GRE阅读文章套路讲解

GRE阅读套路简介 写在前面： 在新GRE的阅读理解中，长文章已经正式“失宠”。于是长文章的灵魂： 套路 也就正式被打入冷宫了。但是毕竟新GRE阅读也是有1到2篇长文章。希望我在 此的一点介绍以及辅以的范文能够让大家了解GRE阅读的“套路”。 另，该书 来源于我即将出版的新GRE阅读的拙著（名字待定中，呵呵！）。 GRE阅读长文章可以按照套路来分类，即新老观点对比型，问题解决型，结论解释型，现象解释型和特 别套路。下面对这几种套路做简单介绍： 1 .新老观点对比型 顾名思义，此类长文章主要是对比一新一老两个观点，最终作者说出同意新观点而 同时反对老观点。  判断标志：此类长文章一般会在第一段提出一个“老观点” 。此处的“老观点”是指过去的、 传统、大家一致公认的观点。而且通常GRE提出老观点的时候会给予一些语言的提示，例 如：it was traditionally assumed…it was once / usually believed… Many ××believed that…Most ××have argued… It was frequently assumed that…the common belief It was universally accepted that…  以下文章一般会否定老观点或是提出新观点，通常会在第一段中部或第二段开头，而且一 般也会有语言提示： 例如强转折词汇 But， Yet，However 或用强对比1  新观点特征：对同一主体给出不同的解释。  行文模式：第一部分通常为老观点；而第二部分通常是新观点，文章的第三部分通常会 继续论述新观点  阅读重点：此类文章的重点为对老观点的否定或是新观点部分。 范文例文节选1： It has been frequently assumed, but not proved, that the majority of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent factors: …….. But the question of who actually left the South has never been rigorously investigated. …….. 例文点评： 作者在第一段说人们通常假定，但并未得到验证，后来被称为“大迁移”的移民中的大部分都来自农村 1 1 强对比属于逻辑关系的一种，即对比关系。如in contrast，by contrast，on the contrary，conversely，unlike，oppositely 等词 汇都属于此类逻辑词）。 并且受两个因素的推动。 接着作者在第二段中立即给以反对，称从来没有人对究竟是谁离开南方这一问题作过仔细的研究。然后 作者提出自己不同于第一段的观点。所以整篇长文章就是在提出一个新观点并同时反对一个老观点。 范文例文节选2： Federal efforts to aid minority businesses began in the 1960's when the Small Business Administration (SBA) …….. Recently federal policymakers have adopted an approach intended to accelerate development of the (15) minority business sector by moving away from directly.. …….. 例文点评: 文章在开头就说联邦早在二十世纪六十年代就开始帮助少数民族企业并为此成立了“SBA”这个机构。第 二段就说联邦决策者最近采取了一个新的策略意在加速少数民族企业的发展。  新观点特征：对同一主体给出不同的解释。 范文例文节选3： Seeking a competitive advantage, some professional service firms (for example, firms providing advertising, accounting, or health care services) have considered offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction. 。。。。 …….an unconditional guarantee can be an effective marketing tool if the …….. However, an unconditional guarantee can sometimes hinder marketing efforts. With its implication that fail…….. 范文例文点评： 第一段说“无条件质量保证很有效” 而第二段首句说“无条件质量保证有时会阻碍营销活动”针对 同一个“无条件质量保证”给出了截然相反的两个观点。 补充练习1： 请读者看以下文章，试着看出文中的新老观点并且能够通过总结段意来研究一下每一段之间的 逻辑关系。 Most economists in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market. Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market. A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter, established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious. Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to think of price-fixing (the determination of prices by the seller) as both “normal” and having a valuable economic function. In fact, price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixing that it requires. Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size. Hence, a comparatively small number of large firms will be competing for the same group of consumers. That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories. But each large firm will also act with full consideration of the needs that it has in common with the other large firms competing for the same customers. Each large firm will thus avoid significant price- cutting, because price-cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be brought about by a number of explicit agreements among large firms; it is not. 2 Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries other than the United states. These economies employ intentional price-fixing, usually in an overt fashion. Formal price-fixing by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements covering the members of an industry are commonplace. Were there something peculiarly efficient about the free market and inefficient about price-fixing, the countries that have avoided the first and used the second would have suffered drastically in their economic development. There is no indication that they have. Socialist industry also works within a framework of controlled prices. In the early 1970’s, the Soviet Union began to give firms and industries some of the flexibility in adjusting prices that a more informal evolution has accorded the capitalist system. Economists in the United States have hailed the change as a return to the free market. But Soviet firms are no more subject to prices established by a free market over which they exercise little influence than are capitalist firms; rather, Soviet firms have been given the power to fix prices. 补充练习2： Caffeine, the stimulant in coffee, has been called “the most widely used psychoactive substance on Earth.” Snyder, Daly and Bruns have recently proposed that caffeine affect behavior by countering the activity in the human brain of a naturally occurring chemical called adenosine. Adenosine normally depresses neuron firing in many areas of the brain. It apparently does this by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters, chemicals that carry nerve impulses from one neuron to the next. Like many other agents that affect neuron firing, adenosine must first bind to specific receptors on neuronal membranes. There are at least two classes of these receptors, which have been designated A1 and A2. Snyder et al propose that caffeine, which is structurally similar to adenosine, is able to bind to both types of receptors, which prevents adenosine from attaching there and allows the neurons to fire more readily than they otherwise would. For many years, caffeine’s effects have been attributed to its inhibition of the production of phosphodiesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the chemical called cyclic AMP. A number of neurotransmitters exert their effects by first increasing cyclic AMP concentrations in target neurons. Therefore, prolonged periods at the elevated concentrations, as might be brought about by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, could lead to a greater amount of neuron firing and, consequently, to behavioral stimulation. But Snyder et al point out that the caffeine concentrations needed to inhibit the production of phosphodiesterase in the brain are much higher than those that produce stimulation. Moreover, other compounds that block phosphodiesterase’s activity are not stimulants. To buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by preventing adenosine binding, Snyder et al compared the stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives with their ability to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in the brains of mice. “In general,” they reported, “the ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors correlates with their ability to stimulate locomotion in the mouse; i.e., the higher their capacity to bind at the receptors, the higher their ability to stimulate locomotion.” Theophylline, a close structural relative of caffeine and the major stimulant in tea, was one of the most effective compounds in both regards. There were some apparent exceptions to the general correlation observed between adenosine-receptor binding and stimulation. One of these was a compound called 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), which bound very well but actually depressed mouse locomotion. Snyder et al suggests that this is not a major stumbling blockto their hypothesis. The problem is that the compound has mixed effects in the brain, a not unusual occurrence with psychoactive drugs. Even caffeine, which is generally known only for its stimulatory effects, displays this property, depressing mouse locomotion at very low concentrations and stimulating it at higher ones. 补充练习3： Protein synthesis begins when the gene encoding a protein is activated. The gene’s sequence of nucleotides is transcribed into a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA), which reproduces the information contained in that 3 sequence. Transported outside the nucleus to the cytoplasm, the mRNA is translated into the protein it encodes by an organelle known as a ribosome, which strings together amino acids in the order specified by the sequence of elements in the mRNA molecule. Since the amount of mRNA in a cell determines the amount of the corresponding protein, factors affecting the abundance of mRNA’s play a major part in the normal functioning of a cell by appropriately regulating protein synthesis. For example, an excess of certain proteins can cause cells to proliferate abnormally and become cancerous; a lack of the protein insulin results in diabetes. Biologists once assumed that the variable rates at which cells synthesize different mRNA’s determine the quantities of mRNA’s and their corresponding proteins in a cell. However, recent investigations have shown that the concentrations of most mRNA’s correlate best, not with their synthesis rate, but rather with the equally variable rates at which cells degrade the different mRNA’s in their cytoplasm. If a cell degrades both a rapidly and a slowly synthesized mRNA slowly, both mRNA’s will accumulate to high levels. An important example of this phenomenon is the development of red blood cells from their unspecialized parent cells in bone marrow. For red blood cells to accumulate sufficient concentrations of hemoglobin (which transports oxygen) to carry out their main function, the cells’ parent cells must simultaneously produce more of the constituent proteins of hemoglobin and less of most other proteins. To do this, the parent cells halt synthesis of non-hemoglobin mRNA’s in the nucleus and rapidly degrade copies of the non-hemoglobin mRNA’s remaining in the cytoplasm. Halting synthesis of mRNA alone would not affect the quantities of proteins synthesized by the mRNA’s still existing in the cytoplasm. Biologists now believe that most cells can regulate protein production most efficiently by varying both mRNA synthesis and degradation, as developing red cells do, rather than by just varying one or the other. 2、结论解释型  判断标志：开头是主题句（经常表现为判断句），后面“展开具体 内容 财务内部控制制度的内容财务内部控制制度的内容人员招聘与配置的内容项目成本控制的内容消防安全演练内容 ”。 范文例文节选1： Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities-as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of (5) the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are gener- ated by large companies. Now Congress, in appar- (10) ent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agen- (15) cies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works con- tracts to minority enterprises. 4 Corporate response appears to have been sub- stantial. According to figures collected in 1977, (20) the total of corporate contracts with minority busi- nesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1. lbillion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980's is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no (25) letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most (30) are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, there- after, their subcontracts are for some reason (35) reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a (40) small company's efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer. A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportion- (45) ments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could (50) acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as "fronts" with White back- ing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures. (55) Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often run 5 the danger of becoming--and remaining—dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce compe- tition from larger, more established companies (60) makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate bene- factor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success. 范文例文点评： 文章开头说“近年来， 少数民族企业迎来了前所未有的发展机会，但同时也面临着风险”然后第二段 说“企业对少数民族企业的反应很积极”；第三段说“尽管前景很光明，但是少数民族企业也面临着风险”并 说了第一个风险；第四段和第五段分别说了第二和第三个风险。所以很明显首段首句是全文的主题句。  主题句通常为首句；  行文套路：总分结构 例文2 ： Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be called the “relational” feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of “equality in difference,” or equity as distinct for equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women’s procreativelabor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women’s quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities. Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890 and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non-Western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in English-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equal rights for all. Relational feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women’s special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment including protective legislation for women workers, state-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework. Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because they underline women’s physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women’s autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge. 例文点评： 文章开头说“在当今西方世界有两种截然不同的关于妇女解放的思潮”并予以简单介绍；第二段回顾了两 种思潮的历史沿革以及两者的此消彼长 6 第三段：说明两种思潮都有缺陷以及说明未来的方向应该是集两种观点的长处。  主题句通常为首句；  行文套路：全文表现为总分结构 希望读者在以下补充练习中能发现文章的总分结构，另外总结各段段意并把握全文的逻辑结 构。 补充练习1 Two recent publications offer different assessment of the career of the famous British nurse Florence Nightingale. A book by Anne Summers seeks to debunk the idealizations and present a reality at odds with Nightingale’s heroic reputation. According to Summers, Nightingale’s importance during the Crimean War has been exaggerated: not until near the war’s end did she become supervisor of the female nurses. Additionally, Summers writes that the contribution of the nurses to the relief of the wounded was at best marginal. The prevailing problems of military medicine were caused by army organizational practices, and the addition of a few nurses to the medical staff could be no more than symbolic. Nightingale’s place in the national pantheon, Summers asserts, is largely due to the propagandistic efforts of contemporary newspaper reporters. By contrast, the editors of a new volume of Nightingale’s letters view Nightingale as a person who significantly influenced not only her own age but also subsequent generations. They highlight her ongoing efforts to reform sanitary conditions after the war. For example, when she learned that peacetime living conditions in British barracks were so horrible that the death rate of enlisted men far exceeded that of neighboring civilian populations, she succeeded in persuading the government to establish a Royal Commission on the Health of the Army. She used sums raised through public contributions to found a nurses’ training hospital in London. Even in administrative matters, the editors assert, her practical intelligence was formidable: as recently as 1947 the British Army’s medical services were still using the cost-accounting system she had devised in the 1860’s. I believe that the evidence of her letters supports continued respect for Nightingale’s brilliance and creativity. When counseling a village schoolmaster to encourage children to use their faculties of observation, she sounds like a modern educator. Her insistence on classifying the problems of the needy in order to devise appropriate treatments is similar to the approach of modern social workers. In sum, although Nightingale may not have achieved all of her goals during the Crimean War, her breadth of vision and ability to realize ambitious projects have earned her an eminent place among the ranks of social pioneers. 补充练习2 Although numbers of animals in a given region may fluctuate from year to year, the fluctuations are often temporary and, over long periods, trivial. Scientists have advanced three theories of population control to account for this relative constancy. The first theory attributes a relatively constant population to periodic climatic catastrophes that decimate populations with such frequency as to prevent them from exceeding some particular limit. In the case of small organisms with short life cycles, climatic changes need not be catastrophic: normal seasonal changes in photoperiod (daily amount of sunlight), for e