语用学复习要点及习题

语用学复习要点及习 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 1.Semantics----isthestudyoftheliteralmeaningofasentence(withouttakingcontextintoconsideration).Pragmatics----thestudyoftheintendedmeaningofaspeaker(takingcontextintoconsideration)2.Pragmaticscanmakesenseoutofnonsense,givenasuitablecontext.Appropriatenessisveryimportantinlinguisticcommunication,especiallyincross-culturalcommunication.3.Deixismeans“pointingvialanguage”.Anylinguisticformusedtodothis“pointing”iscalledadeicticexpression.4.Classificationofdeixis5.Constatives(叙述句)----statementsthateitherstateordescribe,andarethusverifiable;Performatives(施为句)----sentencesthatdonotstateafactordescribeastate,andarenotverifiable.6.Locutionaryact:actofutteringwords,phrases,clauses;Illocutionaryact:theactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;Perlocutionaryact:theactperformedbyorresultingfrosayingsomething,theconsequenceoftheutterance7.Cooperativeprinciple:Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.8.fourmaximsundertheCooperativeprinciple9.ThePolitenessPrincipleandthe4maximsofPPⅠ.Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.1.Alltheactsthatbelongtothesamecategoryactsharethesamepurposeorthesameillocutionaryact,andtheyarethesameintheirstrengthorforce.2.Alltheutterancesthatcanbemadetoservethesamepurposemayvaryinthesyntacticform.3.ConversationparticipantsnearlyalwaysobservetheCPandthemaximsoftheCP.4..Asentenceisgrammaticalconcept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedastheabstractintrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofapredication.5.Utteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunicationorsimplyinacontext.Ⅱ.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.1.Alltheutterancethatcanbemadetoservethesamepurposemayvaryintheir_________form.A.syntacticB.semanticC.grammaticalD.pragmatic2.ThecooperativePrincipleisproposedby________.A.JohnSearleB.JohnAustinC.PaulGriceD.JohnLyons3.Linguistsfoundthatitwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthe________oflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.A.brevityB.contextC.accuracyD.noneoftheabove4.Ofthethreespeechacts,linguisticaremostinterestedinthe_________.A.locutionaryactB.perlocutionaryactC.illocutionaryactD.noneoftheabove5.Themaximofquantityrequires:___________.A.makeyourcontributionadinformativeasrequired.B.Donotmakecontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.C.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.D.BothAandB6.Themaximofqualityrequireds:donotsaywhatyoubelievetobe________.A.falseB.trueC.briefD.orderly7.MostoftheviolationsofthemaximsoftheCPgiveriseto_______.A.utterancemeaningB.speechacttheoryC.conversationalimplicaturesD.alloftheabove.8.ThesignificanceofGrice’sCPliesinthatitexplainshowitispossibleforthespeakertoconvey_________isliterallysaid.A.morethanB.lessthanC.thesameasD.noneoftheabove.Ⅲ.Answerthefollowingquestionascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary.1.Howdoesasentencemeaningdifferfromanutterancemeaning?KeyFTFTTACBCDACAAsentencemeaningisof-tenconsideredastheintrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofapredication.Itisabstractandindependentofcontext.Themeaningofanutteranceisconcrete,andcontext-dependent.Theutterancemeaningisbasedonsentencemeaning;itisrealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.Forexample,“Thereisadogatthedoor”.Thespeakercouldutteritasamatter-of-factstatement,tellingthehearerthatthedogisatthedoor.Thespeakercoulduseitasawarning,askingthehearernottoapproachthedoor.Thereareotherpossibilities,too.So,theunderstandingoftheutterancemeaningof“Thereisadogatthedoor”dependsonthecontextinwhichitisutteredandthepurposeforwhichthespeakeruttersit.