亚里士多德的简介

亚里士多德的简介 Aristotle (Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης, Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. He was the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality and aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics. Aristotle's views on the physical sciences profoundly shaped medieval scholarship, and their influence extended well into the Renaissance, although they were ultimately replaced by Newtonian physics. In the biological sciences, some of his observations were confirmed to be accurate only in the nineteenth century. His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was incorporated in the late nineteenth century into modern formal logic. In metaphysics, Aristotelianism had a profound influence on philosophical and theological thinking in the Islamic and Jewish traditions in the Middle Ages, and it continues to influence Christian theology, especially Eastern Orthodox theology, and the scholastic tradition of the Catholic Church. His ethics, though always influential, gained renewed interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics. All aspects of Aristotle's philosophy continue to be the object of active academic study today. Though Aristotle wrote many elegant treatises and dialogues (Cicero described his literary style as "a river of gold"),it is thought that the majority of his writings are now lost and only about one-third of the original works have survived. 亚里士多德(希腊语:，亚里士多德)(公元前公元前)ριστοτέλης384 - 322Ἀ 是古希腊哲学家，柏拉图的学生，亚历山大大帝的老师。他写了许多科目，包括 物理，形而上学，诗歌，戏剧，音乐，逻辑，修辞学，政治，政府，伦理学，生 物学和动物学。连同柏拉图和苏格拉底(柏拉图的老师)，亚里士多德是西方哲 学的最重要的创始人物之一。他是第一个创造了西方哲学，包括道德和美学，逻 辑与科学，政治和形而上学的综合系统。 在物理科学亚里士多德的看法深刻地塑造中世纪奖学金，以及他们的影响力延伸 到文艺复兴时期，虽然他们最终由牛顿物理学所取代。在生物科学，他的一些意 见被确定为唯一在十九世纪的准确。他的作品包含了已知最早的正式研究的逻 辑，这是在十九世纪末期纳入现代形式逻辑。在形而上学，亚里士多德曾在中世 纪的伊斯兰教和犹太教的传统的哲学和神学思想的深刻影响，并继续影响基督教 神学，尤其是东正教神学和天主教教会学校的传统。他的伦理学，但总是有影响 的，得到了重新与美德伦理的现代出现的兴趣。亚里士多德哲学的所有方面继续 成为今天的活跃的学术研究对象。虽然亚里士多德写了许多论文和优雅的对话 (西塞罗称为黄金河他的文学风格)，它被认为是他的著作中，大部分是失去―‖ 了，只有约三分之一的原创作品有三分之一活了下来。 Born at Stagira in northern Greece, Aristotle was the most notable product of the educational program devised by Plato; he spent twenty years of his life studying at the Academy. When Plato died, Aristotle returned to his native Macedonia, where he is supposed to have participated in the education of Philip's son, Alexander (the Great). He came back to Athens with Alexander's approval in 335 and established his own school at the Lyceum, spending most of the rest of his life engaged there in research, teaching, and writing. His students acquired the name "peripatetics" from the master's habit of strolling about as he taught. Although the surviving works of Aristotle probably represent only a fragment of the whole, they include his investigations of an amazing range of subjects, from logic, philosophy, and ethics to physics, biology, psychology, politics, and rhetoric. Aristotle appears to have thought through his views as he wrote, returning to significant issues at different stages of his own development. The result is less a consistent system of thought than a complex record of Aristotle's thinking about many significant issues. The aim of Aristotle's logical treatises (known collectively as the Organon) was to develop a universal method of reasoning by means of which it would be possible to learn everything there is to know about reality. Thus, the Categories proposes a scheme for the description of particular things in terms of their properties, states, and activities. On Interpretation, Prior Analytics, and Posterior Analytics examine the nature of deductive inference, outlining the system of syllogistic reasoning from true propositions that later came to be known as categorical logic. Though not strictly one of the logical works, the Physics contributes to the universal method by distinguishing among the four causes which may be used to explain everything, with special concern for why things are the way they are and the apparent role of chance in the operation of the world. In other treatises, Aristotle applied this method, with its characteristic emphasis on teleological explanation, to astronomical and biological explorations of the natural world In Metafusikh (Metaphysics) Aristotle tried to justify the entire enterprise by grounding it all in an abstract study of being qua being. Although Aristotle rejected the Platonic theory of forms, he defended his own vision of ultimate reality, including the eternal existence of substance. On The Soul uses the notion of a hylomorphic composite to provide a detailed account of the functions exhibited by living things—vegetable, animal, and human—and explains the use of sensation and reason to achieve genuine knowledge. That Aristotle was interested in more than a strictly scientific exploration of human nature is evident from the discussion of literary art (particularly tragedy) in Peri PoihtikhV (Poetics) and the methods of persuasion in the ‗RhtoreiaV (Rhetoric). Aristotle made several efforts to explain how moral conduct contributes to the good life for human agents, including the Eqikh EudaimonhV (Eudemian Ethics) and the Magna Moralia, but the most complete surviving statement of his views on morality occurs in the Eqikh Nikomacoi (Nicomachean Ethics). There he considered the natural desire to achieve happiness, described the operation of human volition and moral deliberation, developed a theory of each virtue as the mean between vicious extremes, discussed the value of three kinds of friendship, and defended his conception of an ideal life of intellectual pursuit. But on Aristotle's view, the lives of individual human beings are invariably linked together in a social context. In the Peri PoliV (Politics) he speculated about the origins of the state, described and assessed the relative merits of various types of government, and listed the obligations of the individual citizen. He may also have been the author of a model PoliteiaV Aqhnawn (Constitution of Athens), in which the abstract notion of constitutional government is applied to the concrete life of a particular society. 在希腊北部Stagira出生，亚里士多德是柏拉图设计的教育计划，最引人注目的产品，他花 了20的他在该学院学习生活多年。当柏拉图去世，亚里士多德回到他的家乡马其顿，在那 里他应该有在菲利普的儿子亚历山大(大)教育参加了会议。他回到雅典亚历山大在335 批准和成立于兰心大戏院他自己的学校，花费了他一生最从事研究，教学那里，和写作。他 的学生获得了名称为―peripatetics‖从大师的教导，他徜徉的习惯。虽然亚里士多德可能幸存 的工程只占整个片段，它们包括他调查的一个惊人的科目范围，从逻辑，哲学，道德，物理 学，生物学，心理学，政治学和修辞。亚里士多德似乎已经通过他的观点认为是他说，在他 返回自己的不同发展阶段的重大问题。其结果是少了思想比亚里士多德的思想对许多重大问 题复杂的记录一致的系统。 在亚里士多德的逻辑论文的目的(被称为欧加农合)是指以发展普遍的推理方法，使之有可 能学习一切有了解的现实。因此，建议在其类别的属性，状态，和活动方面，为计划的特殊 事物的描述。关于解释，事先分析和研究后分析演绎推理的性质，概述了从那个后来被称为 是绝对的真命题逻辑的三段论推理系统。虽然没有严格的逻辑的作品之一，物理学有助于通 用方法中的四个可以用来解释一切的原因区分，与为什么事情是这个样子和在操作的机会明 显作用，特别关注世界的。在其他论文中，亚里士多德应用这种方法，其目的论特征的解释 上强调，要对自然世界的天文和生物的探索 在Metafusikh(形而上学)亚里士多德试图辩护，接地存在作为一个抽象的研究，所有的 整个企业。虽然亚里士多德拒绝了柏拉图的形式理论，他仍认为自己的最终的现实自己的设 想，包括物质的永恒的存在。在灵魂中运用了hylomorphic复合的概念，提供一个由生物， 植物，动物展示的功能详细说明，和人并说明理由的感觉和利用，以实现真正的知识。亚里 士多德是比人的本性更严格的科学探索兴趣是显而易见的，从文学艺术(尤其是悲剧)的围 PoihtikhV(诗)和'RhtoreiaV(修辞)的说服方法的讨论。 亚里士多德提出了一些努力来解释道德行为如何为人类作出贡献人员，包括Eqikh EudaimonhV(Eudemian伦理)和麦格纳Moralia良好的生活，但最完整的陈述他的看法 尚存在的道德Eqikh Nikomacoi(尼各马科伦理学发生)。他认为自然有希望实现的幸福， 描述了人类意志和道德审议工作，制定了各自之间的恶性极端意味着德性论，讨论了三种友 谊种类的价值，捍卫自己的理想人生的观念对知识产权的追求。 但是，亚里士多德的观点，个别人的生命是必然联系在一起的社会环境。在围PoliV(政治)， 他猜测的状态描述，并评估政府各类型的相对优点，并列出了每个公民的义务的起源。他可 能还一直是一个模型PoliteiaV Aqhnawn(雅典宪法)，其中宪政抽象的概念，适用于某一 特定社会的具体生活的作者。 Aristotle was born in Stageira (Greek: ?τάγειρα) in Chalcidice. His parents were Phaestis and Nicomachus, who became physician to King Amyntas of Macedon. Aristotle was educated as a member of the aristocracy. At about the age of eighteen, he went to Athens to continue his education at Plato's Academy. Aristotle remained at the Academy for nearly twenty years, not leaving until after Plato's death in 347 BC. He then traveled with Xenocrates to the court of Hermias of Atarneus in Asia Minor. While in Asia, Aristotle traveled with Theophrastus to the island of Lesbos, where together they researched the botany and zoology of the island. Aristotle married Hermias' daughter (or niece) Pythias. She bore him a daughter, whom they named Pythias. Soon after Hermias' death, Aristotle was invited by Philip of Macedon to become tutor to Alexander the Great. After spending several years tutoring the young Alexander, Aristotle returned to Athens. By 335 BC, he established his own school there, the Lyceum. Aristotle directed courses at the Lyceum for the next twelve years. While in Athens, his wife Pythias died. Aristotle soon became involved with Herpyllis of Stagira, who bore him a son whom he named after his father, Nicomachus. It is during this time in Athens that Aristotle is thought to have composed many of his works. Although Aristotle wrote dialogues, only fragments of these have survived. The works that have survived are in treatise form and, for the most part, were not meant for widespread publication. These are generally thought to be lecture notes or texts used by his students. Among the most important are Physics, Metaphysics (or Ontology), Nicomachean Ethics, Politics, De Anima (On the Soul) and Poetics. These works, although connected in many fundamental ways, differ significantly in both style and substance. 在亚里士多德(希腊诞生了:。鈭懴勎澄滴瓜佄在他的StageiraChalcidice 父母都是和，谁成为医师马其顿国王亚里士多德PhaestisNicomachusAmyntas 作为一个受过教育的贵族成员在有关的年龄。。十八，他去了雅典，继续他在柏 拉图的奥斯卡。亚里士多德的教育仍然在本院近二十年，直到柏拉图之后在347 公元前死亡离开。然后，他用色诺克拉底前往的小亚细亚法Atarneus Hermias 庭。而在亚洲，与亚里士多德前往泰奥弗拉斯到莱斯沃斯岛上，在那里他们一起 研究了植物学和动物学的岛屿。亚里士多德结婚的女儿(或侄女)奈Hermias 茨奥夫皮。她给他生了一个女儿，就是他们命名奈茨奥夫皮。不久后Hermias 死后，亚里士多德的邀请，马其顿的菲利普成为导师亚历山大大帝。 在花费辅导年轻的亚历山大几年，亚里士多德回到雅典。到公元前年，他335 建立了自己的学校里，学园。亚里士多德指导未来十二年在学园的课程。虽然在 雅典，他的妻子皮西厄斯死亡。亚里士多德不久就赫尔派利斯的，谁给Stagira 他生了一个儿子后，他被他的父亲，命名的参与。Nicomachus 正是在这个时候，亚里士多德在雅典被认为是由他的许多作品。虽然亚里士多德 说的对话，只有碎片，这些幸存下来。那些幸存下来的作品在形式和论文，在大 多数情况下，如果不是有广泛的出版物的意思。这些都是一般认为是由他的讲义 或学生使用的文本。其中最重要的是物理学，形而上学(或本体论)，尼各马科 伦理学，政治学，阿妮玛(论灵魂)和诗学。这些作品，尽管在许多基本的方式 连接，均显着不同的风格和内容。 . Biography Aristotle (384-322 BC) was a famous Greek scientist and philosopher. Was born in 384 BC, the north shore of the Aegean city of Manchester Kira. Aristotle, the son of the Macedonian royal family physician, has a particular interest in natural science since childhood, also studying. Father always taught him some knowledge of anatomy and medicine, he sometimes helped his father do some surgery. Aristotle went to Athens 17 years old, a famous ancient Greek philosopher Plato (427 - before 347) of the great disciples, engaged in study and research for 20 years. He was eager to learn to ask, talented, outstanding achievements, Plato praised him as "College Spirit." In 343 BC, Aristotle assumed the age of 13, the court of Prince Alexander teachers. 340 BC Alexander the Prince Regent, Aristotle returned to his hometown. He returned to Athens in 335 BC, founded a Lyceum College, unique among a new school of philosophy. As teachers and students of this school, often walking in the garden when the discussion, when people call it the Happy School. In the summer of 323 BC, Alexander the Great in Babylon return in triumph from India, died on his way. Since then, Aristotle unsuccessful start in politics. He decided to leave Athens, back to the mother to leave the Lyceum Institute of seclusion too old haunt. In 322 BC, died of illness, was buried in Kaer Ji, aged 62 years. Second, the scientific achievements 1. Aristotle was a master of classical Greek culture, Engels said he is the most learned man. His book is an ancient encyclopedia, is said to have 400 to 1000, there are "tool", "Metaphysics," "Physics", "ethics", "Political Science", "Poetry" and so on. Relations are more and physics: "Physics" (8 volumes, with the translation, Zhang Zhuming translation, The Commercial Press, Beijing, 1982), "Day On" (4 volumes), "Origin and bad off" (2 volumes), "Meteorology" (Volume 4). Otherwise a "mechanical problem" for future generations pretending to be. 2. In physics, Aristotle's most important contribution is to create the name of this discipline, "physical" in the modern Latin "Physica", from the Greek word he υνσιζ (natural) deduction from the term The. In addition, he made the size of the Earth at that time under the conditions of a reasonable estimate. 3. Aristotle's scientific methods, wonderful creatures of the world conducted an extensive survey. He led the assistant traveled the country, collecting specimens, categorized, and with the animals and plants as possible to understand the kinds of knowledge. He is a well-deserved great biologist. He most valuable scientific contribution, it is in zoology and anatomy. He was more than five hundred kinds of different plants and animals have been classified in a few dozens of animal anatomy, correctly pointed out that the whales are viviparous, describes the stomach of ruminants, the chicken embryo's development, the regeneration of cephalopods phenomena . 4. In addition, Aristotle also Hong, visual, pipe length and the relationship between music and other physical phenomena, some preliminary observations and explanations, he changes from the eclipse of the moon and the constellation of Proof that the earth is round and so on. 一、生平简介 亚里士多德(公元前384—322)是古希腊著名的科学家和哲学家。公元前 384年诞生于爱琴海北岸的斯特基拉城。 亚里士多德是马其顿王室医师的儿子，从小对自 然科学特别爱好，也很钻研。父亲经常教给他一些解剖和医学的知识，他有时也帮助父亲作 一些外科手术。亚里士多德17岁那年前往雅典，成为古希腊著名哲学家柏拉图(前427— 前347)的大弟子，从事学习和研究长达20年之久。他好学多问，才华横溢，成绩突出， 柏拉图夸他是―学院之灵‖。公元前343年，亚里士多德担任了年仅13岁的王子亚历山大的 宫廷教师。公元前340年亚历山大摄政，亚里士多德回到家乡。公元前335年他重返雅典， 创办了一所吕克昂学院，独树一个新的哲学学派。由于这个学派的老师和学生，常常在花园 里散步的时候讨论问题，当时人们就称它为逍遥学派。 公元前323年夏天，亚历山大大帝从印度回师巴比伦的途中病故。从此，亚里士多德在政 治上开始不得志。他决定离开雅典，离开吕克昂学院回到母亲的故地过隐居生活。公元前 322年因病逝世，葬在卡尔基，终年62岁。 二、科学成就 1(亚里士多德是希腊古典文化的集大成者，恩格斯称他是最博学的人。他的著作是古代的 百科全书，据说有四百到一千部，主要有《工具论》、《形而上学》、《物理学》、《伦理 学》、《政治学》、《诗学》等。与物理学关系较多的有:《物理学》(8卷，有中译本， 张竹明译，商务印书馆，北京，1982)、《天论》(4卷)、《起源与衰灭》(2卷)、《气 象学》(4卷)。另有一本《力学问题》为后人伪作。 2(在物理学方面，亚里士多德最重要的贡献是创造了这门学科的名称，―物理‖一词的现代 拉丁文―Physica‖，是他从希腊字υνσιζ(自然)一词推演而来的。此外，他对地球的大小作 出了在当时条件下比较合理的估计。 3(亚里士多德运用科学的方法，对奇妙的生物世界进行了大量调查。他带领助手周游各地， 搜集标本，分门别类，并且尽可能了解同动物和植物有关的各种知识。他是一位当之无愧的 伟大生物学家。他一生最有价值的科学贡献，也正是在动物学和解剖学方面。他对五百多种 不同的动植物进行了分类，解剖过几十种动物，正确地指出了鲸鱼是胎生的，描述了反刍动 物的胃、鸡胎的发育、头足纲动物的再生现象等。 4(此外，亚里士多德还对虹、视觉、管长与乐音的关系等物理现象作过一些初步的观察和 解释，他还从月食和星座的变迁推证了地球是圆形等。 Born at Stagira in northern Greece, Aristotle was the most notable product of the educational program devised by Plato; he spent twenty years of his life studying at the Academy. When Plato died, Aristotle returned to his native Macedonia, where he is supposed to have participated in the education of Philip's son, Alexander (the Great). He came back to Athens with Alexander's approval in 335 and established his own school at the Lyceum, spending most of the rest of his life engaged there in research, teaching, and writing. His students acquired the name "peripatetics" from the master's habit of strolling about as he taught. Although the surviving works of Aristotle probably represent only a fragment of the whole, they include his investigations of an amazing range of subjects, from logic, philosophy, and ethics to physics, biology, psychology, politics, and rhetoric. Aristotle appears to have thought through his views as he wrote, returning to significant issues at different stages of his own development. The result is less a consistent system of thought than a complex record of Aristotle's thinking about many significant issues. The aim of Aristotle's logical treatises (known collectively as the Organon) was to develop a universal method of reasoning by means of which it would be possible to learn everything there is to know about reality. Thus, the Categories proposes a scheme for the description of particular things in terms of their properties, states, and activities. On Interpretation, Prior Analytics, and Posterior Analytics examine the nature of deductive inference, outlining the system of syllogistic reasoning from true propositions that later came to be known as categorical logic. Though not strictly one of the logical works, the Physics contributes to the universal method by distinguishing among the four causes which may be used to explain everything, with special concern for why things are the way they are and the apparent role of chance in the operation of the world. In other treatises, Aristotle applied this method, with its characteristic emphasis on teleological explanation, to astronomical and biological explorations of the natural world In Metafusikh (Metaphysics) Aristotle tried to justify the entire enterprise by grounding it all in an abstract study of being qua being. Although Aristotle rejected the Platonic theory of forms, he defended his own vision of ultimate reality, including the eternal existence of substance. On The Soul uses the notion of a hylomorphic composite to provide a detailed account of the functions exhibited by living things—vegetable, animal, and human—and explains the use of sensation and reason to achieve genuine knowledge. That Aristotle was interested in more than a strictly scientific exploration of human nature is evident from the discussion of literary art (particularly tragedy) in Peri PoihtikhV (Poetics) and the methods of persuasion in the ‗RhtoreiaV (Rhetoric). Aristotle made several efforts to explain how moral conduct contributes to the good life for human agents, including the Eqikh EudaimonhV (Eudemian Ethics) and the Magna Moralia, but the most complete surviving statement of his views on morality occurs in the Eqikh Nikomacoi (Nicomachean Ethics). There he considered the natural desire to achieve happiness, described the operation of human volition and moral deliberation, developed a theory of each virtue as the mean between vicious extremes, discussed the value of three kinds of friendship, and defended his conception of an ideal life of intellectual pursuit. But on Aristotle's view, the lives of individual human beings are invariably linked together in a social context. In the Peri PoliV (Politics) he speculated about the origins of the state, described and assessed the relative merits of various types of government, and listed the obligations of the individual citizen. He may also have been the author of a model PoliteiaV Aqhnawn (Constitution of Athens), in which the abstract notion of constitutional government is applied to the concrete life of a particular society. 在希腊北部Stagira出生，亚里士多德是柏拉图设计的教育计划，最引人注目的产品，他花 了20的他在该学院学习生活多年。当柏拉图去世，亚里士多德回到他的家乡马其顿，在那 里他应该有在菲利普的儿子亚历山大(大)教育参加了会议。他回到雅典亚历山大在335 批准和成立于兰心大戏院他自己的学校，花费了他一生最从事研究，教学那里，和写作。他 的学生获得了名称为―peripatetics‖从大师的教导，他徜徉的习惯。虽然亚里士多德可能幸存 的工程只占整个片段，它们包括他调查的一个惊人的科目范围，从逻辑，哲学，道德，物理 学，生物学，心理学，政治学和修辞。亚里士多德似乎已经通过他的观点认为是他说，在他 返回自己的不同发展阶段的重大问题。其结果是少了思想比亚里士多德的思想对许多重大问 题复杂的记录一致的系统。 在亚里士多德的逻辑论文的目的(被称为欧加农合)是指以发展普遍的推理方法，使之有可 能学习一切有了解的现实。因此，建议在其类别的属性，状态，和活动方面，为计划的特殊 事物的描述。关于解释，事先分析和研究后分析演绎推理的性质，概述了从那个后来被称为 是绝对的真命题逻辑的三段论推理系统。虽然没有严格的逻辑的作品之一，物理学有助于通 用方法中的四个可以用来解释一切的原因区分，与为什么事情是这个样子和在操作的机会明 显作用，特别关注世界的。在其他论文中，亚里士多德应用这种方法，其目的论特征的解释 上强调，要对自然世界的天文和生物的探索 在Metafusikh(形而上学)亚里士多德试图辩护，接地存在作为一个抽象的研究，所有的整个企业。虽然亚里士多德拒绝了柏拉图的形式理论，他仍认为自己的最终的现实自己的设想，包括物质的永恒的存在。在灵魂中运用了hylomorphic复合的概念，提供一个由生物，植物，动物展示的功能详细说明，和人并说明理由的感觉和利用，以实现真正的知识。亚里士多德是比人的本性更严格的科学探索兴趣是显而易见的，从文学艺术(尤其是悲剧)的围PoihtikhV(诗)和'RhtoreiaV(修辞)的说服方法的讨论。 亚里士多德提出了一些努力来解释道德行为如何为人类作出贡献人员，包括Eqikh EudaimonhV(Eudemian伦理)和麦格纳Moralia良好的生活，但最完整的陈述他的看法尚存在的道德Eqikh Nikomacoi(尼各马科伦理学发生)。他认为自然有希望实现的幸福，描述了人类意志和道德审议工作，制定了各自之间的恶性极端意味着德性论，讨论了三种友谊种类的价值，捍卫自己的理想人生的观念对知识产权的追求。 但是，亚里士多德的观点，个别人的生命是必然联系在一起的社会环境。在围PoliV(政治)，他猜测的状态描述，并评估政府各类型的相对优点，并列出了每个公民的义务的起源。他可能还一直是一个模型PoliteiaV Aqhnawn(雅典宪法)，其中宪政抽象的概念，适用于某一特定社会的具体生活的作者。