中西方文化差异

CulturalDifferencesinDailyLifebetweenChinaandtheWestReflectedinPushingHandsAcknowledgementsIamgreatlyindebtedtothepeople,whohelpedme,andwithouttheirhelp,thispaperwouldbeimpossible，especiallymysupervisor---MyteacherMaShuli.Shegavemethevaluableguidance,encouragementandsomesuggestions.IamalsogratefultoalltheteachersworkingatNorthUniversityofChina.Ihavelearntalotfromthemintermsofprofessionalknowledgeandresearchmethod.Withouttheirinspiringlecturesandenlightenmentduringthepastthreeyears,thecompletionofthispaperwouldbeimpossible.Lastbutnotleast,Iwanttothankmyparentsandmybrotherfortheirloveandsupportduringthewholetermsofmyeducation.Myequalthanksalsogotomyroommatesfortheirconsiderationandsupportduringmytediouswritingprocess.AbstractIntheprocessofChineseandwesternculturalexchange,thedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesterncultureisaproblemwhichwehavetoface.Thefilmistheproductofaparticularculture.AndwatchingclassicalfilmsisthebestwayofknowingculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandwesternindailylife.Filmandtelevisionprograms,aspubliccommunicationmedia,playanimportantroleinpromotingtheculturalcommunicationbetweentheChinaandthewest.ThefilmPushingHandsreflectsChineseandwesternculturaldifferencesindailylife,includingChineseandwesterndietaryhabits,children’seducationanddailyetiquette.Thereasonsforthesedifferencesaregeographicenvironment,economicsystemandtraditionalethnic.WemustsolvetheproblemofChineseandwesternculturaldifferencesinordertoachievebetterdevelopment.Whenitcomestothedifferencesofwesternculture,whatweshoulddoistodiscardthedrossandselecttheessence.Atthesametimeweshouldneithercompletelydismissthewesternculturenorentirelyaffirmit.ThuswecanpromoteexchangesandintegrationofChineseandwesternculture.Keywords:movies;culturaldifferences;exchangeandintegration摘要在中西方文化交流过程中，中西方文化差异是我们不得不面对的一个问题。电影是特定文化的产物，了解中西方日常生活中的文化差异最好的 办法 鲁班奖评选办法下载鲁班奖评选办法下载鲁班奖评选办法下载企业年金办法下载企业年金办法下载 就是观看经典的电影。电影和电视节目作为一个大众交流媒体，在中西方文化交流中扮演着重要的角色。《推手》这部电影反映了日常生活中的中西方文化差异，具体 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 现在中西方饮食习惯、儿童教育教育以及日常礼仪等方面。产生这些差异的原因包括地理环境、经济体制和民族传统。面对文化差异时，我们应该做的是取其精华去其糟粕，既不全盘肯定也不全盘否定，从而促进中西方文化的交流和融合。关键词：电影；文化差异；交流和融合TableofContentsAcknowledgements iAbstractinEnglish iiAbstractinChinese iiiTableofContents ivIIntroduction 11.1Backgroundandsignificanceofthetopic 11.2Researchathomeandabroad 2IIAboutPushingHands 3IIICulturalDifferencesinDailyLifebetweenChinaandtheWest 53.1Dietaryhabits 53.1.1Cuisine 53.1.2Socialfunction 83.2Differencesinchildren’seducation 93.2.1Educationalconcept 93.2.2Educationmethods 103.3Dailyetiqutte 11IVReasonsforCulturalDifferences 124.1Geographicalenvironment 124.2Economicsystem 134.3Nationaltradition 13VConclusion 14References 16IIntroduction1.1 BackgroundandsignificanceofthetopicIntheprocessofculturalcommunicationdevelopment,Chinahasbeenanactiveadvocatorandpractitioner.SilkRoad,ZhengHe'ssevenvoyagesandtheWesternizationMovementhavewitnessedthecommunicationbetweenChineseandWesterncultures.China'sfourgreatinventionsspreadtoEuropethroughthecommunicationofChineseandwesterncultures,whichplayanimportantroleinpromotingthedevelopmentofEuropeandeventhewholeworld.Intoday’ssocietywherethedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyisquick,theinterculturalcommunicationandtheculturalcommunicationbetweendifferentcountriesandnationshasbeenintensified.SinceweexperiencedtheQingDynastywhererulersadoptedthepolicyofisolation,Chinesecanbetterunderstandtheimportanceandnecessityofculturalcommunication.AsweallknowthattherearemanydifferencesbetweenChinaandAmerica,andIthinkthecultureisthebiggestone.Westerncultureisaculturethatexpandsanddevelopsoutwards,andChinesecultureisaculturethatexpandsinternallyratherthanoutwards.LearningChineseculturecanhelpusbetterunderstandournation,andlearningwesternculturecanhelpuslearntheworld(ZhuXiying&XuYuxia,2005).However,intheprocessofChineseandwesternculturalexchange,thedifferencebetweenChineseandwesterncultureisaproblemwhichwehavetoface.CulturaldifferenceswilllargelyinfluencetheexchangeofChineseandwesterncultureandbringalotofinconveniencestous.Forbetterdevelopment,wemustsolvetheproblemofChineseandwesternculturaldifference.Firstofall,wehavetoknowthedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesternculture.Withthereform,peoplehadabetterunderstandingofwesternculturethroughnewspapers,thewebsiteandfilmsandtelevisionprograms.Filmsandtelevisionprograms,aspubliccommunicationmedia,playanimportantroleintheculturalcommunicationbetweentheeastandthewest.Inmoderntimes,withthedevelopmentofscience,technologyandeconomy,peoplemusthavealotofcommunicationwithwestcountries.So,wearegoingtomeetwithmanychallenges.Yet,duetothelackofculturalbackgroundofwesterncountries,thereexistsomebarriersandmisunderstandingsduringthecommunicationbetweenChineseandwesternpeople.Whenitcomestothedifferencesofwesternculture,whatweshoulddoistodiscardthedrossandselecttheessenceandweshouldnotdenyeachofthem.AtthesametimeweshouldneithercompletelydismisstheWesternculturenorentirelyaffirmit.1.2 ResearchathomeandabroadWiththedevelopmentoftheworldeconomyandthefrequentexchangeofforeigneconomicculture,moreandmorepeoplewanttounderstandthecultureofWesternworld.Therefore,therearemanyscholarsandexpertswhoareworkingontheclassicfilmsortelevisionprogramsabouttheculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandtheWest,whichcanhelpusunderstandWesternculturebetter,suchascookingculture,dailyetiquette,weddingcultureandsoon.So,thebestwayofknowingwestcultureisthroughthemoviesthataretheproductofparticularculture.Moviesmayreflectthenational,regional,religiousbeliefsandotheraspectsofculture.So,agoodmovieisnotonlytheconcentrationofanationalculturebutalsooneofthemostdirectexpressionofcivilizedcountrieswherecanseemanythingsthatarenevermentionedinourbooks(GuZhengkun,2007).Therefore,analyzingfilmisthebestwaytounderstandtheculturaldifferencesbetweenchinaandthewest.JustlikePushingHands,itstartsfromthesimplescenesoflifeandreflectstheculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandthewestinmanyaspectsofeverydaylife.Andthisattractedtheattentionofcountlessdomesticandforeignscholars.Atpresent,manydomesticandforeignscholarsdevotethemselvestodoingresearchfromthefollowingaspects.ManyscholarshavepublishedarticleswithreferencetothefilmPushingHands.Someofthemaimedtoanalyzedifferencesinculturalpatterns,suchasHuangYouyou(2010)inhispaperChinaandWestCulturalDiversityPatternsReflectedinPushingHandswhoanalyzedfromindividualismandcollectivism,highcontextandlow-contextanalysisandotheraspectsofdifferentculturalpatterns.Thishelpsushaveagoodunderstandingofdifferentculturalpatternsandprovidesourresearchwithalotofhelp.OthersanalyzedwithaviewofculturalidentitiessuchasLuLei(2010)whoanalyzedtheculturalidentitiesinPushingHandsandrevolvedaroundthefilm’sconflicttoinvestigateculturaldifferencescausedbyanindividual'sculturalidentityproblem.WangGuofeng(2008)analyzedthecausesofthecookingcultureandpointedoutthatChineseandWesterncookingcultureismergingwithandprofitbyeachother.ThereisamonographaboutwesterncultureandfilmeditedbyLiQingmingandShiXiaomei(2007)calledWesternCultureandtheMoviein2007.ThoughtoftheclassicWesternfilmsasthemainlineandintroducedvariousaspectsofwesternculturesystematically,atthesametimeitdescribedandanalyzedalotofculturaldifferencesandprovidedalargenumberofdocumentsforustostudythedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesterncultures.Comparativelyspeaking,thesescholarsarepronetostudytheabstractwesternculturaldifferences.InordertohaveabettermasterofthedifferenceswemuststudysomespecificWesternculturaldifferences.Comparedwiththescholarsmentionedabove,WangGuofeng’sstudyismorespecificinstudyingthedifferencesbetweenwesternandChineseculture.HeanalyzesthedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesterncultureinGuaSha,Wedding,Pushinghandsanddrawsaconclusionbycomparingthethreemovies.Ofcourse,thisconclusionissomewhatvague.Therefore,inmypaper,IwanttodosomespecificresearchfromsomeaspectsoftheWesternculturaldifferencesindailylifereflectedinPushingHandstohelppeopletobetteradapttothecurrentWesternculturalexchanges.IIAboutPushingHandsPushingHandsisaclassicfilmaboutfamily,whichisguidedbythedirectorAngLeefromTaiwan.Itwasthefirstfilmthattoldastoryoffather’sloveandselflessness.ZhuXiaosheng’sfatherstudiedTAICHIwhenhewasachild.Withthetimegoingthefatherwasold,sothesonaskedhimtotravelfromhometoAmericaanddecidedtotakecareofhim.Thefatheralwaysthoughthewouldhaveahappylifebecausehecouldlivewithhissonandgrandson.Becauseofthedifferentlanguagebarrier,differenthabits,thefathercannottakecareofhimselfverywell.Ifhedoesnotstaywithhisson,hewillgetlost.So,hehastostayathomeandpracticehisTAICHI.HisdaughterinlawnamedMarthawhoisawriterandsheisworriedforhercreativework.WhensheisfacedwithherChinesefathershefeelsmoreandmorepressure,becausetheyhavenothingtosay.Andtheycannotunderstandeachother.InAmerica,becauseofthedifferentlanguage,thefatherhasnothingtodo,sohestaysathometowatchTVfromtheMainlandorlistentotheBeijingoperawithoutheadphones.Howeverthesoundisveryhigh,whichmakeshisdaughterinlawfeelsoangry.Duetothenoise,shecannotwriteintentlyandturnsoffoldTVdirectly.Thefathersuddenlyrunawayfromhome,sothesonandhiswifehaveabigquarrel.ZhuXiaoshengwantstosendhisfathertotheoldpeople’sapartmentbuthedoesnotknowhowtotellhisfather.HeremembersthathisfatheralwaystalksaboutMrs.Chen,sohethinksitisagoodwaytoletthetwofamilieshaveapicnicoutsidetogether.HeandMrsChenthinkitmaybeagoodideatoletthetwooldpeoplestaytogether,becauseChinesepeopleenjoygroupworking(Nelson,2002).Mrs.Chendoesnothaveagoodimpressiononhisfather,butshestilltellshimthattheirsonsanddaughterscameupwiththeidea.Thefatherissoshockedtohearaboutitandheleavesamessageandgoesoutofhomeagainatnighttoliveindependently.Thefatherwashesdishesinarestaurant,andheisscoldedbyhisbossbecausehedoeshisworkveryslowly.So,heloseshistemperanduseshisTAICHIhurtingmorethan10people.Finally,heistakentothepolicestation.ZhuXiaoshengandMarthaseehiminthenewsreportontelevisionandtheyrushtothepolicestation.Butthefatherissodisappointedthathewantstoliveindependently.Andhisonlyhopeisthathisson,daughter-in-lawandhisgrandsonvisithimonceamonth.Accordingtoasurvey,in1970sonly15percentcoupleslivewiththeirparentsaftertheyaremarried,andalargepercentageofpeoplechosenottolivewiththeirparents(Allen,1978).ButpeopleliketolivetogetherinChina(XuYanxing,2004).Andthisispartofthereasonforthecontradictionbetweenthefatherandthedaughter-in-law.Thisfilmisthecondensedessencefromtheliferepresentativeoftheeventsandcharactersofartisticprocessingandalsoisoverviewandsummaryofreallife.PushingHandsreflectsdifferentoutlookonlife,ontheworldandonvalue.ThroughwatchingitwecanlearnwesterncultureandunderstandtheessenceofChineseandwesternculture.Andthiscanhelpustobettercommunicatewiththewesternerindailylife.So,itisnecessarytolearntheculturaldifferenceindailylifefromPushingHands.IIICulturalDifferencesinDailyLifebetweenChinaandtheWestDifferentGeographiclocation,language,ethnic,cultureandhistoricaloriginscreateddifferentcultures.Andcultureconflictandcollisionisinevitable.InPushingHands,itdescribeChineseandwesternculturaldifferencesindailylife.Thefilmhasshowntheculturalconflictmainlyinthedifferentunderstandingoftheessenceoftraditionalculture.Andculturaldifferencesreflectedinthisfilmincludediet,educationanddailyetiquette.3.1Dietaryhabits“Foodistheparamountnecessityofthepeople”isatimelesstruthandiscommondifferentindifferentcountries.Althoughtruthisthesame,theperformanceandconceptofdietaredifferentindifferentnations.ManydifferentdietaryhabitsareobviousinChinaandwesterncountries.ThesedifferencesbringmanyinconveniencestoChinesewholiveinwesterncountriesandwesternerswholiveinChina.Therearemanymicromeshcharacterizationanddescriptionofculturaldifferencesindietaryhabits.Withtheentranceofthe21stcentury,cross-culturalcommunicationhasbecomemoreandmorefrequent,amongwhichdietaryculturehasbeenthemostbasiccontent.However,becauseofthedifferencesinlivingenvironments,customsandvalueconcepts,Chinaandwesterncountrieshaveformedtheirowndifferentdietarycultures.Asaresult,thereappearsomemisunderstandingsbetweenthecommunicationofChineseandtheWesterners.3.1.1CuisineInChina,cookingisanart,whichembodiestheunityoftherigorandimprovisation,socookinghasbeenextremelyinterestingtoattracttheChinesedietforthepleasures.Avarietyofcookingmethods,fried,explosion,bombing,slip,simmered,steamed,boiled,stewed,roasted,andothersdishesmadedazzling.ComparedwiththeChinesefoodthatpaysmuchattentiontothetaste,thewesternfoodstressesonthenutrition.Theyconcernthatwhetherthefoodcontainsthevitamins,proteinandhowtoabsorbthemfully.Duetothedifferentwesternphilosophy,westerndietisfocusedonscience,payingattentiontonutrition.Thewesternerspaylittleattentiontotheformandtasteofadishbutfocusmuchmoreonnutrition(DuLi&SunJunxiu,2006).Theypaymuchattentiontotheamountofprotein,fat,heat,andvitamin.Theyanalyzewhetherthedishhasanappropriatecollocationofnutrition,whethertheamountofcaloriesismoderate,andwhetherthenutritioncanbefullyabsorbed.Westernersemphasizeontheoriginalflavorandnutritionoffood.Therefore,theyadoptfreshrawmaterialsandtrytokeeptheiroriginalnutritionandtasteasmuchaspossiblewhentheycookthem.Eventhoughthedishesarebittertoeattheywilleatthemprovidedtheycontainlotsofnutrition.AsaChinesesayinggoes,Themassesregardsufficientfoodastheirheaven.ItshowstheimportanceofeatinginthemindofChinesepeople.Chinesetakeagoodmealasapursuitofartofbeauty.NowpeoplecanwatchprogramssuchasEverydayCateaboutcookingonTVeveryday.Chineseareparticularlyinterestedineating.Thepursuitofenjoymentinfoodhasalmostreachedtoaheightthatcannotbehigher.Peopletrytheirbesttoperfectadishnotonlyfromcolorbutalsofromincense,tasteandshape.ItmeansthatintheeyesofChinesepeople,adishshouldlookbeautiful,smellgoodandtastedelicious.Theynotonlystressthebeautyofthefoodbutalsothebeautyoftheenvironmentandthetableware.Variouskindsofbeautyarereconciledinawell-prepareddinner.Thechefsmatchthecolorsoffoodcarefully,suchasthecollocationofthemaincolorsandthesub-colors,andthecollocationofwarmcolorsandcoldcolors.Thismakesthedinnerlookcolorfulandstimulatespeople’sappetite.Atthesametimemanyrawmaterialsareengravedintotheshapesofflowers,birds,mountainsandhumanwhichareextremelybeautiful.Inaddition,thedietaryenvironmentissometimesfullofakindofelegantandattractivecityambianceandsometimesbrimswithaquietandbeautifulruralatmosphere.TheappearanceofadinnerisveryimportantbutChinesepeopleregardtasteasthemostimportant.Therefore,itisnowonderthatChinesepeopleareveryinterestedinthetasteofadish.Theytrytoreconciletheflavorofeveryingredienttogetanattractivetaste.InPushingHands,OldZhuandMarshaeattheirbreakfastalone.Marthaopenstherefrigerator,inwhichthereisahalfpieceofcake,andthensheeatsalittlepieceofcake.Fromthenumeroussimilarfingerprintsonthecake,thisbreakfasthabithaslastedforalongtime.WhileoldZhutakesoutrice,tomato,scrambledeggsandchickenfromrefrigeratorashisbreakfast.Obviously,theseareleftoversoflastnight.OldZhuputsthesefoodsinthemicrowavetohot,andthenhesitsatthetabletoenjoyhisbreakfast.Thoughtheseareleftoversfromthepreviousnight,itismostimportanttoenjoythefood.FromitwecanseeChineseattitudetowardeatingfoods.TherealsohasanimpressivesceneinPushingHands,OldZhuholdabigbowlatthebeginningofthefilm.Therearevariousvegetables,meatsandriceinhisbowlandheeatsracilybyusingthechopsticks.AndatthesametimeMarthasitsbesidethetable.Shedoesnoteattherice,buteatingwithagoodappetite.Butwhentheyeatthefood,theireyesglancedateachotherinadvertently.WecanfindpuzzledlookforoldZhu’slunchfromMartha’seyes.Maybesheisthinkingwhyhisfatherinlaweatsthenon-nutritiousfoodinsuchastrangewayandtheoldZhuhasthesameidea.Chinahasmorethan60kindsofcookingmethods,andWestern’smaincookingmethodsarefried,grilled,boiled,mixed.InPushingHands,oldZhu’scookingsceneandMartha’sbakingpizzausingelectricbakershowthispoint.ItisundeniablethatsomeofChinesecookingmethodmaydestroythenutrientsoffoods.ThebiggestcookingprobleminChinaisthelackofnutritioninfood.SoChinesecookingisinthepursuitofthebalanceofnutrition,andpayingattentiontoGoldenmean,YinandYangofdiet.InPushingHands,therearetwokindsofentirelydifferentstyleofChineseandwesternfoodonthedinnertable.BecauseoldZhuseesMarthagivehissonapieceofpizza,sohegiveshissonapieceofchicken.WhenoldZhuclipsapieceofchickentoMartha,heisrefusedbyMartha.So,oldZhuaskshissonsomequestionsaboutwesternfoods.Andthefollowingisthedialoguefromthefilm:OldZhu:WhydoesMarthaonlyeatvegetables?ZhuXiaosheng:Sheisafraidoffat.OldZhu:WhyamInotafraidoffat?Allthingsinthisearth,suchaswholegrains,fruitsandvegetablesbelongtotherecessiveness.Andtheotherthing,chicken,sheepandpigaredominant.Itishelpfultouswhenweeatthesetwothingstogether.Wesaydietisthebasicthingofliving,withnoexceptioninChinaortheWest.Dietarycultureisanimportantpartofthenationalculture.3.1.2SocialfunctionInChina,sometimeseatingfoodscannotonlymeettheneedforfoodandclothing,butalsoshowpoliteexpressiontoguest.Andthisisthesocialfunctionofdiet.Chineseliketoshowtheiremotionthroughcommunicationwithentertainmentactivitiesandenhancepeople’srelationship.InChina,ifonewantstodoonethingbetter,heneedstoinviteotherstohaveameal.EatingdinnershasbecomeoneofthemostimportantsocialcommunicationwayofChinese,whichistheuniquefeatureofChinesefoodcultureinChina.Butwesternpeoplecannotunderstandthis.Theyjusttakethedinnerasagoodwaytopromoterelationshipamongfriends.ThereisasceneinPushingHands:OldZhuandMrsChenarehavingapicnicintheopenair.Itisasimplepicnic;ZhuXiaoshengandMrsChen’sdaughterwanttosenttheirparentstotheoldpeople’sapartment.Andtheyarrangethispicnic.ItobviouslyshowsthesocialfunctionofdietinChina.WecanseethedifferentdietaryhabitsbetweenChineseandthewesternpeople.Inourdailylife,weshouldpayattentiontothedifferences,andtrytoavoidthepotentialconflict.Onlyinthiswaycanwecommunicatebetterwithforeigners.3.2Differencesinchildren’seducationDifferenteducationalculturesbetweentheWestandChinamakechildrenreceivedifferenteducation.InChina,manyparentsonlycareaboutwhetherthechildrenhaveapromisingfuture,agoodjob,agoodlifeornot.Basedontheseexpectations,manyparentsfeelthattheirresponsibilityfortheirchildrenistocreatesomethingasgoodconditionsaspossibleastheycan.Sothechildrenwillnotworryaboutanythinginthefuture.Therefore,intheprocessofchildren’sgrowth,themostimportantthingthatparentscareaboutistodeveloptheirchildren’sintellect,exceptforcaringchildren’sdailylife.Contrastively,westernparentsgenerallybelievethatthegrowthofchildrenmustrelyontheirownstrengthandexperiences.Basedonthisconcept,mostwesternparentslayemphasisontrainingtheirchildren’sabilityofindependence.Sochildrenshouldformaself-supportingwillingandthecapacitytoliveindependentlyintheirchildhood.3.2.1EducationalconceptInChina,parentsbelieveeverythingisreadyforchildren.Chineseparentslayemphasisonsocialenlightenmentandignorethegrowthofchildren.TheChineseparentstakethesocialcompatibleenlightenmentseriously,buttheyoftenneglectthedevelopmentofchildren’scharacteristics.Theyoftentrainthechildrenunderestablishedforms,andlaydownthebroadroadfortheirgrowth.However,parentsadvocatefreedevelopmentinwesternnationswherepeoplebelieveinpeople-orientedidea.Theyinspirethechildrentogetthemoneythroughtheirownefforts.Thewesternparentsprovidethechildrenanenvironmentforgrowthresistanttothemandfostertheirtenaciousindividualityandthegoodconduct.Andtheychoosereasonablewaystocultivatetheirchildrenbasedonthechangeofsocietyandcharacteristicofchildrenphysicalandmental.InPushingHands,themostinnocentpeopleislittleJamiewholivesintwodifferentcultures.Heacceptsthetwodifferenteducationsandlearnstwocountry’slanguages.ForJamie’seducation,hismotherholdsanopeningAmericaneducationidea.WhenJamiewantstowatchTVwithoutfinishinghishomework,Marthasaysifhedrinksthemilkhecandoit.OldZhusaystoZhuXiaosheng:“Americansteachchildrenjustlikedoingbusiness.”Inanotherscene,Jamiewasnaughty,buthismotherMarthateachesandencourageshimpatiently.OldZhuseesallthingsinhiseyes,andhemakesathought-provokingdialoguewithhisson.OldZhu:Americanpeopleissopolitetotheirchild,right?ZhuXiaosheng:Itiscalleddemocracy.Therehasalottolearn.Anddemocracyisnobigorlittle.Wecanfinddifferentconceptofchildren’sfamilyeducationfromthisdialogue.Therefore,Chinesefamilyeducationshouldchangethetraditionalidea