The-Silk-Road(丝绸之路)PPT优秀课件

IntroductionTheSilkRoadreferstotheancienttraderouteconnectingAsiaContinentandEuropeanContinent,usuallyitcanbeclassifiedintoNorthernSilkRoadontheland，SouthernSilkRoadonthelandandtheSilkRoadonthesea.IntroductionTheNorthernSilkRoadonthelandusuallyreferstotheroutesstartfromChang’an(nowXi’an),travellingwesttoWuwei,passingthoughHexiCorridortoDunhuangandgowesttoEurope.IntroductionTheSouthernSilkRoadonthelandusuallyreferstotheroutestartsfromSichuanProvinceandgosouthtoIndiaandBurma.ThisroadhasalsoplayedagreatroleinthewarbetweenChinaandJapan.IntroductionTheSilkRoadontheseamainlystartedfromGuangzhou,Quanzhou,Dengzhou,Yangzhou,andMingzhouports,thenitgoeseasttoKorea,Japan,southtoEast-southerncountriesandwesttoEuropeandAfrica.TheNorthernSilkRoadonthelandisthemostfamous,andWeknowitverywell.BeginningIt’sveryhardtosayexactlywhentheSilkRoadstarted.Manyincoherentsmallscaletraderouteshaveexistedlongago.TheycanbeconsideredastheearliestSilkRoadbeginningform.*OriginatingfromChang’an(thepresent-dayXi’an),theroutetraversedShanxiProvince,thehexicorridorinGansuprovince,theTarimBasininXingjing,thePamirmountainregion,Afghanistan,Iran,IraqandSyria,endingatMediterranean.THESILKROADHanDynastyTheSilkRoadformallystartedafterZhangQian’svisitingasanenvoytoWesternRegioninWesternHanDynasty.Hewenttheretwiceseparatelyin138B.Cand119B.C.HeplaysanimportantroleinexploringtheSilkRoad.*(164BC~114BC)Anexplorer,traveleranddiplomatinHandynasty.WhysentZhangQian?**TheancientSilkRoadinnorthwestChinahasahistoryofmorethantwothousandyears.Originally,theChinesetradedsilkinternallywithintheempire.Caravans旅行队fromtheempire'sinteriorwouldcarrysilktothewesternedgesoftheregion.TheywereoftenattackedbythesmallCentralAsiantribeswhowantedtocapturethetraders'valuablecommodities.TrailBlazerofTHESILKROAD*TheexpansionoftheHanempiremadetheSilkroadpossiblebyopeninguptraderoutes.Inordertoprotectthesecaravansandassurethesafetyofthetrade,theHanGovernmentdispatchedGeneralZhangQianasanenvoytobuildgoodrelationshipswiththesetribes.TrailBlazerofTHESILKROADZhangQianwassenttomakeanalliancewiththeHuns,whichwasneversuccessful.Hedidhoweverlearnaboutcropssuchasgrapes,amorepowerfulhorseforcombat,andestablishedtraderelationships.ThefatheroftheSilkRoadZhangQian---fatherofSilkRoad*THESILKROADHanDynastyStartingfromChang’an,today'sXi’an,whichwasthecapitaloftheWesternHanDynasty,ZhangledhisteamacrossthevastWesternRegionsandreachedLoulan,GuiziandYutianstatesandestablishedtraderelationswiththesesmallkingdoms.THESILKROADHanDynastyAfterZhangQian,BanChaotookonamissiontotheWesternRegion,smoothingtheSilkRoadthathadbeenblockedbyexternalwars.HisassistantGanYingreachedDaqin(ancientRome)andevenwenttoPersianGulf,extendedtheSilkRoad.*THESILKROADLoulan,GuiziandYutianwerethreeimportantstatesintheWesternRegionatthattime.Theywereallabandonedforuncertainreasonsandtravelerstodaycanseeruinsofthesethreeonceflourishingplaces.*THESILKROADZhang’sofficerswentevenfurtherintothecentralAsia.AllofthekingdomsthatZhangandhisteamhadvisitedsenttheirenvoystovisitChang’an(today’sXi’an)toexpresstheirappreciationforthenewrelationshipandshowtheirrespecttotheHanGovernment.*THESILKROADFromthenon,merchantscouldtravelonthesilkroutesafely,andtheybegantoexplorethisnewrouteinordertocarrysilkfromChinatootherpartsoftheworld.Silkwasavaluabletradegoodbecauseitwasacloththatwasstrong,warm,light,andsoft.ItwasvaluablebecauseatthetimeonlytheChineseknewhowtomakeit.UnderHanrulerevealingthesilkmakingprocesswaspunishablebydeath.SilkasatradegoodWhatdidtheSilkRoadfunctioninthepast?*---Traderoute---AbridagethatlinkedAncientChinatotheoutsideworld----…TheSilkRoadwasoneofthereasonstheHandynastyprosperedwithanetworkofsmallertraderoutesthatstretchedmorethanfourthousandmiles.TheRomanempiredominatedtheMediterranean,butthesilkroadconnectedbothpowerfulempiresandlinkedthepeopleoftheeastandthewestforoverathousandyears.TheSilkRoadWhenpeopleofotherculturelearnedaboutsilk,itwasahighlyprizedmaterial.Theromanwantedsilkanditwasconsideredluxuryitem.TheRomantradedglasswareandgoldsomethingtheChinesereallywanted.RometradesglasswareforsilkTangDynastyTheTangDynastygovernmentpaidmoreattentiontotheSilkRoad.UnliketheSilkRoadinHanDynasty,TangDynastyhadcontroloversomeareasofWesternRegionandCentralAsiaalongtheroad,establishingeffectiveandsturdyorders,whichclearedobstaclesforChinesebusinessmen.*THESILKROADThefamousChineseMonkXuanzanginTangDynastytraveledalongtheSilkRoadduringtheTangDynasty.*THESILKROADThefamousChineseMonkXuanzanginTangDynastytraveledalongtheSilkRoadduringtheTangDynasty.XuanzangbeganhistripfromChang’an(today'sXi’an)andpassedthroughtheGanSuCorridor,HaMi,TurPanandcontinuedhisjourneywestwardtoIndia.Xuanzangwassurprisedbythewarmreceptionhereceivedalonghisway.*THESILKROADItwascommonlybelievedthatpeopleinthosestateswerebrutal,wildanduncontrollable.Xuangzang'stripchangedtheattitudetowardthenomadictribesintheWesternRegionandthiscontributedgreatlytotheTanggovernment'sfriendlyrelationshipwiththesestates.TangDynastyAfterAnShiRebellioninTangDynasty,theempirefelldown.By760AD,theTangGovernmenthadlostcontroloftheWesternRegionandthetradeontheSilkRoadwashalted.YuanDynastyThesilkroadonthelandrevivedgreatlyduringYuanDynastyperiodwhenChinabecamelargelydependentonitssilktrade.GenghisKhanconqueredallthesmallstates,unifiedChinaandbuiltalargeempireunderhisrule.*THESILKROADYuanDynastyTradealongtheSilkRoadreacheditszenithduringthisperiod.ThefamoustravelerMarcoPolotraveledalongtheSilkRoadvisitingDaDuthatistoday'sBeijingandwrotehisfamousbookabouttheorientandintroducedChinatowesterncountriessystematically.*THESILKROADAsoverlandtradebecameincreasinglydangerous,andtravelbyseabecamemorepopular,tradealongtheSilkRoaddeclined.WhiletheChinesedidmaintainasilk-furtradewiththeRussiansnorthoftheoriginalSilkRoute.DeclinationBytheendofthefourteenthcentury,tradeandtravelalongtheroadhaddecreasedsignificantly.GraduallyitwasreplacedbytheSilkRoadonthesea.*THESILKROADTheSilkRoadwasdefinitelyanimportantpathforcultural,commercialandtechnologicalexchangebetweentraders,merchants,pilgrim,missionariesevensoldiers.Duringmorethan2000years,theroadimprovedthetransferfromnomadstourbandwellersacrosstheAsiancontinenteventhecountriesborderinguponMediterranean.InfluenceTheSilkRoadgreatlypromotedtheexchangesofeconomy,technologyandcultureamongtheAsian,theEuropeanandtheAfrican.itmadethewholeworldcolorful.TheSilkroadwasnotonecontinuousroute,butaseriesofshortertraderoutessothegoodscouldchangemanytimebeforereachingthefinaldestination.FromLuoyang,thesilkroadledwestalongtheGobiDeserttoDunhuanginNorthwesternChina.TravelersrodeaCamelontheeasternsilkroad.FromDunhuangtravelerschooseeitheranorthernorsouthernrouteacrosstheTaklimandeserttoKashgar.Travelersfacedmanyproblemssuchasbanditsoftenattacking,sandstorms,andlackofwater.TheEasternSilkRoadSilkwastheperfecttradinggood,becauseitwaslightandvaluable.Goodshadtobeeasilycarriedsothatmerchantscouldtransportmoregoodsonfeweranimals.Besidessilk,theChinesealsotradedfinedishware,ornaments,jewelry,castironproducts,anddecorativeboxes.TheChinesereceivedavarietyoftradesfortheirgoodssuchashorses,jade,furs,gold,cotton,spices,pearls,andivory.GoodsexchangedalongtheeasternsilkroadKashgarwasthecentraltradingpointandtheytraveledWestward.InsteadofcarryinggoodsbycameltheycarriedgoodsbyYak.TheWesternSilkroadwentthroughmountains,deserts,andthenfinallyreachedtheMediterraneanports.ThedangersoftheWesternSilkroadweretreacherousMountainsknowas“Trailofbones.”IntheSyrianDeserttraderswerethreatenedbytigers,lions,andscorpions.TheWesternSilkRoadRomesentanumberofproductstobeexchangedforChinesesilksuchasvases,trays,smallbottles,asbestos,andgold.TiberiustheemperorofRomepassedalawwhereitwasillegaltowearsilk.ItwasbelievedthatTiberiusthoughitwouldmaketheRomanslooksoftandweak,butmanybelieveditwasbecauseoftheshortageofgold.GoodsexcahngedalongthewesternsilkroadThetradebetweeneastandwestcreatedculturaldiffusion.By500B.C.E.theWestandeasthadlearnedtomakenewproductsfromeachothersuchasglassandsilk.WiththesharingofculturessuchasIndia,Buddhismspreadthroughoutchinaandothersurroundingcivilizations.Foodwerealsobroughtthroughoutthesilkroad.Chinaimportednewfoodsuchasgrapes,figs,pomegranates,andwalnuts.TheWestimportedoranges,peaches,pears,anddifferentflowerssuchaschrysanthemums.CulturalExchangesandtheSilkRoad*THESILKROADTheemergenceoftheSilkRoadvigorouslypromotedtheEast-Westeconomic,culturalexchanges,andcontributedtotheriseoftheHanDynasty.Furthermore,thatrouteisakeypathwayofIntercoursebetweenEastandWest,either.*Astheroadtothewestwaspopularlyknownforitstradeofsilk,whichwaspricedasvaluableasgold,thatcommercialroutecametobeknownastheSilkRoad.*Ⅱ.RoutesoftheSilkRoadGenerallyspeaking,thereweretwomajorroutes:onewasoverland,theotherwasacrosstheIndianOcean.*Thesearouteof“SilkRoad”normallystartsfromGuangxiorelseporttownsonthesoutheasterncoastofChina.AfleetextendsitsvoyagethroughtheseaofJapan,theYellowSea,SouthChinaSea,theBayofBengal（孟加拉湾）,aroundtheMalayPeninsula,offthecoastofBurma,andcametoSoutheastAsiaandtheIndiaPeninsula.Then,itcontinuesalongarouteacrosstheIndianOcean,theArabSea,thePersianGulf(波斯湾),theRedseaandfinallyarrivesatdestinationportsofAfricaorEurope.*GuangxitheseaofJapantheBayofBengaltheIndiaPeninsulathePersianGulf*Withthedevelopmentofseamanshipandnavigation,particularlyafterZhenghesuccessfullysailedtotheWest,asearoutetotheWesttooktheplaceofthesilkroadoverland.*Thesilkroad,whichismentionedtoday,refersexclusivelytotheoverlandroute.Thereasonissimple:searoutemainlyexportedporcelain(瓷器),thensilk,gunpowder,tea,importedspecies,pepper,cottonandothercommodities.*TheSilkRoadhadservedfortensofhundredsofyearsasthemainrouteofbusinessoverthecontinentsofAsia,EuropeandAfrica,anarteryofCommodityFlowandculturalexchangethatgaveimmenseimpetustotheriseofmajoreconomiesandcivilizationoftheworld.ItlinkedsuchancientcivilizationsasChina,India,Greece,Egypt,andBabylonia.Inasense,theSilkRoadwasnootherthanarouteofcultureandcivilization.Ⅲ.ThemeaningoftheSilkRoad*Silkgarmentsisregardedascharacteristicofthearistocratic（贵族的、高贵的）andthegenteel（上流社会的）.Asanimportantvarietyoftheclothworld,undertheinfluenceofa“greenrevolution”,thetrendofreturningtonature,peoplefindsilktobeanidealchoiceforitshealth-keepingpropertiesofnaturalfiber.个人观点供参考，欢迎讨论