历年天津大学考博英语真题

历年天津大学考博英语 真题 北京中考数学真题pdf四级真题及答案下载历年四级真题下载证券交易真题下载资料分析真题下载 Direction：Listentothefollowingpassage.Altogetherthepassagewillbereadfourtimes.Duringthefirstreadingthepassagewillbereadatnormalspeedandyouaresupposedtolistenonlyandtrytohaveageneralunderstandingofit.Forthesecondandthirdreadingsthepassagewillbereadsentencebysentenceorphrasebyphasewithanintervalof12-15secondsinbetweenforwriting.Thelastreadingwillbedoneatthenormalspeedagainforyoutocheckup.　　IIVocabularyandStructure（10%）　　Directions：Thereare20incompletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA，B，C，andD.Circletheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.　　1.Itwasverykindofyoutogetmesomethingformybirthday，butyoumesuchanexpensivepresent.　　[A]didn‘tneedbuying[B]needn’tbuy[C]needn‘thavebought[D]hadn’tneededtobuy　　2.The——ofaculturalphenomenonisusuallyalogicalconsequenceofsomephysicalaspectinthelifestyleofthepeople.　　[A]manifestation[B]implementation[C]expedition[D]demonstration　　3.Heisholdinga——positioninthecompanyandexpectstobepromotedsoon.[A]subordinate[B]succeeding[C]successive[D]subsequent　　4.InAmericanuniversities，classesareoftenarrangedinmoreflexible——andmanyjobsoncampusarereservedforstudents.　　[A]scales[B]ranks[C]grades[D]patterns　　5.Thegovernmentgaveaveryexplanationofitsplanforeconomicdevelopment.[A]comprehensive[B]compound[C]considerable[D]complacent　　6.Inmyopinion，youcanwidentheoftheseimprovementsthroughyouractiveparticipation.[A]dimension[B]volume[C]magnitude[D]scope　　7.NoTobaccoDayisthedaywhentheworldHealthOrganizationtopeopletostopusingtobaccoproducts.[A]asks[B]applies[C]appeals[D]urges　　8.Thedentist‘sconfidentmannermethatIwasinsafehands.[A]insured[B]assured[C]ensured[D]secured　　9.Wepreferthattheplanbeforebeingputintoexecution.[A]befullydiscussed[B]mustbefullydiscussed[C]willbefullydiscussed[D]isfullydiscussed　　10.Thesoundoffootstepsonthebarefloorthedownstairsneighbors.[A]disturbed[B]interrupted[C]annoyed[D]irritated　　11.Iaskedhimforajobtheimpressionthathewastheheadofthefirm，buthewasn‘t.[A]with[B]under[C]in[D]of　　12.It‘snogoodremembergrammaticalrules.Youneedtopracticewhatyouhavelearned.[A]tryingto[B]tryto[C]totryto[D]triedto　　13.Thedictatorreliedonabuseofitsopponentsonsoundingreasoning.[A]morethan[B]ratherthan[C]otherthan[D]betterthan　　14.Tomakethebestandthemostefficientofyourtimeandtoachieveyourgoals，starteachdaybyyouragenda.[A]holdingon[B]makingout[C]keepingon[D]takingdown　　15.Oncethequestionisput，weknowtrytoobtaintheanswer.[A]toproceedindirectionto[B]wheredirectionproceedto[C]inwhichdirectiontoproceedto[D]whichdirectionproceedtoward　　16.Duringtheopera‘smostfamousaria，thetempochosenbytheorchestra’sconductorseemed，withoutnecessaryrelationtowhathadgonebefore[A]tedious[B]melodious[C]capricious[D]moderation　　17.Itistimethenationsoftheworldahalttothemanufactureofnuclearweapons.[A]wouldcall[B]call[C]called[D]willcall　　18.Whenthedropswereplacedinthepatient‘seyes，hispupilsbecame.[A]dilated[B]smaller[C]irritated[D]sensible　　19.Tovisitzoosthatsimulatethenaturalhabitatsofanimalsofgreatinteresttozoologists.[A]are[B]be[C]were[D]is　　20.Mr.Smithwiththegovernmentforthirty-sevenyearsbythetimeheretires.[A]willwork[B]willhaveworked[C]willbeworking[D]willhavebeenworked　　IIISentenceTransformation（20%）　　Directions：Rewriteeachofthefollowingsentencesbyusingtheword（s）belowitsothateachnewsentencemeansroughlythesameastheoriginalone.Insomeinstancesitmaybenecessarytochangethetenseofthegivenword（s）。　　1.Heiswarm-hearted，butthisdoesn‘tmeanthatheisbright.（follow）　　2.Themanagerhasaskedmetoconsiderthisproposalcarefully.（consideration）　　3.Thegardenistoosmallforaswimmingpool.（room）　　4.Increasingthetaxonhouseholdgoodsisboundtocausetrouble.It‘sasking　　5.Themuseumisclosedthisafternoon.Thereis　　6.Don‘ttouchthosewiresinanycircumstances.Under　　7.Thesmallnumberofpotentialbuyersdoesnotprovideasufficientlylargemarketforthiskindofapparatus.（enough）　　8.Iwasfinallyabletoconvincehimofitsvalue.Ifinallysucceeded　　9.Filmmakersunderstandablylosemuchoftheirinterestinthegenre.（appealto）　　10.Notallofthepeoplelikethismovie.（popular）　　IVCloze（10%）　　Directions：Readthroughthefollowingpassageandthendecidewhichofthechoicesgivenbelowcouldcorrectlycompletethepassageifinsertedinthecorrespondingblanks.Circlethecorrectchoiceforeachblank.　　Aninterestingtheoryineconomicsis1bytheHeadManofasmallmountaintribe.Ifseemsthatthistribewasverygoodatmakingstrawmatsthathadgreatsales2inthe3market.TherepresentativeofanAmericancompanywenttovisitthetribeandtriedtomakeagoodbusinessdeal.He4totheHeadManand5thathiscompanywouldliketo6severalthousandpieces.　　Undoubtedly，hesaid，thebusiness7wouldbe8tothetribe.Aftersomethoughts，theHeadMan9，butannouncedthatthepriceperpiecewouldbe10insucha11orderthanitwouldbeif12asmallorderwereplaced.Therepresentativewas13thanalittleshocked14thebusinesssenseoftheHeadMan15insistedthatthepriceshouldbe16becauseofthelargevolume，and17nothigher.No，repliedtheheadofthetribe18.Butwhynot？askedtheAmerican.Because19issotiresometomakethe20articleoverandover，answeredtheHeadMan.1.A.illustratedB.appreciatedC.demonstratedD.anticipated2.A.capacityB.potentialC.abilityD.fortune3.A.strawB.globalC.worldD.earth4.A.addressedB.spokeC.askedD.told5.A.declaredB.confirmedC.demandedD.gestured6.A.orderB.sellC.disposeD.make7.A.treatyB.pactC.matterD.deal8.A.effectiveB.efficientC.valuableD.profitable9.A.agreedB.acceptedC.refusedD.received10.A.lowerB.higherC.expensiveD.cheaper11.A.smallB.bigC.vastD.high12.A.certainlyB.reallyC.onlyD.simply13.A.greaterB.strongerC.lessD.more14.A.fromB.ofC.atD.since15.A.whoB.andC.thenD.therefore16.A.lowerB.higherC.littleD.raised17.A.neverB.reallyC.certainlyD.yet18.A.weaklyB.happilyC.stubbornlyD.hesitatingly19.A.heB.itC.whatD.work20.A.similarB.beautifulC.alikeD.same　　VReadingComprehension（20%）　　Directions：Inthisparttherearefourpassagesfollowedbyquestionsorunfinishedstatements，eachwithfoursuggestedanswersmarkedA），B），C）andD）。Choosetheonethatyouthinkisthecorrectanswer.　　1）AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly，courteous，andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.Tobefair，thisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadians，andshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereare，ofcourse，exceptions.Small-mindedofficials，rudewaiters，andill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.　　Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry，atravelerwasawelcomebrakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourcesofdiversion，andbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld.　　Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingalone，ifhungry，injured，orill，oftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylife：ifyoudidn‘ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhim，therewasnooneelsewhowould，Andsomeday，remember，youmightbeinthesamesituation.　　Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationsthatspecializedinhelpingthewearytraveler.Yet，theoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUS，especiallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails.Iwasjusttravelingthrough，gottalkingwiththisAmerican，andprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner－amazing.SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommon，butarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificial，butastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition.　　Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety，inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals，assumptions，andconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.And，ofcourse，speakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailtotranslateculturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexample，whenanAmericanusesthewordfriend，theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitor‘slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.Yet，beingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers.　　1.Thewordobservationinthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans[A]attention.[B]watchfulness.[C]survey[D]opinion.　　2.Peopleinfrontiersettlementsusedtoentertaintravelersbecausethesestrangerswould______.[A]bringgoodnewsfromoutsideworld.[B]helplocalssolvetheirproblems.[C]bringachangetothelifeinthesettlements.[D]requiresadifferentdefinition.　　3.Nowadaysthetraditionoffriendlinesstostrangers______.[A]isstillprevailing.[B]canrarelybeseen[C]iswadingfast[D]requiresadifferentdefinition　　4.Accordingtothepassage，whichofthefollowingistrue？考博网编辑kaobo.netkaobo.cn　　[A]Peoplearestillfondoftravelingtoremoteplaces.[B]Foreigntravelersnowkeepawayfrombusytouristtrails.[C]Thereisnocharitableorganizationinsmallcities.[D]ForeignvisitorstotheUShavetroubleunderstandingAmerican‘sfriendliness.　　5.Fromthelastparagraphofthepassagewehavelearnedthat______[A]theabilityofspeakingaforeignlanguageimpliesabetterunderstandingofitsculture.[B]variousvirtuesmanifestthemselvesexclusivelyamongfriends.[C]cultureexercisesagreatinfluenceonsocialinterrelationships.[D]courteousconventionandindividualinterestarecloselyinterrelated.考博网编辑kaobo.netkaobo.cn　　2）Itiswellknownthatwhenanindividualjoinsagrouphetendstoacceptthegroup‘sstandardsofbehaviorandthinking.Heisexpectedtobehaveinaccordancewiththesenorms-inotherwordsthegroupexpectshimtoconform.Manyillustrationscouldbegivenofthisfromeverydaylife，butwhatisofparticularinteresttopsychologistsistheextenttowhichpeople’sjudgmentsandopinionscanbechangedasaresultofgrouppressure.　　Inatypicalexperiment，theexperimenterasksforvolunteerstojoinagroupthatisinvestigatingvisualperception.Thevictimsarenot，therefore，awareoftherealpurposeoftheexperiment.Eachvolunteeristakentoaroomwherehefindsagroupofaboutsevenpeoplewhoarecollaboratingwiththeexperimenter.Thegroupisshownastandardcardwhichcontainsasingleline.Theyarethenaskedtolookatasecondcard.Thishasthreelinesonit.Oneisobviouslylongerthanthelineonthefirstcard，oneisshorterandonethesamelength.Theyhavetosaywhichlineonthesecondcardisthesamelengthasthelineonthestandardcard.Theothermembersofthegroupanswerfirstbutwhatthevolunteerdoesnotknowisthattheyhavebeentoldtopickoneofthewronglines.Thevolunteerseesthattheothermembersofthegroupunanimouslychoosealinewhichisobviouslynotthesamelengthastheoneonthestandardcard.　　Whenitishisturntoanswerheisfacedwiththeunanimousopinionofthegroup－alltheothershavechosenlineAbuthequiteclearlyseeslineBascorrect.Whatwillhedo？AccordingtoAsch，morethanhalfofthevictimschosenwillchangetheiropinion.Whatisequallysurprisingisthat，wheninterviewedabouttheiranswers，mostexplainedthattheyknewthegroupchoicewasincorrectbutthattheyyieldedtothepressureofthegroupbecausetheythoughttheymustbesufferingfromanopticalillusion.　　6.Psychologistsareinterestedin________.[A]howfargrouppressurecaninfluencepeople‘sjudgments.[B]howtomakejudgmentsaccordingtoeverydayexperience.[C]howtochangepeople’sjudgments.[D]thegroup‘sstandardsofsocialbehaviour.　　7.Intheexperiment.Whohavebeentoldtopickthewrongline？　　[A]Thevictims.[B]Thevolunteer.[C]Theexperimenter.[D]Theothermembers.　　8.Inwhatcircumstancesdomostpeopleyieldtopressure？　　[A]Whenthegroupisseparated.[B]Whenthegroupisunanimous.[C]Whentheyknowtheyarethevictims.[D]Whentheyareforcedtoanswerquestions.　　9.Theexperimentsdemonstratethat_______.[A]nearlyeveryindividualwillbehavedifferentlyfromothers[B]grouppressureiscausedbytheinterferenceofthepsychologists.[C]psychologistswishtochangethepeople‘sjudgmentsandopinions.[D]peoplewillchangetheirideasundergrouppressure.　　10.Thebesttitleofthispassagewouldbe_________.[A]ATypicalExperiment.[B]AreWeAfraidtobeDifferent？　　[C]TheGroup‘sStandardsofBehaviorandThinking.[D]DoseanIndividualNeedtoFollowaGroup’sStandards？　　3）ThesinglebusinessofHenryThoreau，duringforty-oldyearsofeageractivitywastodiscoveraneconomycalculatedtoprovideasatisfyinglife.Hisoneconcern，thatgavetohisramblingsinConcordfieldsavalueofhighadventure，wastoexplorethetruemeaningofwealth.Asheunderstoodtheproblemofeconomics，therethreepossiblesolutionsopentohim：toexploithimself，toexploithisfellows，ortoreducetheproblemtoitslowestdenominator.Thefirstwasquiteimpossible–toimprisononeselfinatreadmillwhenthemorningcalledtogreatadventure.Toexploitone‘sfellowsseemedtoThoreau’ssensitivesocialconscienceanevengreaterinfidelity.Freedomwithabstinenceseemedtohimbetterthanserfdomwithmaterialwell-being，andhewascontenttomovetoWaldenPondandtosetaboutthehighbusinessofliving，toconfrontonlytheessentialfactsoflifeandtoseewhatithadtoteach.Hedidnotadvocatethatothermenshouldbuildcabinsandliveisolated.Hehadnowishtodogmatizeconcerningthebestmodeofliving-eachmustsettlethatforhimself.Butthatasatisfyinglifeshouldbelived，hewasvitallyconcerned.Thestoryofhisemancipationfromthelowereconomicsistheoneromanceofhislife，andWaldenishisgreatbook.ItisabookInpraiseofliferatherthanofNature，arecordofcalculatingeconomicsthatstudiedsavinginordertospendmorelargely.Butitisabookofsocialcriticismaswell，inspiteofitsexplicitdenialofsuchapurpose.Inconsideringthetruenatureofeconomyheconcluded，withRuskin，thatthecostofathingistheamountoflifethatisrequiredinexchangeforit，immediatelyorinthelongrun.InWaldenThoreauelaboratedthetext：Theonlywealthislife.考博网编辑kaobo.netkaobo.cn　　11.ThoueaustartedanexperimentatWaldenPondwiththehopeof______.[A]learninghowtolivequietly.[B]writingabookonphilosophy.[C]discoveringwhathumanscanlearnfromnature.[D]workingoutthebestadjustmenttomateriallife.　　12.ToThoreauthebestsolutiontotheproblemofeconomicsis_______.[A]toliveaverysimplelife.[B]tobecomeself–sufficient.[C]toliveinthecountry.[D]toreformthesociety.　　13.Thoreauholdsthatthecrucialthingforpeopletodoisto________.[A]haveabetterunderstandingofwhatlifemeans.[B]liveharmoniouslywithnature.[C]tosaveasmuchasonepossiblycan.[D]tolivealifethatoneiscontentwith.　　14.InthebookWaldenallofthefollowingcanbefoundexcept________.[A]thenatureofeconomy.[B]themeaningoffreedom.[C]thecriticismofsociety.[D]Ruskin‘sphilosophy.　　15.Thoreau‘sattitudetowardsocietycanbestbecharacterizedasoneof_______.[A]acceptance.[B]avoidance.[C]indifference[D]individualism　　4）　　Automationreferstotheintroductionofelectroniccontrolandautomaticoperationofproductivemachinery.Itreducesthehumanfactors，mentalandphysical，inproduction，andisdesignedtomakepossiblethemanufactureofmoregoodswithfewerworkers.ThedevelopmentofautomationinAmericanindustryhasbeencalledtheSecondIndustrialRevolution.　　Labor‘sconcernoverautomationarisesfromuncertaintyaboutitseffectsonemployment，andfearsofmajorchangesinjobs.Inthemain，laborhastakentheviewthatresistancetotechnologicalchangeisfutile.Inthelongrun，theresultofautomationmaywellbeanincreaseinemployment，sinceitisexpectedthatvastindustrieswillgrowuparoundmanufacturing，maintaining，andrepairingautomationequipment.Unquestionably，however，therewillbemajorshiftsinjobswithinplantsanddisplacementoflaborfromoneindustrytoanother.Theinterestoflaborliesinbringingaboutthistransitionwithaminimumofinconvenienceanddistresstotheworkersinvolved.Also，unionspokesmenemphasizethatthebenefitoftheincreasedproductionandlowercostsmadepossiblebyautomationshouldbesharedbyworkersintheformofhigherwages，moreleisure，andimprovedlivingstandards.　　Toprotecttheinterestsoftheirmembersintheeraofautomation，unionshaveadoptedanumberofnewpolicies.Oneoftheseisthepromotionofsupplementaryunemploymentbenefitsplans.ItisemphasizedthatsincetheemployerinvolvedinSUBplanhasadirectfinancialstakeinpreventingunemployment，hewillhaveastrongincentiveforplanningnewinstallationssoastocausetheleastpossibledisruptioninjobsandjobassignments.Someunionsareworkingfordismissalpayagreements，requiringthatpermanentlylaidoffworkersbepaidasumofmoneybasedonlengthofservice.Anotherapproachistheideaoftheimprovementfactor，whichcallsforwageincreasebasedonincreasesinproductivity.Itisprobable，however，thatlaborwillrelymainlyonreductioninworkinghoursinordertogainafullshareinthefruitsofautomation.　　16.Welearnfromparagraph1thatautomationwillprobablyleadto_______.[A]industrialexpansion[B]anincreaseinemployment[C]displacementoflaborfromoneindustrytoanother.[D]anincreaseinunemployment.　　17.Laborhastheopinionthat_______.[A]alleffortsmustbemadetopreventautomation[B]automationwillcauseariseinconsumercosts[C]itsmaininterestliesinincreasingallwages.[D]technologicalchangecannotbestopped.　　18.Whatistherelationbetweenautomationandemploymentintheopinionoflabor？　　[A]Automationwilldefinitelyleadstomoreunemployment.[B]Fromalong-termpointofviewautomationwillbringaboutmorejobs.[C]Automationwillnotcausemuchchangeinemployment[D]sooneroflaterautomationwilldoalltheworkinsteadofman　　19.Theunionstressesthat________.[A]workersshouldalsoenjoythefruitsbroughtaboutbyautomation.[B]noworkersshouldbefiredinthedevelopmentofautomation[C]itisnecessarytoslowdownthedevelopmentofautomation[D]workersshouldbepaidaccordingtotheirlengthofservice　　20.Howmanynewpoliciesoftheunionshavebeenlistedinthispassage？　　[A]1[B]2[C]3[D]　　5）　　VIWriting（20%）　　Directions：Peoplemayholddifferentviewsastothedisputeoverwhentheshapingofaperson‘scharacter，ornaturaldispositioniscompleted.Somepeoplestatethattheprocessofformingone’scharacterisfulfilledinone‘schildhood，whereasothersarguethatitisachievedafteronefinisheshisschoolstudiesorhasworkedforayearbeyondcampus.Whatdoyouthink？Providedetailsinsupportofyourargumentwithatleast180words.天津大学2008年10月06日Direction：Listentothefollowingpassage.Altogetherthepassagewillbereadfourtimes.Duringthefirstreadingthepassagewillbereadatnormalspeedandyouaresupposedtolistenonlyandtrytohaveageneralunderstandingofit.Forthesecondandthirdreadingsthepassagewillbereadsentencebysentenceorphrasebyphasewithanintervalof12-15secondsinbetweenforwriting.Thelastreadingwillbedoneatthenormalspeedagainforyoutocheckup.　　IIVocabularyandStructure（10%）　　Directions：Thereare20incompletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA，B，C，andD.Circletheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.　　1.Itwasverykindofyoutogetmesomethingformybirthday，butyoumesuchanexpensivepresent.　　[A]didn‘tneedbuying[B]needn’tbuy[C]needn‘thavebought[D]hadn’tneededtobuy　　2.The——ofaculturalphenomenonisusuallyalogicalconsequenceofsomephysicalaspectinthelifestyleofthepeople.　　[A]manifestation[B]implementation[C]expedition[D]demonstration　　3.Heisholdinga——positioninthecompanyandexpectstobepromotedsoon.[A]subordinate[B]succeeding[C]successive[D]subsequent　　4.InAmericanuniversities，classesareoftenarrangedinmoreflexible——andmanyjobsoncampusarereservedforstudents.　　[A]scales[B]ranks[C]grades[D]patterns　　5.Thegovernmentgaveaveryexplanationofitsplanforeconomicdevelopment.[A]comprehensive[B]compound[C]considerable[D]complacent　　6.Inmyopinion，youcanwidentheoftheseimprovementsthroughyouractiveparticipation.[A]dimension[B]volume[C]magnitude[D]scope　　7.NoTobaccoDayisthedaywhentheworldHealthOrganizationtopeopletostopusingtobaccoproducts.[A]asks[B]applies[C]appeals[D]urges　　8.Thedentist‘sconfidentmannermethatIwasinsafehands.[A]insured[B]assured[C]ensured[D]secured　　9.Wepreferthattheplanbeforebeingputintoexecution.[A]befullydiscussed[B]mustbefullydiscussed[C]willbefullydiscussed[D]isfullydiscussed　　10.Thesoundoffootstepsonthebarefloorthedownstairsneighbors.[A]disturbed[B]interrupted[C]annoyed[D]irritated　　11.Iaskedhimforajobtheimpressionthathewastheheadofthefirm，buthewasn‘t.[A]with[B]under[C]in[D]of　　12.It‘snogoodremembergrammaticalrules.Youneedtopracticewhatyouhavelearned.[A]tryingto[B]tryto[C]totryto[D]triedto　　13.Thedictatorreliedonabuseofitsopponentsonsoundingreasoning.[A]morethan[B]ratherthan[C]otherthan[D]betterthan　　14.Tomakethebestandthemostefficientofyourtimeandtoachieveyourgoals，starteachdaybyyouragenda.[A]holdingon[B]makingout[C]keepingon[D]takingdown　　15.Oncethequestionisput，weknowtrytoobtaintheanswer.[A]toproceedindirectionto[B]wheredirectionproceedto[C]inwhichdirectiontoproceedto[D]whichdirectionproceedtoward　　16.Duringtheopera‘smostfamousaria，thetempochosenbytheorchestra’sconductorseemed，withoutnecessaryrelationtowhathadgonebefore[A]tedious[B]melodious[C]capricious[D]moderation　　17.Itistimethenationsoftheworld