综合学术英语教程2 Unit6

Unit6FraudandAcademicDishonestyInthisunit,youwilllearnabouttheconcepts“academicintegrity”and“academicdishonesty”;research“Dr.HwangWooSuk”ontheInternetandfindreliableinformation;learnwords,expressions,andsentencepatternsrelatedtothethemeandusetheminwritingandspeech;learnstrategiessuchaslisteningforemphasis(listening),guessingwordmeaningsfromlexicalclues(reading),givingevidenceforarguments(discussing),andachievingcoherence(writing),etc;giveanoralpresentationonanassignedtopictotheclass.BackgroundInformationApproachingtheTopicReadingabouttheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercisesaboutAcademicIntegritytheHealthpartnersResearchFoundationHwangWooSuktheCommitteeonPublicationEthicsScienceNatureaboutAcademicIntegrityIntegritywithoutknowledgeisweakanduseless,andknowledgewithoutintegrityisdangerousanddreadful.—SamuelJohnsonThefunctionofeducation,therefore,istoteachonetothinkintensivelyandtothinkcritically.Buteducationwhichstopswithefficiencymayprovethegreatestmenacetosociety.Themostdangerouscriminalmaybethemangiftedwithreason,butwithnomorals…Wemustrememberthatintelligenceisnotenough.Intelligencepluscharacter—thatisthegoaloftrueeducation.—MartinLutherKing,Jr.HwangWooSukisaSouthKoreanveterinarianandresearcher.HewasaprofessoroftheriogenologyandbiotechnologyatSeoulNationalUniversity(dismissedonMarch20,2006)whobecameinfamousforfabricatingaseriesofexperiments,whichappearedinhigh-pro,inthefieldofstemcellresearch.UntilNovember2005,hewasconsideredoneofthepioneeringexpertsinthefield,bestknownfortwoarticlespublishedinthejournalSciencein2004and2005wherehereportedtohavesucceededincreatinghumanembryonicstemcellsbycloning.Hewascalledthe"PrideofKorea"inSouthKorea.OnMay12,2006,Hwangwaschargedwithembezzlementandbioethicslawviolationsafteritemergedmuchofhisstemcellresearchhadbeenfaked.TheKoreaTimesreportedonJune10,2007,thatSeoulNationalUniversityfiredhim,andtheSouthKoreangovernmentcanceledhisfinancialsupportandbarredhimfromengaginginstemcellresearch.HwangWooSukHealthPartnersisanintegrated,nonprofithealthcareproviderlocatedinBloomington,Minnesotaofferingcare,coverage,researchandeducationtoitsmembers,patientsandthecommunity.HealthPartnerswasfoundedin1957asGroupHealth,aconsumer-governednonprofithealthplanwithaboardofdirectorsmadeupofitsownmembersandpatients.In1992,GroupHealthmergedwithMedCentersHealthPlan,andtogethertheyformedHealthPartners.Inlate2012itwasannouncedthatHealthPartnerswouldmergewithParkNicolletHealthServicesofSt.LouisParkonJanuary1,2013followingfederalapprovaltheHealthpartnersResearchFoundationScience,alsowidelyreferredtoasScienceMagazine,istheacademicjournaloftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience(AAAS)andisoneoftheworld'stopscientificjournals.Thepeer-reviewedjournal,firstpublishedin1880,iscirculatedweeklyandhasaprintsubscriberbaseofaround130,000.Becauseinstitutionalsubscriptionsandonlineaccessservealargeraudience,itsestimatedreadershipis570,400people.Themajorfocusofthejournalispublishingimportantoriginalscientificresearchandresearchreviews,butSciencealsopublishesscience-relatednews,opinionsonsciencepolicyandothermattersofinteresttoscientistsandotherswhoareconcernedwiththewideimplicationsofscienceandtechnology.Unlikemostscientificjournals,whichfocusonaspecificfield,ScienceanditsrivalNaturecoverthefullrangeofscientificdisciplines.AccordingtotheJournalCitationReports,Science's2012impactfactorwas31.027.ScienceNatureisaprominentinterdisciplinaryscientificjournal.Itwasfirstpublishedon4November1869.Itwasrankedtheworld'smostcitedbytheScienceEditionofthe2010JournalCitationReportsandiswidelyregardedasoneofthefewremainingacademicjournalsthatpublishoriginalresearchacrossawiderangeofscientificfields.Natureclaimsareadershipofabout424,000totalreaders.Thejournalhasacirculationofaround53,000butstudieshaveconcludedthatonaverageasinglecopyissharedbyasmanyas8people.NatureResearchscientistsaretheprimaryaudienceforthejournal,butsummariesandaccompanyingarticlesareintendedtomakemanyofthemostimportantpapersunderstandabletoscientistsinotherfieldsandtheeducatedgeneralpublic.Towardsthefrontofeachissueareeditorials,newsandfeaturearticlesonissuesofgeneralinteresttoscientists,includingcurrentaffairs,sciencefunding,business,scientificethicsandresearchbreakthroughs.Therearealsosectionsonbooksandarts.Theremainderofthejournalconsistsmostlyofresearchpapers(articlesorletters),whichareoftendenseandhighlytechnical.Becauseofstrictlimitsonthelengthofpapers,oftentheprintedtextisactuallyasummaryoftheworkinquestionwithmanydetailsrelegatedtoaccompanyingsupplementarymaterialonthejournal'swebsite.NatureTheCommitteeonPublicationEthics(COPE)isanonprofitorganizationwhosemissionistodefinebestpracticeintheethicsofscholarlypublishingandtoassisteditors,publishers,etc.toachievethis.COPEprovidesadvicetoeditorsandpublishersonallaspectsofpublicationethicsand,inparticular,howtohandlecasesofresearchandpublicationmisconduct.Italsoprovidesaforumforitsmemberstodiscussindividualcases(meetingfourtimesayearvirtuallyandatothermeetingsaroundtheworld).COPEdoesnotinvestigateindividualcasesbutencourageseditorstoensurethatcasesareinvestigatedbytheappropriateauthorities(usuallyaresearchinstitutionoremployer).COPEalsooffersandeLearningcourse,fundsresearchonpublicationethics,publishesamonthlyeNewsletter(COPEDigest:PublicationEthicsinPractice)andorganisesannualseminarsaroundtheworld.theCommitteeonPublicationEthicsretractv.topull(something)backintosomethinglargerthatusuallycoversite.g.Thepilotretractedtheplane'slandinggear.n.retractionimpactn.theactorforceofonethinghittinganothere.g.Thesewarningshavebeenheardsooftenthattheyhavelosttheirimpact.resignationn.anactofgivingupajoborpositioninaformalorofficialwaye.g.Themanagerreceivedresignationsfromthreemembersofthestaff.v.resigndetrimentaladj.causingdamageorinjurye.g.Therewereseriousconcernsthatthefactory'swastewasdetrimentaltothelocalenvironment.taintv.tomake(something)dangerousordirtyespeciallybyaddingsomethingharmfulorundesirabletoite.g.Criticismofhersister'ssingingthatwastaintedbyenvy.bottleneckn.asectionofroadorhighwaywherethetrafficmovesveryslowlye.g.BridgeconstructionhascreatedabottleneckonthesouthernpartofMainStreet.LanguagePointsfabricatev.tocreateormakeup(something,suchasastory)inordertotrickpeoplee.g.Theirplanistofabricatethehouseoutofsyntheticmaterials.fraudn.thecrimeofusingdishonestmethodstotakesomethingvaluablefromanotherpersone.g.Hewasfoundguiltyofbankfraud.modifyv.tochangesomepartsof(something)whilenotchangingotherpartse.g.Wecanhelpyoumodifyanexistinghomeorbuildanewone.n.modificationLanguagePointscherry-pickingn.topickoracceptthebestpeopleorthingsinagroupe.g.Hollywood’sbiggeststarscancherry-pickthebestprojectsanddirectors.selectivelyadv.carefullychooseonlythebestpeopleorthingse.g.Theadvertisementselectivelytargetsmenbetweentheagesof18and24.v.selectacquisitionn.somethingorsomeoneacquiredorgainede.g.Thebigcompany'snewestacquisitionisasmallchainofclothingstores.LanguagePointsadmittedlyadv.ashasbeenormustbeadmittede.g.Admittedly,Ishouldnothavelostmytemperlikethat.v.admitconstraintn.somethingthatlimitsorrestrictssomeoneorsomethinge.g.Lackoffundinghasbeenamajorconstraintonthebuilding'sdesign.v.constrainmolecularadj.oforrelatingtoindividualorsmallcomponentse.g.Shestudiedmolecularbiologyincollege.LanguagePointsnarrativen.astorythatistoldorwrittene.g.Heiswritingadetailednarrativeofhislifeontheisland.v.narratestraddlev.tositorridewithalegoneithersideof(something)e.g.Themoviestraddlestoomanygenres.sloppyadj.notcarefulorneat:showingalackofcare,attention,orefforte.g.Yourworkhasbeenverysloppylately.erroneousadj.notcorrecte.g.Anewsarticleaboutthenewvirusthatwasfilledwithmucherroneousinformation.LanguagePointsdiscernibleadj.todetectwiththeeyese.g.Herfacewasbarelydiscernibleinthegloom.v.discernintentn.thethingthatyouplantodoorachieve:anaimorpurposee.g.ShethinksI'mtryingtomakethingsdifficultforher,butthat'snotmyintent.deficiencyn.alackofsomethingthatisneeded:thestateofnothavingenoughofsomethingnecessarye.g.Thebook'smajordeficiencyisitspoorplot.adj.deficientLanguagePoints1)Whyhavesomanypapersbeenretractedfromhighimpactjournals?Becausethepressureofanincreasinglycompetitiveresearchenvironmentcanleadtoscientificmisconduct.2)Whyshouldwecombatscientificmisconduct?Becausemisconductisdetrimentaltoscientificprogressinmanyways.3)Whatdoesthemeta-analysispublishedin2009covering18fraudsurveysimply?Itsuggeststhatscientificmisconductmaybemorecommonthanwesuspect.4)Inwhatsituationaredeficienciesresultingfrompoorexperimentaldesignandinadequatelycontrolledorstatisticallyquestionableexperimentsconsideredmisconduct?Ifthereisdiscernibleintenttodeceive.1)misconduct2)retract3)detrimental4)taint5)fraudulent6)fabricate7)cherry-picking8)coveragee.unacceptableorbadbehaviourbysomeoneinapositionofauthorityorresponsibilityh.takebackanofferorstatement,etc.oradmitthatastatementwasfalsem.causingharmordamagek.affectwithabadorundesirablequalityn.dishonestandillegali.inventorproducesomethingfalseinordertodeceiveb.selectivelychoosing(themostbeneficialorprofitableitems,opportunities,etc.)fromwhatisavailablea.thereportingofaparticularimportanteventorsubject9)set-up10)constraint11)massaging12)straddle13)sloppy14)discernible15)deficiency o.thewayinwhichthingsareorganizedorarrangedl.stateofnothaving,ornothavingenough,ofsomethingthatisneededc.manipulating(factsorfigures)togiveamoreacceptableresultf.tostretchacrosssomethingorexistonbothsidesofsomethingd.notdonecarefullyorthoroughlyg.perceptiblej.weaknessorimperfection______(1)ThecloningresearcherWoo-SukHwangwasaccusedofthreeoffencestoday,12May.______(2)TheSeoulCentralDistrictprosecutor'sofficeinSouthKoreachargedWoo-SukHwangwithsecretlytakingKRW2.8billionandusingthefundstopurchaseacarforhimselfandgiftsforfamilymembers.______(3)FiveotherresearchersonHwang'steamwerealsochargedwithvariousoffences.FalseFalseTrueAGermanuniversityhaswithdrawnthedoctoraldegreeoftheformerBellLabsscientistwhoclaimedaseriesofresearchbreakthroughs,thenwasfiredtwoyearsagowhenitwasdiscoveredthathehadmanipulateddataandfabricatedresults.Thephysicist,J.HendrikSchön,33,didnotcommitanacademicoffenceinhisdoctoralresearchattheUniversityofKonstanz,aninvestigationtherefoundlastyear.ButonFriday,theuniversitysaidithadalegalrighttowithdrawadegreewhentherecipientbehaved“unworthily”ofit.“Thatwasinterpretedhereinthecontextofscience,”saidDr.WolfgangDieterich,chairmanofthephysicsdepartmentatKonstanz.1234Mr.Schön,aresearchscientistatBellLabs,LucentTechnologies’researcharminMurrayHill,N.J.,wasanauthororco-authorofmorethan70scientificpapersonanarrayofsupposeddiscoveries,likenewsuperconductorsandtiny,molecular-scaletransistors.Thetransistorsappearedparticularlyexcitingbecausetheyseemedtoworkthesamewaycurrentsilicontransistorsdo,suggestingthatthetechnologycouldbestraightforwardlytransferredtocomputerchips.Otherswereunabletoreproduceanyofthefindings.Then,inMay2002,outsidescientistsdiscoverednearlyidenticalgraphsinseveralofMr.Schön'spapers,eventhoughtheysupposedlyrepresenteddifferentdatafromdifferentexperiments.Fourmonthslater,aninvestigatorypanelledbyDr.MalcolmR.Beasley,aprofessorofappliedphysicsatStanford,foundthatMr.Schönhadmanipulatedorfabricateddatain17papers.BellLabsfiredMr.Schönandthepublishedpaperswerewithdrawn.567Mr.Schönapologizedformistakesbutinsistedthatthefindingswerereal.Soonafterhewasfired,KonstanzassembledacommitteetoexamineMr.Schön'sthesisresearchonsolarcells.Dr.Dieterich,whowasnotpartofthatinvestigation,saidthecommitteefoundinstancesofmislabeledgraphsand“somesmoothingofdata,whichwasnotexplained.”ButDr.Dieterichsaid,“Onecouldnotdrawtheconclusionthatintentionallythingshavebeenpresentedinawrongway,”andthecommitteedidnotaccuseMr.Schönofmisconduct.TheKonstanzphysicsdepartmentthenbeganitsreview.ItaskedMr.Schöntoparticipate,buttheonlyreplywasaletterfromhislawyer,Dr.Dieterichsaid,addingthathewouldnotsaywhatwasintheletter.89101)Whatdothepassageandnewsshare?Academicdishonesty.2)Dr.Hwang’steamclaimedtohavedoneresearchinthecontroversialfieldofcloning.What’syourviewonhumancloningresearch?3)What’syouropinionontheinvestigatorypanelthatclearedMr.Schön?4)Whatcouldbethepotentialbenefitsofscientificmisconduct?5)Whatarethepotentialnegativeinfluencesofscientificmisconduct?scandaln.anoccurrenceinwhichpeopleareshockedandupsetbecauseofbehaviorthatismorallyorlegallywronge.g.Therewasamajorscandalinvolvingthemayor'stieswiththeMob.outstripv.tobeorbecomebetter,greater,orlargerthan(someoneorsomething)e.g.Thenewhoteloutstripsallotherhotelsintheareainsizeandluxury.peern.apersonwhobelongstothesameagegrouporsocialgroupassomeoneelsee.g.Hewasrespectedandadmiredbyhispeers.replicationn.ananswertoareplye.g.We'llneedtodoareplicationofthatexperimentsowecancollectmoredata.malfeasancen.illegalordishonestactivityespeciallybyapublicofficialoracorporatione.g.Theinvestigationhasuncoveredevidenceofcorporatemalfeasance.suspicionn.afeelingthatsomeoneispossiblyguiltyofacrimeorofdoingsomethingwronge.g.Ithoughtthewatermightbemakingussick,andmysuspicionswereconfirmedbythelabtests.LanguagePointsswirlv.tomoveincirclesortocause(something)tomoveincirclese.g.Thewaterswirledaroundthedrain.outdov.todobetterthan(someoneorsomething):tobemoresuccessfulthan(someoneorsomething)e.g.Smallercompaniesoftenoutdolargeronesincustomerservice.rivaln.apersonorthingthattriestodefeatorbemoresuccessfulthananothere.g.Theteamshavebeenlongtimerivals.LanguagePointsembryon.ahumanoranimalintheearlystagesofdevelopmentbeforeitisborn,hatched,etc.e.g.Theunbornchildatthisjunctureisknownasanembryoandisextremelysmall.hailn.precipitationintheformofsmallballsorlumpsusuallyconsistingofconcentriclayersofcleariceandcompactsnowe.g.Hegavethemhailforrain,andflamingfireintheirland.lapsev.anoccurrenceinwhichyoufailtothinkoractintheusualorproperwayforabrieftimeandmakeamistakee.g.Heblamedtheerroronaminormentallapse.LanguagePointsaccusev.toblame(someone)forsomethingwrongorillegal:tosaythatsomeoneisguiltyofafaultorcrimee.g.Shewasaccusedoflyingontheemploymentapplication.impoundv.touselegalpowerstogetandhold(something)e.g.Thepoliceimpoundedhercarbecauseitwasillegallyparked.adherev.tosticktosomething:toattachfirmlytosomethinge.g.Thestampfailedtoadhere.outrightadj.completeandtotale.g.Iwassurprisedbytheiroutrightrejectionoftheidea.LanguagePointsrespondentn.apersonwhogivesaresponseoranswertoaquestionthatisaskedespeciallyaspartofasurveye.g.Amajorityofrespondentssaidtheydisagreedwiththemayor'splan.engagev.tohire(someone)toperformaparticularservice:topayfor(help,services,etc.)e.g.Hewasengagedasatutor.burstintov.tosuddenlybegintomakeasound,especiallytostartsinging,cryingorlaughinge.g.Theaudienceburstintoapplause.LanguagePointsdeliberateadj.tothinkaboutordiscusssomethingverycarefullyinordertomakeadecisione.g.Thejurydeliberatedfortwodaysbeforereachingaverdict.castoutv.toforcesomeoneorsomethingtogoawaye.g.Theytriedtocastoutthespiritsfromthehauntedhouse.cardiologyn.thestudyoftheheartandofdiseasesthataffectthehearte.g.Heisadoctorwhospecializesincardiology.credibilityn.thequalityofbeingbelievedoracceptedastrue,real,orhoneste.g.Thenewevidencelendscredibilitytotheirtheory.adj.credibleLanguagePointsbleakadj.withoutanythingmakeyoufeelcheerfulorhopefule.g.Withnomoneyandnojob,myprospectsseemedbleak.prestigiousadj.havingprestigee.g.Thereisanutritionalstudythathasbeenpublishedbyaprestigiousmedicaljournal.n.prestigeunderscorev.toemphasize(something)orshowtheimportanceof(something)e.g.Thesefailuresunderscorethedifficultyofwhatwe'reattemptingtodo.LanguagePointsTextAnalysisPartPara(s)MainIdeaIATheauthorpointsoutthattheHwangWooSukscandalisonlythetipoftheicebergofacademicmisconduct.IIB-NTheauthorcitessomeexamplestoprovethattherearepowerfulundercurrentsofmisbehaviorandoutrightfakeryinthescientificcommunity.IIIO-QThefederalgovernmentandjournaleditorstakemeasurestocombatacademicmisconduct.IVR-SInspiteofvariousmeasurestocombatacademicdishonesty,fraudisstillontheriseinthescientificcommunity.1)What’sthemainideaofthearticle?Thecasesofscientificmisconducthaveincreased,whichhighlightstheneedforbettersafeguardsagainstscientificmisconduct.2)Whatcomposethetriplesafetynettobaracademicdishonestyandbadresearch?Peerreview,therefereesystemandreplication.3)WhathastheUnitedStatesdoneoverthelasttwodecadestocombatscientificmisconduct?Inadditiontothetriplesafetynet,theUnitedStateshasaddedextraprotections,includingnewlawsandgovernmentinvestigativebodies.4)WhatoncemadeDr.Hwanganationalhero?Histeamclaimedtohaveextractedstemcellsfromclonedhumanembryosandtohaveclonedadog.5)Whatisthemainfindingofthesurveyof3,427scientistsbytheUniversityofMinnesotaandtheHealthPartnersResearchFoundation?Uptoathirdoftherespondentshadengagedinethicallyquestionablepractices,fromignoringcontradictoryfactstofalsifyingdata.6)WhatistheCommitteeonPublicationEthicssupposedtofunction?Toprovideasoundingboardforeditorswhoarestrugglingwithhowtobestdealwithpossiblebreachesinresearchandpublicationethics.Set1(fromPara.AtoE)1.outstrip(A)2.bar(C)3.referee(C)4.merit(C)5.replication(C)6.malfeasance(D)7.swirl(E)8.dazzling(E)d.beorbecomegreaterinamount,degreeorsuccessthansomethingorsomeonef.preventsomethingorsomeonefromdoingsomethingg.apersonororganizationthathelpstofindafairanswertoadisagreementa.deserveorbeworthyof(reward,punishment,orattention)h.makingordoingsomethingagaininexactlythesamewayb.anexampleofdishonestandillegalbehaviour,especiallybyapersoninauthorityc.moveinatwistingorspirallingpatterne.extremelyimpressive,beautiful,orskillfulSet2(fromPara.FtoS)1.feat(F)2.lapse(G)3.impound(H)4.canon(J)5.undercurrent(J)6.outright(J)7.augment(O)8.breach(P)e.somethingdifficultneedingalotofskill,strength,bravery,etc.toachieveitc.abriefortemporaryfailurea.takelegalpossessionof(sth)becauseofaninfringementofalawg.agenerallaw,rule,principle,orcriterionbywhichsomethingisjudgedb.anemotion,belief,orcharacteristicofasituationthatishiddenandusuallynegativeordangerousbutthathassomeeffectd.completeandtotalh.toincreasethevalue,amount,effectivenessetc.ofsomethingf.anactofbreakingorfailingtoobservealaw,agreement,orcodeofconduct()Para.A()Para.B()Para.C()Para.D()Para.E()Para.F()Para.G()Para.H()Para.I()Para.J()Para.K()Para.L()Para.M()Para.N()Para.O()Para.P()Para.Q()Para.R()Para.Sccgikamdoeebpfhjjnlrootout,tofindoutwhereaparticularkindofproblemexistsandgetridofite.g.Racismcannotberootedoutwithoutstronggovernmentaction.patchyadj.havingsomepartsthataregoodandsomethatarebade.g.Thelawniskindofpatchythisyear.distortv.tochangethenatural,normal,ororiginalshape,appearance,orsoundof(something)inawaythatisusuallynotattractiveorpleasinge.g.Herfacewasdistortedbypain.perceptionn.thewayyouthinkaboutorunderstandsomeoneorsomethinge.g.Thepublic'sperceptionofhimisslowlychanging.LanguagePointslucrativeadj.producingmoneyorwealthe.g.Thebusinesshasprovedtobehighlylucrative.devotev.togiveoverordirect(astime,money,oreffort)toacause,enterprise,oractivitye.g.Iconscientiouslydevoteseveralhourseveryweekendtoplayingwithmydog.n.devotionpatentn.anofficialdocumentthatgivesapersonorcompanytherighttobetheonlyonethatmakesorsellsaproductforacertainperiodoftimee.g.Theproductisprotectedbypatent.LanguagePointsmultivitaminn.apillthatcontainsmanyvitaminse.g.Ialsoadviseyoutotakeabasicmultivitamineveryday.tanglev.tobecomeorcause(something)tobecometwistedtogethere.g.Thisfishinglinetangleseasily.alliancen.aunionbetweenpeople,groups,countries,etc.:arelationshipinwhichpeopleagreetoworktogethere.g.Weneedtoformacloseralliancebetweengovernmentandindustry.notev.tonoticeorpayattentionto(something)e.g.It'sinterestingtonotehowquicklythingshavechanged.LanguagePointsthoroughlyadv.completelyandwithgreatattentiontodetaile.g.Shewassurethatshewoulddowell,becauseshehadpreparedfortheinterviewthoroughly.celebrityn.apersonwhoisfamouse.g.Theactresslivedalifeofcelebrity.knottyadj.difficultorcomplicatede.g.Theknottyproblemsthatarisewheneverynationispartoftheglobalmarketplace.maturityn.thequalityorstateofbeingmature;especially:fulldevelopmente.g.Hisbehaviorshowsalackofmaturity.adj.matureLanguagePointsinquiryn.arequestforinformatione.g.Sherefusedtoanswerinquiriesfromthemediaabouthermarriage.rawadj.inanaturalstate:nottreatedorpreparede.g.Heenteredtherawdataintoaspreadsheet.c