高处作业,美国职业安全与健康管理局OSHA 29 CFR 1926

OSHA29CFR1926-SubpartMSafetyStandardsforFallProtectionintheConstructionIndustryEffective:February6,1995TotalConstructionFatalities1985-1993FallsFromElevation33%CaughtIn/Between18%StruckBy22%Shock17%Other10%FallsFromElevation-BreakdownRoof27%Other16%Scaffold17%SteelErection10%FloorOpening7%AerialLiftBasket3%SuspendedPlatform/Vehicle3%ConcreteErection3%Ladder8%OpenSidedFloor4%NumberofConstructionFatalitiesDuetoFalls1985-1993AnalysisofHeightsForConstructionFatalitiesCausedbyFalls1985-1993ConstructionActivity%ofTotalFatalities1985-1993Painting,PaperHangingandDecorations-63%Plumbing,HeatingandAirConditioning-31%HeavyConstruction,exceptHighway&Street-15%HighwayandStreet,exceptElevatedHighways-2%BuildingConstruction-Nonresidential-50%BuildingConstruction-Residential-29%ConstructionActivity(Cont’d)%ofTotalFatalities1985-1993MiscellaneousSpecialTradeContractors47%ConcreteWork30%Roofing,SidingandSheet-MetalWork73%CarpentryandFloorwork63%Masonry,Stonework,TileSettingandPlastering62%ElectricalWork24%1926.500(a)(1)ScopeandApplicationWho’sAffectedbySubpartM?EVERYONEEXCEPT:Employeesmakinganinspection.Employeesworkingonscaffolds.(SubpartL)Employeesworkingonstairwaysandladders.(SubpartX)Employeesworkingonequipmentusedintunnelingoperations.(SubpartS)Who’sAffectedbySubpartM?EVERYONEEXCEPT:Employeesengagedintheconstructionofelectrictransmission,distributionlines,andequipment.(SubpartV)Employeesworkingoncranesandderricks.(SubpartN)Employeesperformingsteelerectionworkinbuildings.(SubpartR)1926.500(b)Definitions1926.501(b)(1)UnprotectedSidesandEdges1926.501(b)(2)LeadingEdgesException:Whentheemployercandemonstratethatitisinfeasibleorcreatesagreaterhazardtousethesesystems,theemployershalldevelopandimplementafallprotectionplan.DefinitionInfeasible-meansthatitisimpossibletoperformtheconstructionworkusingaconventionalfallprotectionsystem(i.e.,guardrailsystem,safetynetsystem,orpersonalfallarrestsystem)orthatitistechnologicallyimpossibletouseanyofthesesystemstoprovidefallprotection.1926.501(b)(3)HoistAreas1926.501(b)(4)Holes1926.501(b)(5)FormworkandReinforcingSteel1926.501(b)(6)Ramps,Runways,andOtherWalkways1926.501(b)(7)Excavations1926.501(b)(8)DangerousEquipment1926.501(b)(9)OverhandBricklayingandRelatedWork1926.501(b)(10)RoofingWorkOnLow-SlopeRoofs1926.501(b)(11)SteepRoofs1926.501(b)(12)PrecastConcreteErectionException:Whentheemployercandemonstratethatitisinfeasibleorcreatesagreaterhazardtousethesesystems,theemployershalldevelopandimplementafallprotectionplan.1926.501(b)(13)ResidentialConstructionException:Whentheemployercandemonstratethatitisinfeasibleorcreatesagreaterhazardtousethesesystems,theemployershalldevelopandimplementafallprotectionplan.1926.501(b)(14)WallOpenings1926.501(b)(15)Walking/WorkingSurfacesNotOtherwiseAddressed1926.501(c)(1)ProtectionFromFallingObjectsErecttoeboards,screens,orguardrailsystemstopreventobjectsfromfalling.1926.501(c)(2)ProtectionFromFallingObjectsCanopyStructureBarricade1926.502(b)GuardrailSystems1926.502(b)(1),(2)&(14)Topedgeheightshallbe42”+/-3”fromwalking/workinglevel,andabletowithstand200lbs.offorce.Midrailsshallbeinstalledataheightmidwaybetweentopedgeandwalking/workinglevel,andabletowithstand150lbs.offorce.1926.502(b)(9)GuardrailSystemsToprailsandmidrailsshallbeatleast1/4inchnominaldiameter.Toprailshallbeflaggedatnotmorethan6-footintervalswithhigh-visibilitymaterial.1926.502(b)(13)Guardrailsatpointsofaccessshallbeprovidedwithgatesoroffsettothatapersoncannotwalkdirectlyintothehole.1926.502(c)SafetyNetSystems1926.502(c)(1)SafetyNetSystemsInstallascloseaspracticableunderthewalking/workingsurfaceonwhichemployeesareworking,butinnocasemorethan30feetbelowsuchlevel.1926.502(c)(2)SafetyNetSystemsNetExtension<5feet8feet>5feetand10feet<10feet>10feet13feet1926.502(c)(3)SafetyNetSystemsInstallwithsufficientclearancetopreventcontactwithanysurfacesorstructuresbelow.1926.502(c)(4)SafetyNetSystemsWhentheemployercandemonstratethatadroptestisunreasonable,theemployershallcertifythatthenetandinstallationcanmeetanimpactforceequivalenttotheimpactforcesofadroptest.DefinitionCompetentPerson-meansonewhoiscapableofidentifyingexistingandpredictablehazardsinthesurroundings,orworkingconditionswhichareunsanitary,hazardous,ordangeroustoemployees,andwhohasauthorizationtotakepromptcorrectivemeasurestoeliminatethem.1926.502(c)(5)&(6)SafetyNetSystemsInspectnetsweeklyforwear,damage,andotherdeterioration.Removeanymaterials,scrap,equipment,andtools,thathavefallenintonet.1926.501(c)(7)SafetyNetSystemsMaximummeshopeningshallnotexceed36sq.inchesnorlongerthan6inchesonanyside.Meshcrossingsshallbesecuredtopreventenlargementofmeshopening.1926.501(c)(8)&(9)SafetyNetSystemsMinimumbreakingstrengthforborderropewebbingis5,000lbs.Connectionsshallbeasstrongasnetcomponents.Connectionsshallbespacednotmorethan6inchesapart.1926.502(d)PersonalFallArrestSystems1926.502(d)PersonalFallArrestSystemsConnectormeansadevicewhichisusedtocouple(connect)partsofthepersonalfallarrestsystemandpositioningdevicesystemstogether.Itmaybeanindependentcomponentofthesystem,suchasacarabiner,oritmaybeanintegralcomponentofpartofthesystem(suchasabuckleordee-ringsewnintoabodybeltorbodyharness,orasnap-hooksplicedorsewntoalanyardorself-retractinglanyard.)1926.502(d)(8)PersonalFallArrestSystemsHorizontallifelinesshallbedesigned,installed,andused,underthesupervisionofaqualifiedperson,aspartofacompletepersonalfallarrestsystem,whichmaintainsasafetyfactorofatleasttwo.Definition-from1926.32(l)QualifiedPerson-meansonewho,bypossessionofarecognizeddegree,certificate,orprofessionalstanding,orwhobyextensiveknowledge,training,andexperience,hassuccessfullydemonstratedhisabilitytosolveorresolveproblemsrelatingtothesubjectmatter,thework,ortheproject.1926.502(d)PersonalFallArrestSystemsRopeGrabmeansadecelerationdevicewhichtravelsonalifelineandautomatically,byfriction,engagesthelifelineandlockssoastoarrestthefallofanemployee.Lanyardsandverticallifelinesshallhaveaminimumbreakingstrengthof5,000lbs.Eachemployeeshallbeattachedtoaseparatelifeline.1926.502(d)(12)PersonalFallArrestSystemsSelf-retractinglifeline/lanyardmeansadecelerationdevicecontainingadrum-woundlinewhichcanbeslowlyextractedfrom,orretractedonto,thedrumunderslighttensionduringthenormalemployeemovement,andwhich,afteronsetofafall,automaticallylocksthedrumandarreststhefall.1926.502(d)(12)&(15)AnchorageLimitfreefalldistanceto2ft.orlessandabletosustaina3,000lb.min.tensileload.Capableofsupportingatleast5,000lbs.peremployeeattached.*t=(2h/g)or:HowLongDoesItTakeToFall?Height(feet)Time(seconds)40.5161.0361.5642.01002.51443.02564.05766.0.5g=GravitationalConstantof32.2ft/sh=HeightofFallinfeett=TimeofFallinseconds2*Velocityv=(2gh)v=Velocity,assumingnoinitialvelocityg=GravitationalConstantof32.2ft/sh=Heightoffallinfeet.52MomentumOfFallM=mvM=Momentuminfoot-pounds/secondm=Massinpoundsv=Velocity,assumingnoinitialvelocitySkullFracture2Egm50x2x32.21216.3ft/secE=KineticEnergyg=GravitationalConstantm=WeightofanaveragehumanheadAskullwouldfractureatapproximately50foot-pounds/second.Thevelocityofafractureisexpressedintheequation:v===PeakFallArrestingForces-ForcesGeneratedby220lbsSteelWeightFree-Falling6ftForceinlbs.DeterminingMinimumAnchoragePointHeightC=ClearanceH=AnchorPointHeightL=DistanceBetweenAnchoragePointandD-RingS=DecelerationDistance5’=HarnessD-RingHeightFreeFall=5’+L-H=6’max.OSHAClearance=5’+L-H+S=9.5’MinimumClearancewhereS=3.5’max.OSHA1926.502(d)(16)&(17)HarnessesLimitmaximumarrestingforceto1,800pounds.Riggedsothatanemployeecannotfreefallmorethan6feet.Attachmentpointlocatedincenterofbacknearshoulderlevel.1926.502(e)PositioningDeviceSystems1926.502(f)WarningLineSystemsWarning-LineSystemErectedaroundallsidesofroofworkarea.6feetfromedge-10feetwhenusingmechanicalequipment.Twowarninglinesatpointsofaccess,materialhandling,storage,andhoistingareas.Rope,wire,orchainflaggedatnotmorethan6-footintervalswithhighvisibilitymaterial.Warning-LineSystemTherope,wireorchainshallberiggedorsupportedsothatit’slowestpointisnolessthan34inchesandthehighestpointisnomorethan39inchesfromthewalking/workingsurface.Stanchionsshallbecapableofresisting,withouttippingover,aforceofatleast16poundsappliedhorizontallyagainstthestanchion30inchesfromthewalking/workingsurface.Warning-LineSystemTherope,wireorchainshallhaveaminimumtensilestrengthof500pounds.Thelineshallbeattachedsothatpullingononesectionofthelinewillnotresultinslackbeingtakenupinadjacentsections.Employeesarenotpermittedbetweentheroofedgeandwarninglineunlessperformingroofingworkinthatarea.1926.502(g)ControlledAccessZones1926.502(g)(1)ControlledAccessZones-LeadingEdgeExtendsparallelalongtheunprotectedorleadingedge.Controllineconnectedtoguardrailsystemorwall.Linesituatednotlessthan6feetnormorethan25feetfromedge.Consistsofropes,wires,andtapewithaminimumbreakingstrengthof200lbs.andismarkedwithhighvisibilitymaterialsatnotmorethan6footintervals.Stanchionsriggedsothatthelowestpointisnotlessthan39inchesnormorethan45inches.1926.502(g)(1)ControlledAccessZones-LeadingEdge(cont’d)Controllineerectednotlessthan6feetnormorethan60feet,orhalfthelengthofthememberbeingerected,whicheverisless,fromtheleadingedge.1926.502(g)(1)ControlledAccessZones-PrecastConcreteLineserectednotlessthan10ft.normorethan15ft.fromtheworkingedge.Linesextendedtoencloseallemployeesperformingoverhandbricklayingandrelatedwork.Lineserectedateachendtoenclosezone.Onlyemployeesengagedinworkpermittedinzone.1926.502(g)(1)ControlledAccessZones-OverhandBricklaying1926.502(h)SafetyMonitoringSystemsSafety-MonitoringSystemCompetentpersontomonitorWarnsemployeesnearinghazardOnsamewalking/workingsurfaceWithinvisualContactAbletocommunicateorallywithworkersNomechanicalequipmentusedorstoredinsafety-monitoringsystemareaAshoutmaybethelastthingaworkerhearsasheorshehurtlestotheground.1926.502(i)Covers1926.502(i)Covers1926.502(i)Covers1926.502(i)Covers1926.502(i)CoversCapableofsupportingtwicethemaximumaxleload.Capableofsupportingtwiceemployee,equipment,andmaterialweight.Securedtopreventaccidentaldisplacement.Colorcodedormarkedwiththeword“HOLE”or“COVER”.1926.502(j)ProtectionFromFallingObjects1926.502(j)(1),(2)&(3)ToeboardsErectedasufficientdistancetoprotectemployeesbelow.Abletowithstandaforceof50lbs.outwardanddownward.Minimumheightof3and1/2incheswithnomorethan1/4inchgapatwalking/workingsurface.1926.502(j)(5)&(6)GuardrailSystemErectpanelingorscreeningwhenmaterialexceedsguardrailsystem’stoprail.Nomaterialsorequipmentstoredwithin4feetofworkingedge.1926.502(j)(8)CanopiesCanopiesusedforfallingobjectprotectionshallbestrongenoughtosupportandpreventpenetrationbyanyobjectswhichmightfallintocanopy.1926.502(k)FallProtectionPlanAvailableforemployeesengagedinleadingedgework,precastconcreteerectionwork,orresidentialconstructionworkonly.Uptodate,sitespecificplanpreparedbyqualifiedperson,withacopymaintainedatthejobsite.Changestoplanmustbeapprovedbyqualifiedperson.Definition-from1926.32(m)QualifiedPerson-apersonwhohassuccessfullydemonstratedhisabilitytosolveorresolveproblemsrelatingtothesubjectmatter,thework,ortheproject.1926.502(k)FallProtectionPlan(Cont’d)Planmustdocumentreasonswhyconventionalfallprotectionsystemsareinfeasibleorwouldcreateagreaterhazard.Documentationofothermeasurestakentoreduceoreliminatefallhazardsforworkersnotusingconventionalfallprotection.1926.502(k)FallProtectionPlan(Cont’d)Planmustidentifyeachlocationwhereconventionalmethodscannotbeused,andlocationsmustbeclassifiedascontrolledaccesszones.Whenalternativemeasureshavenotbeenimplemented,asafetymonitoringsystemshallbeused.Planmuststatenameoridentifyemployeeswhoaredesignatedtoworkincontrolledaccesszones.Ifanemployeefalls,orsomeotherrelatedseriousincidentoccurs,theemployermustinvestigatethecircumstancesofthefallorincident,anddetermineifthefallprotectionplanneedstobechangedtopreventrecurrence.1926.502(k)FallProtectionPlan(Cont’d)1926.503TrainingRequirementsThenatureoffallsintheworkarea.Thecorrectproceduresforerecting,maintaining,disassembling,andinspectingthefallprotectionsysteminuse.Theuseandoperationofguardrailsystems,personalfallarrestsystems,safetynetsystems,warninglinesystems,controlledaccesszones,andotherprotectiontobeused.CertificateofTrainingJohnDoehassuccessfullycompletedallthetrainingprovisionsoffallprotectionforABCRoofingCompanyonthisdateFebruary6,1995TonyMaroni,PresidentNoahFalls,SafetyDirector1926.503TrainingRequirementsTheroleofeachemployeewhenasafety-monitoringsystemisused.Limitationsofmechanicalequipmentduringroofingworkonlow-slopedroofs.Correctproceduresfortheuse,handlingandstorageofequipmentandmaterials.Theemployeesroleinfallprotectionplans.JohnDoehassuccessfullycompletedallthetrainingprovisionsoffallprotectionforABCRoofingCompanyonthisdateFebruary6,1995TonyMaroni,PresidentNoahFalls,SafetyDirectorCertificateofTrainingAppendixAtoSubpartM-DeterminingRoofWidthsExampleA-RectangularShapedRoofsExampleB-SlopedRectangularShapedRoofsAppendixAtoSubpartM-DeterminingRoofWidthsExampleC-IrregularlyShapedRoofsWithRectangularShapedSectionsAppendixAtoSubpartM-DeterminingRoofWidths(Cont’d)ExampleD-SeparateNon-ContiguousRoofAreasAppendixAtoSubpartM-DeterminingRoofWidths(Cont’d)ExampleE-RoofsWithPenthouses,OpenCourtyards,AdditionalFloors,etc.AppendixAtoSubpartM-DeterminingRoofWidths(Cont’d)ExampleF-Irregular,Non-RectangularShapedRoofs