhistory.ClassificationofthepositionoftranslationwithincaringculturalsystemsHowtranslatedtextsadoptcertainnormsandfunctionsasaresultoftheirrelationtoothertargetlanguagesystems.（翻译 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 行为策略都是如何受其他相关系统影响的） translatedliteratureisitselfasystemwithprimaryandsecondarypositionsoccupiedbydifferenttexts. Translationstrategiesdependonthepositionoftranslatedliteraturewithinthepolysystem.Translatedliteratureresumes:Aprimaryposition: Function:Tointroduce“new”tothereceivingculture Results:1.translatorsfeelfreertobreaktheliteratureconventionsofthereceivinglanguage;2.Translatedtextscloselyreproducetheoriginaltext’sformsandtextualrelations.Translatedtextisoftenamore“adequate”matchofthesourcetextwhichmayinturnleadtoinnovationstotherecievingculture.译本更接近原著Translatedliteratureresumes:Asecondposition: Function:Tofindready-mademodelsinthereceivingculture. Results:1.translatorswillsticktoreceivingculture’sconventionalmodelsandtheywillconfromtheoriginalforminthesourcetextstopre-establishednormsinthereceivingculture.2.Translatedtextsmayreviseorchangetheoriginaltext’sformsandtextualrelations.Translatedtextwillshowlowerdegreeof‘adequacy’ofthesourcetext.译本与原著差异较大Thepositionoftranslationinfluenceontranslationnorms Primaryadequate↓source Introducingnewworkintoreceivingculture 19thcenturyAnglo-Americantranslations Secondarynon-adequate↓source Findingready-mademodelsattheexpenseoftheoriginal Certainmoderntranslations(Nida’sBibletranslation)CommentsonPolysystemAdvantages:Even-Zohar’spolysystemtheorydemonstratesanadvanceinthedevelopmentoftranslationstudiesspecificallyandtranslationtheoryingeneral.Itistheintegrationthestudyofliteraturewiththestudyofsocialandeconomicforcesofhistory.CommentsonPolysystemAdvantages:1.Hisattentionandthoughtgiventotheroleoftranslationwithinaliterarysystem,istraditionallyignoredbyliterarytheorists.2.Byexpandingfrequentlyonlinguisticmodelsorundevelopedliterarytheories,andembeddingtranslatedliteratureintoalargerculturalcontext.3.Even-Zoharopenedthewayfortranslationtheorytoadvancebeyondprescriptiveaesthetics.CommentsonPolysystemProblems:1.Hisworkandhypnosesfocusedprimarilyupontheliterary,theextraliterarywassignificantlyabsentfromhisanalysis.2.Histendencytoovergeneralizeandestablishuniversallawsbasedonverylittleevidencewhichneedsmoreanalysis.literarytheories,andembeddingtranslatedliteratureintoalargerculturalcontext.3.HismethodologyanddiscourseandhisuncriticaladoptionoftheFormalistframeworklimitthescopeofhisinvestigation.4.Hisformulationofprinciplesoccasionallycontradictsthatwhichheistryingtoprove.ConclusionTherefore,weshouldlookatZohar’spolysystemtheoryinadialecticalway.Eventhoughthereexistsomeweaknesses,hiscontributiontoliterarytheorycannotbeignored,especiallytothefieldoftranslationtheory.Hisworkishighlyinnovative,makingmanifestthetemporalnatureofaestheticpresuppositionsbylookingatactualtranslationswithinthelargersociologicalcontext.Hisworkmakesasignificantcontributionnotonlytothefieldoftranslationtheory,buttoliterarytheoryaswell,asitdemonstratestheimportanceoftranslationwithinthelagercontextofliterarystudiesspeciallyandintheevolutionofcultureingeneral.--EdwinGentzlerThankyouverymuch!tust_nielulu@126.com