胶片电影术语中英文对照表

胶片电影术语中英文对照表 A A & B Cutting: A method of assembling original material in two separate rolls, allowing optical effects to be made by double printing (A and B Printing). A和B剪接法?一种将拍摄后的底片装到两种分离的卷轴上的方法，通过用双印片(A和B 印片)得到光学效果。 A Wind: When you hold a roll of 16 mm or other single-perf film so that the film leaves the roll from the top and toward the right, the perforations will be along the edge toward the observer. A 卷(绕)片: 当您手持一盘16mm或者其他单齿孔的胶片，使胶片前端向右时，齿孔会在 朝向观察者的一边 Abrasion Marks: Scratches on film caused by dirt, improper handling, grit, emulsion pile-ups, and certain types of film damage (e.g., torn perforations). 刮痕:由污物、不正确的处理、砂砾、乳剂堆积和特定类型的胶片损伤导致的胶片刮伤(例 如:齿孔磨损)。 Academy Aperture: In projection the aperture cutout that was specified by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences that provides for a screen-image aspect ratio of approximately 1.37:1; also called „sound aperture.? 学会 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 片格(标准银幕片窗):在放映过程中，按照美国电影艺术和科学学会的标准，该 学会为银幕影像提供大约1.37:1的比例，也叫做“有声片窗“。 Acetate-Base Film: Any film with a support that contains cellulose triacetate; safety film. 醋酸纤维片基?任何具有片基的胶片其片基由三醋酸纤维素酯组成;安全胶片。 Additive Color: Color mixture by adding light from any of the three primaries: red, green, and blue. 加色?由三原色光:红、绿、蓝混合所形成的色彩。 Additive Lamphouse: A printer lamphouse consisting of three light sources; one for each color record. 加色法灯箱:由三个光源组成的印片机上的光源。一个光源对应一个彩色记录。 Anamorphic: An optical system having different magnifications in the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the image. Basically, special camera lenses squeeze the image horizontally at the time of exposure. This 2-to-1 squeeze uses as much of the negative available and still allows room for an optical sound track on the release print. The print is un-squeezed by the projector lens which gives the characteristic wide screen (2.35:1) aspect ratio. 变形:一个影像的水平空间和垂直空间里，这个光学系统呈现不同的放大倍数。基本上是特 殊的摄影镜头在曝光时对影像横向地压缩。这个2到1的压缩使用了市场上所有的底片，并 且仍然为发行正片上的光学声带保留了空间。放映机的镜头把正片解压缩，并提供符合宽银 幕特点的2.35:1比例。 Answer Print: The first print (combining picture and sound, if a sound picture), in release form, offered by the laboratory to the producer for acceptance. It is usually studied carefully to determine whether changes are required prior to printing the balance of the order. 标准(校正)拷贝?包括了影像和声音，按照发行方式制作出的有声片的第一部拷贝,它由冲 印厂提供给制作人审查。通常要对它进行仔细的研究以确定在进行色彩的平衡之前是否需要 进行一些更动。 Antihalation Backing (Coating): A dark layer coated on or in the film to absorb light that would otherwise be reflected back into the emulsion from the base. 防光晕层?在胶片上或胶片中涂的一层黑色涂层，以吸收光线，否则光线会从片基反射到乳 剂上。 Aperture: (1) Lens: The orifice, usually an adjustable iris, which limits the amount of light passing through a lens. (2) Camera: In motion picture cameras, the mask opening that defines the area of each frame exposed. (3) Projector: In motion picture projectors, the mask opening that defines the area of each frame projected. 光圈，片格窗，片门?(1)镜头?一个孔，通常是一个可变光栅，可以限制通过透镜的光 量。(2)摄影机?在电影摄影机中，确定每个片格的曝光区域的遮蔽罩孔。(3)放映机? 在电影放映机中，确定每个片格的放映区域的遮蔽罩孔。 ASA Exposure: Index or speed rating that denotes the film sensitivity, defined by the American National Standards Institution. Actually defined only for black-and-white films, but also used in the trade for color films. ASA 曝光指数?由美国国家标准学会规定，标明胶片对光的敏感程度的指数或感光速度。 事实上，它只限定于黑白底片，但是也在彩色底片上使用。 B B Wind: When you hold a roll of 16 mm or other single-perf film so that the film leaves the roll from the top and toward the right; the perforations will be along the edge away from the observer. B 卷片:当您手持一盘16mm或者其他单齿孔的胶片，使胶片前端向右时，齿孔将在远离 观察者的一边。 Backing: Antihalation Backing: A temporary, dark-colored, gelatin coating which is sometimes applied to the rear side of a photographic plate or film to reduce halation by absorbing any light that my pass through the emulsion. (2) Non-Curl Backing: A transparent, gelatin coating, sometimes applied to the opposite side of photographic film from the emulsion to prevent curling by balancing the forces that tend to curl the film as it is wet and dried during processing. (3) Coating: (e.g., anti-abrasion coating or rem-jet backing) applied to the base side of the film to improve characteristics and performance. 背层:1)防光晕的涂布:一种临时的，黑色的胶质涂料，有时用在胶片的后边，吸收任何 可能穿过乳剂的光线来减少摄影底片的光晕。2)抗弯曲的涂布:一种透明的明胶涂料，有 时用在从乳剂层的反面透过平衡防止胶片弯曲，抑制湿的胶片在处理过程中干燥时产生的弯 曲。3)涂层:例如抗擦伤涂层或黑膜涂层。用在胶片的片基上，提高胶片的性能。 Base: The transparent, flexible support, commonly cellulose acetate, on which photographic emulsions are coated to make photographic film. 片基:透明的，柔性的片基，通常的材料是醋酸纤维素酯，摄影乳剂就涂在上面成为摄影胶 片。 Bell and Howell Perforation: A film perforation shaped with flat top and bottom and curved sides. 贝尔浩型片(齿)孔: 上下平行两边弯曲的胶片齿孔。 Bleach: (1) Converting a metallic silver image to a halide or other salt which can be removed from the film with hypo. When bleaching is not carried to completion, it is called reducing. (2) Any chemical reagent that can be used for bleaching. 漂白:1)把金属银的影像转化成能用硫化硫酸钠冲洗掉的卤化物或其他盐类。当漂白不完 整时，叫做减薄。2)任何化学试剂可以用来漂白。 C Camera Log: A record sheet giving details of the scenes photographed on a roll of original negative. 摄影纪录:一张记录表，它提供了拍摄在一卷原底片上的场景的细节。 Camera Operator: The person responsible for translating the instructions on the exposure sheet into camera moves and photographing the artwork. 摄影师(摄影机操作员):负责将曝光表上的读数转换成为摄影机的作业和实际的拍摄的人。 Camera Original: Film exposed in a camera. 原底片:在摄影机中经拍摄而曝光的底片。 Cell Side: The base (Celluloid) surface of a strip of film. 赛璐珞面(片基面):一条胶片的片基(赛璐珞)表面。 Cellulose Triacetate: Transparent, flexible material used as a base support for photographic emulsions. 三醋酸纤维素:透明的，柔软的用作摄影乳剂的片基的材料 Characteristic Curve: Shows the relationship between the exposure of a photographic material and the image density produced after processing. 特性曲线: 表明摄影材料的曝光和冲洗后得到的影像密度之间的关系。 Cinch Marks: Short scratches on the surface of a motion picture film which run parallel to its length. These are caused by dust or other abrasive particles between film coils or improperly winding the roll, which allows one coil of film to slide against another. 卷片擦伤:电影胶片表面的短的刮伤，与长度方向平行;这些划痕是由灰尘或其他之间的颗 粒摩擦产生，或是由于卷轴的不恰当卷绕，导致一条胶片在另一圈上滑动时产生的 Cinching: Practice of pulling the end of a roll to tighten it. It?s not recommended. 卷片不均:拉胶片的一端使其在卷轴上绕紧的动作。一般不建议使用这种方式。 Cinemascope: Trade name of a system of anamorphic wide-screen presentation. The first commercially successful anamorphic system for the presentation of wide-screen pictures combined with stereophonic sound. The 35 mm negative camera image is compressed horizontally by the same amount using a similar anamorphic projection lens. Depending on the type of sound used in the print, the screen image has an aspect ratio of 2:35:1 (optical sound), or 2:55:1 (4-track magnetic sound). 西尼玛斯柯普系统宽银幕电影(采用变形方法):一个压缩摄影宽银幕放映系统的商业名称。 是第一个成功的立体声商用压缩摄影系统。35 mm底片的摄影影像用一种特殊的压缩摄影 镜头水平压缩50%。在放映前，35mm影片影像再用一套相似放大镜头水平放大同样的倍 数。根据影片中所用的声音类型，银幕影像的比例:2.35:1(光学声音)或2.55:1(4一轨磁性 声音)。 Cinex Strip: A short test print in which each frame has been printed at a different exposure level. 光号测试片:一种短的测试影片，其中每一个片格都在不同的曝光水平上印制。 Color Analyzer: A device for determining the correct printing light ratios for printing color negatives. 彩色配光机:一种决定印制彩色底片时，正确的印片光号的设备。 Color Balance: The perceptual appearance of a color image on the film as a function of the ratio of exposures of each primary color recorded on the film. 色彩平衡:一部影片的彩色影像的感色性的表现，它是影片上记录的每一个原始色彩的曝光 比例的函数 Color Correction: The altering of the color balance by modifying the ratio of the printing light values. 色彩校对:通过修改印片光号来改变色彩平衡。 Color Duplicate (DUPE) Negative: Duplicate with a negative color image; made from a negative color original. Typically used for making release prints. 彩色翻底片:复制彩色负像;从原底片复制。在制作发行拷贝时常会使用。 Color Internegative: Negative-image color duplicate made from a positive color original. Typically used for making release prints. 彩色中间底片:从翻正片的原始彩色影像进行的彩色负像复制。在制作发行拷贝时常用。 Color Negative: A negative (opposite) record of the original scene. Colors are the complementaries of the colors in the scene; light areas are dark, and dark areas are light 彩色底片:对原场景的负像记录。其色彩是场景中色彩的互补色;亮部区域是暗的，暗的区 域是亮的。 Color Positive: A positive record of the original scene. 彩色正像:原来场景的正像记录。 Color Print Film: Film designed for making positive prints from color originals and color duplicates. 彩色正片:设计用来从彩色底片和彩色复制片制作正像的胶片。 Color Reversal Film: Film that after processing has a color positive image. Can be an original camera film or a film in which other positive films are printed. 彩色反转片:在冲洗后有彩色正像的胶片。它可以用作原始拍摄或其它正片的印制。 Color Saturation: A term used to describe the brilliance or purity of a color. When colors present in a film image are projected at the proper screen brightness and without interference from stray light, the colors appear bright, deep, rich, and undiluted. They are said to be saturated. 色彩饱和度:用于描述色彩的明度或纯度的术语。当胶片影像的呈现在合适的银幕亮度下放 映，且没有杂散光的干扰时，显得明亮、玄妙、丰满，纯净的色彩称为饱和的色彩。 Color Sensitivity: Portion of the spectrum to which a film is sensitive. The ability of the eye or photographic stock to respond to various wavelengths of light. 感色性:胶片对光敏感的光谱部分。眼睛或摄影胶片对不同波长的光的反应能力。 Color Separation Negative: Black and white negative made from red, green, or blue light from an original subject or from positive color film. 分色底片:由原来的物体或彩色正片的红、绿或蓝光制作得到的黑白底片。 Color Temperature: The color quality of the light source (expressed in Kelvin (K) degrees) 色温:用开尔文(凯氏)(K)表示的光源的色彩品质。色温越高，光越偏向蓝色;色温越 低，光越偏向红色。 Complementary Color: Color that is minus one of the primary colors. Cyan is minus red; cyan and red are complementary colors. Yellow is minus blue; yellow and blue are complementary colors. Magenta is minus green; magenta and green are complementary colors. When mixed in equal parts, complementary and primary colors produce white. (互)补色:减少一种原色的色彩。减去了红是青色，因此红色是青色的补色;减去了蓝是 黄色，因此蓝色是黄色的补色;减去了绿是品红色，因此绿色和品红色是补色。将三原色等 量混合就产生了白色，三原色都是它的补色。 Composite Print: A print of a film that contains both picture and sound track. Films regularly shown in theaters are composite prints. Also called Release Print. 合成拷贝:一部影片的拷贝，它包括影像和声音。通常在影院中放映的影片都是合成拷贝。 也称为发行拷贝。 Conform: Match the original film to the final edited work print. 套片:将原底片剪接成与最终的编辑完成的工作拷贝相吻合。 Contact Print: Print made by exposing the receiving material in contact with the original. Images are the same size as the original images, but have a reversed left-to-right orientation. 接触式印片:与原底片接触的胶片曝光的印片方式。影像和原始影片的影像同样大小，但左 右相反。 Continuous Contact Printer: A printing machine where the emulsion of the negative film is in direct physical contact with the positive raw stock emulsion, and the two films are moving continuously across the printing aperture. 连续式接触印片机:一种印片机，其中底片的乳剂和正片的生片乳剂直接接触。同时，两种 胶片连续地通过印片机的片门。 Contrast: (1) The general term for describing the tone separation in a print in relation to a given difference in the light-and-shade of the negative or subject from which it was made. Thus, „contrast? is the general term for the property called „gamma? (Y), which is measured by making an H & D curve for the process under study. (2) The range of tones in a photographic negative or positive expressed as the ratio of the extreme opacities or transparencies or as the difference between the extreme densities. This range is more properly described as „scale? or „latitude,? (3) The ability of a photographic material, developer, or process as a whole to differentiate among small gradations in the tones of the subject. 反差:1) 描述正片中色调的分离的一般术语，此与底片或被拍摄的物体的明暗分布有关。 因此, 反差有关特性的一般术语称为 “伽玛”(γ)，“伽玛”(γ)是通过做一条H&D曲线研究 程序测定的。2)摄影底片或拷贝片中的色调范围，表示为阻光或透射的比值或密度极值之 间的差别。这种范围表示为影调范围或宽容度更为合适。3)摄影材料经显影和冲洗整体影 调级度的区分能力。 Control Strip: A short length of film containing a series of densities to check on laboratory procedures. 控制光楔:一段短的胶片，它包括一系列不同的密度以检测洗印厂的冲洗。 Curve (H&D): The characteristic curve developed by Hurter and Driffield that depicts how faithfully a photographic emulsion has reproduced the tonal scale of the original scene. H&D曲线:由Hunter 和Driffield 发展的特性曲线，它描述了光学乳剂是多么忠实地重现 原场景的影调。 Cyan: Blue-green; the complement of red or the minus-red subtractive used in three-color processes. 青色:蓝-绿:在三色处理中用的红色的补色。 D D-Max: See Maximum Density. D-Max: 见最高密度(Maximum Density) D-Min: See Maximum Density. D-Min: 见最低密度(Minimum Denisty) Dailies: Picture and sound work prints of a day?s shooting; usually an untimed one-light print made without regard to color balance. Produced so that the action can be checked and the best takes selected; usually shown before the next day?s shooting begins. 工作样片:一天的影像和声音工作拷贝片;通常是未配光的一个光号印片，没有经过色彩平 衡制作成的。它的制作可以使拍摄得到检查，选出最好的;通常在下一天的摄制工作开始之 前放映。 Daylight: Light consisting of a natural combination of sunlight and skylight (approximately 6500 degrees K). 日光:包括太阳光和天空光源的自然组合的光线(大约6500k)。 Definition: The clarity or distinctness with which detail of an image is rendered; fidelity of reproduction of sound or image. 清晰度:清晰度或分辨率，通过它影像的细节得以表现;对影像或声音进行忠实地再现。 Densitometer: Instrument used to measure the optical density of an area in a processed image by transmittance or by reflectance. 密度计:通过透射光法或反射光法来测定被冲洗的影像区域内的光学密度的一种仪器。 Densitometry: Science of measuring the light-stopping characteristics of film or filters. 密度测定，密度学:测定胶片或滤色片的阻光特性的科学。 Density: Light-stopping characteristics of a film or a filter. The negative logarithm to the base ten of the transmittance (or reflectance) of a sample. 密度:胶片或滤色片的阻光特性。以10为底的样品的透射(或反射)的负对数。 Depth of Field: The range of object distances within which objects are in sharp focus. 景深:物距的范围，在这个范围内物体可以获得令人满意的锐利焦距影像。 Development: Process of making a visible film image from the latent image produced during exposure. 显影: 使在曝光过程中得到的潜影生成可见影像的冲洗程序。 Dishing: Occurs when a loosely or tightly wound roll of film slips edgewise to form a concave/convex dish like form. 盘形(卷片):当整卷胶片轻松或较紧的卷片向边缘滑动时，形成一种内凹/外凸的盘子形状。 Dissolve: An optical or camera effect in which one scene gradually fades out at the same time that a second scene fades in. There is an apparent double exposure during the center portion of a dissolve sequence where the two scenes overlap. 叠化: 一种光学或摄影效果，其中一个场景慢慢地淡出，同时另一个场景逐渐淡入。在叠化 的中间，即两个场景重叠部分，会明显地存在双重曝光。 Dupe: An abbreviation for duplicate. A second-generation negative. 复制片:复制胶片的缩写，是底片的第二代。 Dupe, Dupe Negative: A duplicate negative made from a master positive by printing and development or from an original negative by printing followed by reversal development. 翻底片:一种复制的负片,由翻正片通过印片和冲洗得到，或由原底片通过印片和反转冲洗 之后得到。 Dye: In photography, the result of color processing in which the silver grains or incorporated color couplers have been converted into the appropriate dye to form part of the color image. 染料: 在摄影中彩色冲洗的结果，其银粒子或结合的彩色成色剂转化为合适的染料，形成影 像的彩色部分。 E Edge Numbers: Numbers on edges of film that identify the film; used to help match original film and sound to edited workprints. Latent-image edge numbers are put on by the manufacturer, and appear during development. Printed edge numbers are placed on the film by the lab, and can be coded for all materials so that any number of picture and sound rolls will have the same sequence. 片边号码:胶片边缘的序号是识别胶片;用于协助剪辑工作样片核对原片和声音的。潜影的 片边号码被胶片生产商印到胶片上的，所有的材料都有编号，这样让任何数量的影片和声带 都是一样的序列号。 Edgewax: Waxing method recommended for lubricating release prints; treatment is with a solution of 50 grams of paraffin wax per litre of trichloromethane applied only to the edges of the emulsion side of the film. 片边腊润:用封腊的方法来润滑用于发行的拷贝;这种方法是用每升三氯乙烷溶解50克石 蜡形成的溶液，只用于处理胶片的乳剂面的侧缘。 Emulsion, Emulsion Layer: (1) Broadly, any light sensitive photographic material consisting of a gelatin emulsion containing silver halides together with the base and any other layers or ingredients that may be required to produce a film having desirable mechanical and photographic properties. (2) In discussions of the anatomy of a photographic film, the emulsion layer is any coating that contains light sensitive silver halide grains, as distinguished from the backing, base, substratum, or filter layers. 乳剂，乳剂层:1)广义上说，是指任何光敏感性的摄影材料，它包括含卤化银的明胶乳剂 和片基以及其它层或组分结合在一起，后者可能是胶片具有要求的机械和摄影性能所需要 的。2)在讨论摄影胶片的构造时，乳剂层是任何一种包含光敏感性的卤化银颗粒的涂层， 与背层，片基，黏结层或滤层有所区别。 Emulsion Number: A number identifying a complete coating from a single emulsion batch or mixture (refer appendix 1). 乳剂号:用来识别来自于单独乳剂或混合的完整的乳剂涂布。 Emulsion side: The side of a film coated with emulsion. 乳剂面:胶片涂有乳剂的一侧。 Emulsion Speed: The photosensitivity of a film, usually expressed as an index number based on the film manufacturer?s recommendations for the use of the film under typical conditions of exposure and development. 乳剂感光度:胶片对光的敏感性，通常为胶片制造商基于胶片在典型的曝光和冲洗条件下有 关胶片使用建议的一种指数。 ESTAR Base: The trade name applied to the polyethylene terephthalate film base manufactured by Eastman Kodak Company. ESTAR Base: 伊士曼柯达公司生产的聚乙烯对苯二酸酯胶片片基的商品名称。 Exposure Index (EI): Number assigned to a film that expresses its relative sensitivity to light. The EI is based on the film emulsion speed, a standard exposure technique, and specific processing solutions. 曝光指数:指定给一种胶片的数值，它标明胶片对光的相对敏感程度。EI值的基本设定包 括胶片乳剂的速度，标准的曝光技术和特定的冲洗药液。 Exposure Latitude: Degree to which film can be underexposed or overexposed and still yield satisfactory results. 曝光宽容度:胶片在曝光不足或曝光过度时，却仍然能够产生令人满意的结果的程度。 Exposure Meter, Incident: A meter calibrated to read and integrate all the light aimed at and falling on a subject within a large area. (Scale may be calibrated in foot-candles or in photographic exposure settings.) 曝光表(入射式):一种校准的测量仪器，用于在大范围内对集中和落在物体上的所有的光 进行读取和整合。其单位可以用呎烛光或摄影曝光之设定校准。 Exposure Meter, Reflectance: A meter calibrated to read the amount of light, within a more restricted area, reflecting from the surface of a subject or an overall scene. (Scale may be calibrated in foot-candles or in photographic exposure settings.) 曝光表，反射式:一种校准的测量仪器，用于对有限范围内，从物体表面或全部场景反射出 的光量进行读数。其单位可以用呎烛光或摄影曝光之设定校准。 Exposure: Amount of light that acts on photographic material; product of illumination intensity (controlled by the lens opening) and duration (controlled by the shutter opening and the frame rate). 曝光?照在摄影材料上的光量;是照明强度(由镜头开口控制)和持续时间(由快门和片格 速度控制)综合作用的结果。 F f-Number: A symbol that expresses the relative aperture of a lens. For example, a lens having a relative aperture of 1.7 would be marked f/1.7. The smaller the f-number, the more light the lens transmits. f-制光圈(值)?一个表示镜头的相对光圈的单位。例如，一个相对光圈的单位为1.7的镜头 标记为f/1.7。f值越小，透镜透过的光越多。 Film Base: Flexible, usually transparent, support on which photographic emulsions are coated. 片基:一种柔软的，通常是透明的基材，上面涂布了照相乳剂。 Film Code: (or product code) is the four-digit number that the film manufacturer assigns to every film product eg. 5279 胶片码:(或者产品编码)由胶片生产商制定给每款胶片产品(例如5279)是4位数字 Film Gate: Components that make up the pressure and aperture plates in a camera, printer, or projector. 片门:在摄影机，印片机或放映机用来调整压力和片门板的零件。 Film Identification Code: Letter that identifies film type (refer appendix 1). 胶片识别码:用于标记胶片型号的字母。 Film Perforation: Hole punched at regular intervals for the length of film, intended to be engaged by pins, pegs, and sprockets as the film is transported through the camera, projector, or other equipment. 片孔:在胶片长度方向上按一定间隔打出的孔，这样当胶片通过摄影机、放映机或其它设备 时，就可以被定位针、钉和扣片齿轮固定。 Film Speed: See Emulsion Speed. 胶片感光度: 见乳剂感光度. Film Weave: The lateral displacement or irregular and undesirable movement of the film as it passes through the gate of a camera projector. 胶片晃动: 当胶片通过电影放映机的镜头片门时,它的侧面移动或不规则也不必要的移动. Filter Layer: In a photographic film, a thin, uniform, colored layer that is coated above or below the emulsion to serve as a light filter. It controls the spectral quality of the light reaching the emulsion. 滤层: 在摄影胶片中的一种薄的,均一的,彩色的涂层,它涂在乳剂的上面或下面,担任滤光作 用; 它控制到达乳剂光源的光谱质量. Final Cut: Last editing of a workprint before conforming is done or before sound workprints are mixed. 最后剪辑: 工作拷贝在套片或混入声音之前的最后一次编辑。 First Print: The first trial composite (married) print containing both picture and sound for the purpose of checking picture and sound quality. 第一拷贝:第一个试验的组合拷贝片，既包括影像也包括声音，用于检验影像和声音的品质。 Fixing: The removal of unexposed silver halides from the film during processing. 定影:在冲洗过程中，除去胶片上未曝光的卤化银。 Flashing: Technique for lowering contrast by giving a slight uniform exposure to film before processing. 闪光:胶片在冲洗前进行一次轻微均匀的曝光来降低反差的技术。 Flat: An image is said to be flat if its contrast is too low. Flatness is a defect that does not necessarily affect the entire density scale of a reproduction to the same degree. Thus, a picture may be flat in the highlight areas, or flat in the shadow regions, or both. 平调:如果一个影像的反差太低，我们就说它太“平”了。它是一种缺陷，但并不影响同样程 度下的复制的整个密度范围。因此，影片可能在亮部的区域是“平的”，或在暗部是“平的”， 或在这两个区域都是“平的。” Fog: Darkening or discoloring of a negative or print, or lightening or discoloring of a reversal material. Causes include accidental exposure to light or X-rays, overdevelopment, using outdated film, and storing film in a hot, humid place. 灰雾:底片或拷贝片变暗或变色，或者是反转片变亮或变色。产生这种现象的原因包括偶然 在光线或X-光下曝光，过度显影，使用了过期的胶片或在热和潮湿的地方储存胶片。 Footage Numbers: Also called edge numbers. Sequential numbers which are pre-exposed or printed in ink at regular intervals on the edge of the film outside or in between the perforations. 呎数码:也叫做片边数码。以固定的间隔，在胶片外部的边缘上或齿孔之间预先曝光或印刷 的序列数字。 Force-Process: Develop film for longer than the normal time to compensate for underexposure. 增感冲洗:用比正常时间要长的时间冲洗胶片，以补偿曝光不足。 Format: The size or aspect ratio of a motion picture frame. 画幅尺寸:电影片格的尺寸或画幅比例。 Frame Line Marking: A mark placed on the edge of the film between every fourth perforation as an aid to splicing in frame when no image or frame line is visible. On 70 mm film, a small punched hole placed between every fifth perforation. 片格分隔线标记:在胶片边缘上，每四个齿孔之间标示的记号，它可以在没有影像或片格线 看不见的时候帮助连接片格。在70mm胶片上，使每五个齿孔之间有一个小的打孔。 Frame-Index Marker: (35mm only) Hyphen which occurs every four perforations to help locate position of frame line, especially in low-light level scenes. To use: Locate frame line. Determine whether it is offset from index marker by 0, +1, +2 or +3 perforations. Use this offset to find frame line elsewhere in scene. Note: The frame-index marker is not printed when it interferes with any other edgeprint information (refer appendix 1). 片格索引标记:(只限35mm)连字号每四片孔出现一次来帮助确定片格线的位置，特别是 适用于光线暗的镜头。作用是:确定片格线的位置。确定它是否以0，+1，+2或+3的片孔 次序印制索引标记的。运用这个印记来找到片格线在镜头中所处的位置。备注: 当片格索引 标记受到其他片边标记的干扰时,将不能印制出来. Front End: General terms for all production and preparation work up to the Answer Print stage before Release Printing. 前期制作: 用于发行拷贝之前的到标准拷贝阶段的所有制作与准备工作的通用术语. G Gain, Screen: The measure of a screen?s ability to reflect the light incident to it. A perfect screen would reflect back all the light that was incident to it at all angles. Such a screen would have a gain of 1.0 In practical use, however, most matte screens that allow wide viewing angles have a gain of about 0.85 Special metallized or directional screens can provide up to about 15 times more reflected light than a common matte screen, but their viewing angles are generally very limited, making them unsuitable for most theatrical applications. (银幕)增益: 银幕对入射光的反射能力的一种度量。一个完美的银幕会反射所有的任何角度 的入射光。这样的一个银幕的增益值为1.0。但是，在实际应用中，绝大多数粗糙的宽视角 的银幕的增益值只有大约0.85。特殊金属化的或有方向性的银幕可以比普通的银幕能产生的 反射光要多15倍，但它们的视角却非常有限，这就使得它们在大多数影院中并不适用。 Gamma: Measurement of the contrast of an image, representing the slope of the straight-line portion of the characteristic curve. 反差系数:影像反差的测定，以特性曲线的直线部分的斜率表示。 Gate: The aperture assembly at which the film is exposed in a camera, printer or project. 片门:在摄影机、印片机或放映机中的一个小孔径，，当胶片通过可被曝光。 Gate Tension: The resistance to film movement produced by adjustable spring-loaded rails in the projector gate. 片门张力:胶片移动的阻力，由放映机镜头片门中可调整的弹簧负载轨道所产生。 Gelatin Filter (Gel): A light filter consisting of a gelatin sheet in which light-absorbing pigment or dye is incorporated. 明胶滤色片:一种滤色片，由胶质片组成，内含吸收光的色素或染料。 Graininess: The character of a photographic image when, under normal viewing conditions, it appears to be made up of distinguishable particles, or grains. This is due to the grouping together, or „clumping? of the individual silver grains, which are by themselves far too small to be perceived under normal viewing conditions. 颗粒性:摄影影像的特性，在通常的视觉条件下，它表现出由可分辨的颗粒或粒子组成。这 是由于它们组合在一起，或单个银粒子聚成“团块”，这些单个的银粒子本身大小，在通常的 视觉条件下不能被感知。 Granularity: Non-uniformity in a photographic image that can be measured with a densitometer. 颗粒度: 一个摄影影像的非均匀性，可以通过密度计进行测定。 Gray Card: A commercially prepared card that reflects 18 percent of the light hitting it. Visually it appears neutral, or a middle gray i.e., halfway between black and white. 灰卡:一种商业上制造的卡片，它反射18%的照射光源。从视觉上看，它是中性灰，或者 是介于黑色和白色之间的一种灰色。 Guillotine Splicer: Device used for butt-splicing film with splicing tape. 裁切接片机:用于将胶片截断面以胶带接在一起的设备。 H Halation: A defect of photographic films and plates. Light forming an image on the film is scattered by passing through the emulsion or by reflection at the emulsion or base surfaces. This scattered light causes a local fog that is especially noticeable around image of light sources or sharply defined highlight areas. 光晕:摄影胶片的一种缺陷。在胶片上产生影像的光在通过乳剂时发散，或在乳剂和片基表 面发生发射。这种散射光产生了局部的灰雾，在光源附近的影像或界限清晰的高亮度区域特 别明显。 High-Speed Camera: A camera designed to expose film at rates faster than 24 frames per second. Used to obtain slow- motion effects. 高速摄影机:设计用来比每秒24个片格速度更快地曝光胶片的摄影机。用于产生慢镜头效 果。 Highlights: Visually the brightest, or photometrically the most luminant areas of a subject. In the negative image, the areas of greatest density; in the positive image, the areas of least density. 高光部分:最高的，或光度测定值最大的发光体物体的某一部分。在负像中，是密度最大的 区域;在正像中，是密度最小的区域。 Hue: Sensation of the color itself; measured by the dominant wavelength. 色调:色彩自身的感觉;由决定色彩的波长测定。 Humidity: A term referring to the presence or absence of moisture in the air. For instance, low humidity describes conditions in a desert. Conversely, high humidity is related to tropical rain forest conditions. 湿度:指空气中存在或缺乏湿气的一个术语。例如:湿度低描述的是沙漠中的条件。反之， 高的湿度与热带雨林条件相连。 I Idle Roller: Free turning non-sprocketed rollers for guiding film through its appropriate path. 空转轮:自由转动的，非扣片的卷轴，用于引导胶片通过正确的路径。 Illuminant: Light source used to project the film image or to expose the film. 发光体:用于放映影片的影像或曝光胶片的光源。 Image, Latent Image: The invisible image formed in a camera or printer by the action of light on a photographic emulsion. 影像，潜影:由于光的作用在摄影机或印片机内在照相乳剂上所形成的不可见影像。 Infrared: Nonvisible, long wavelength radiation from a carbon or xenon arc that contributes to the heating of the film and equipment. 红外线:从碳弧灯或氙弧发出的不可见的、长波长的辐射，它对胶片和设备传送热量。 Intermediate: Film used only for making duplicates from which other duplicates or prints are made. Does not include camera films. 中间片:仅仅用于从已完成制作的复制胶片或拷贝片来进行复制。不包括摄影底片。 Intermediate Sprocket: An intermittently rotated sprocket, which positions the film in the aperture of a projector and moves it after the exposure cycle. 中间输片齿轮:一种间歇旋转的扣片齿轮，它将胶片定位在放映机的片门中，并且在曝光周 期后移动胶片。 Intermittent: Not continuous but equally spaced (sometimes random) motion, as the intermittent (24 fps) motion of film through a projector. 断续、间歇:当胶片以间歇的运动(24格/秒)，通过放映机时产生的不连续但是等速(有时 候是不规则)的运动。 Internegative (IN): A negative copy made from the interpositive. The Internegative, also known as, a dupe negative (DN) can be printed with one-light (one set of timing lights) since all color corrections were made in the interpositive (IP). This facilitates high speed printing for theatrical releases. 中间负片:底片拷贝通过中间正片得到的。中间负片也称作翻底片，由于全部色彩校对都已 经在中间正片上了，所以通过一个光源(一组配光光号)就可以进行拷贝。这样方便了影院 发行的拷贝高速印制。 Interpositive (IP): The original cut negative for a feature film is printed onto intermediate stock to create a color interpositive (or master positive). The same color timing for making the answer print is used here. With the IP in hand, an Internegative (IN or DN) is made which becomes the printing master or dupe negative (DN) for making multiple release prints. 中间正片: 一部原版间接好的底片通过翻印到中间底片上来得到彩色的中间正片(或者翻 正片)。在这个环节里使用同样的配光方式制作校正拷贝。有了中间正片，可以制作中间底 片， 而它用作拷贝母片或是翻底片来制作大量的发行拷贝。 J K Keykode: Edge numbers in machine-readable barcode form. 机器可辨别片边码:以机器可读取的星条码为 格式 pdf格式笔记格式下载页码格式下载公文格式下载简报格式下载 的片边玛 Key Light: The main illumination of the subject. 主光:给物体的主要照明 Key Numbers: See EDGE NUMBERS. 片边号码:请见片边码 L Laboratory: A facility that specializes in processing and printing film, sometimes offering additional services such as editing and film storage. 洗印厂:专门负责冲洗和印片的工厂，有时可以提供额外的服务如剪辑和影片储存。 Latent Image: Invisible image in exposed, undeveloped film; results from exposure to light. 潜影:在已曝光的，未冲洗的底片上不可见的影像;由曝光产生。 Latitude: In a photographic press, the range of exposure over which substantially correct reproduction is obtained. When the process is represented by an H & D curve, the latitude is the projection on the exposure axis of that part of the curve, which approximates a straight line within the tolerance permitted for the purpose at hand. 宽容度:在拍摄过程中，用以得到实质上正确的重现的曝光范围。当此过程用H&D曲线表 示时，在曝光轴上它落在曲线上近似为直线的部分，这一部分近似的直线为拍摄目的所允许 的范围内。 Leader: Any film or strip of material used for threading a motion picture machine. Leader may consist of short lengths of blank film attached to the ends of a print to protect the print from damage during the threading of a projector, or it may be a long length of any kind of film which is used to establish the film path in a processing machine before the use of the machine for processing film. 牵引片:作为电影机器穿片的任何胶片或片条。它可能由连在影片尾部的短的空白片组成， 以防止影片在放映机内穿片的过程中损坏，或者它也可能是各种长片，用在洗片机冲洗胶片 之前，用来建立胶片带动路径。 Light Filter: A light-absorbing transparent sheet, commonly consisting of colored glass or dyed gelatin that is placed in an optical system to control the spectral quality, color, or intensity of the light passing a given plane. 滤光镜:一种能吸收光的透明片，一般包括彩色玻璃或染色的胶质，它们在光学系统中，来 控制光的质量，色彩或透过一个平面的光的强度。 Light Intensity: Degree of light, per unit, falling on a subject; usually expressed in foot-candles. 光强度:照射到物体上的每个单元的光度; 通常用呎烛光来表示。 Light Meter: An electrical exposure meter for measuring light intensity. 测光表:用来测量光强度的一种电子曝光表。 Light Piping: Fog caused by light striking the edge of film and travelling along the base to expose the emulsion inside the magazine or roll. 光传送:光源进入片匣或片轴、照射到片边并传过片基使乳剂曝光所形成的灰雾。 Lighting Ratio: The ratio of the intensity of key and fill lights to fill light alone. 光比:主光加上辅助光与辅助光的强度比。 Lip Sync: Simultaneously precise recording of image and sound so that the sound appears to be accurately superimposed on the image, especially if a person is speaking toward the camera. 对白同步录音: 同时精确地记录影像和声音，这样声音就精确地与影像重叠，特别是如果 一个人对着摄影机讲话的时候。 Liquid Gate: A printing system in which the original is immersed in a suitable liquid at the moment of exposure in order to reduce the effect of surface scratches and abrasions. 湿印片门:一种印片系统，其中原底片在一种合适的液体中浸渍并曝光，以减少表面划痕和 擦伤所受到的影响。 Long Pitch: Perforation type used on print films; slightly greater than perforations on original films to prevent slippage during printing. 长齿孔距:用在正片上的齿孔类型;比在底片上的齿孔略长，以防止在印片过程中滑片。 Loop (projector or camera): The path in which the film is formed to allow the film to travel intermittently through the gate. 缓行弯(放映机或摄影机):使得胶片能够间歇地通过镜头片门的传送途径。 Low Key: A scene is reproduced in a low key if the tone range of the reproduction is largely in the high-density portion of the H & D scale of the process. 暗调、低调:如果影调范围的重现大部分处于H&D 范围中的高密度部分，那么一个场景就 可以在比较暗的影调下重现。 Luminance: The measured value of brightness; reflected light measure on motion picture screens as foot lamberts or candelas per square meter. 亮度:明亮度的测量值;电影银幕上的反射光亮度量为每平方米多少个呎朗伯特或烛光单位。 M Magazine (projector): Enclosures on a motion-picture projector which holds the reels of film. 片匣(放映机):装在电影放映机上，用来固定片盘。 Magazine Take-Up: In the United Kingdom it is known as a spool box. It is the device, which winds up the film after photography (in a camera), copying (in a printer), and after projection (in projection). 收片盒:在英国称为spool box,当胶片拍摄后(在摄影机内)，复制后(在印片机内)或放 映后(放映机内)，把胶片卷起来的装置。 Magenta: Purplish color; complementary to green or the minus-green subtractive primary used in the three-color process. Magenta light results when red and blue light overlap. 品红:略带紫的颜色; 是绿色的补色或者三原色减色法处理中减去绿色。当红色和蓝色重 叠时所产生品红色。 Manufacturer Identification Code: The letter which identifies film manufacturer K = EASTMAN KODAK Company . 制造商识别码:识别胶片生产厂家的字母。如K代表伊士曼柯达公司。 Manufacturers Information: Includes information such as Year Code, Printer Number, Roll and Part Number, Emulsion Number, Product Code, Film Manufacturer. 制造商信息:包括年份，印片机号，片轴和零件号码，乳剂号，产品号和胶片生产商。 Masking: Restricting the size of a projected image on a screen by the use of black borders around the screen. Also the restriction in size of any projected image or photographic print by the use of undercut aperture plates or masks and borders. 蒙罩法:用银幕周围的黑色边框来限制银幕上放映影像的尺寸，也可用下切的片门或遮光框 来限制放映影像或正片印片的尺寸。 Master Positive (same as Interpositive): Timed internegative made from a negative original and from which a duplicate negative is made. 翻正片(同中间正片):用原底片复制的已调光拷贝，用来印制翻底片。 Match Check Symbols: Two randomly selected and placed symbols designed as an extra matching check. To use: After matching key number and checking picture, verify that same symbols are located in the same position on both the workprint and the negative. The solid squares also serve as density patches (refer appendix 1). 套片检查标记:随机挑选的两个(35mm)或4个(16mm)标记，用于额外的套片检查。 用法:在核对片边码与检查影像之后，确定在底片和工作样片的同一位置有相同的标记。牢 固的方形同时也用作密度条。 Matte: An opaque outline that limits the exposed area of a picture, either a cut out object in front of the camera or as a silhouette on another strip of film. 挡板，遮板:限制画面曝光范围的不透明轮廓，既可以是摄影机前的一个遮光物体，也可以 是其它胶片上的画幅遮片。 Maximum Density (D-Max): Portion of the shoulder of the characteristic curve where further increases in exposure on negative film or decreases in exposure on reversal film will produce no increase in density. 最高密度(D-Max): 特性曲线的肩部区域，无论是增加底片的曝光量还是减少反转片的曝 光量均不会增加该区域的密度。 Mid-foot Key Number: (35mm only) Full key number plus barcode, including 32-perforation offset, positioned half way between each footage number will help identify short scenes without a key number. Uses a smaller type size to distinguish from one-foot key numbers. Use a magnifying glass to read it easily. Hint: ignore unless needed (refer appendix 1). 中间呎数片边码:完整数码加上条码，包括32个齿孔(35mm)的间距标记，位于每两相邻 英呎数之间，有助于识别没有数码标示的短镜头。使用上若以较短呎数的形式来区别一英呎 的数码。用一放大镜更容易读。 Minimum Density (D-Min.): Constant-density area in the tone of the characteristic curve where less exposure on negative film or more exposure on reversal film will produce no reduction in density. Sometimes called base plus fog in black and white film. 最低密度(D-min): 特性曲线中趾部色调的密度不变区，减少底片的曝光量或增加反转片 的曝光量均不会导致该区域密度的下降。在黑白胶片上有时称为灰雾加片基。 Multipass: To expose the same piece of film two or more times during filming, usually to produce semitransparent effects, such as clouds or shadows. 多重曝光:在拍摄过程中，将同一张胶片曝光两次或更多次，产生一种像云或阴影的半透明 效果。 N Negative: Used to designate any of the following in either black and white or color: (1) the raw stock specifically designed for negative images. (2) The negative image, (3) negative raw stock that has been exposed but has not been processed, (4) processed film bearing a negative image. 底片，负像:可表示以下几种意思(黑白胶片和彩色胶片均可适用):1。专门设计用于拍摄 负像的生片; 2。负像;3。已曝光但未显影的底片生片; 4。有一负像的已显影胶片。 Negative film: Produces a negative image (black is white, white is black, and colors appear as complementaries). 底片:产生负像的胶片(黑色表现为白色，白色表现为黑色，彩色表现为其补色。) Negative Image: A photographic image in which the values of light and shade of the original photographed subject are represented in inverse order. Note: In a negative image, light objects of the original subject are represented by high densities and dark objects are represented by low densities. In a color negative, colors are represented by their complementary color. 负像:一种摄影影像，被拍摄物体的亮度和暗度在胶片上用相反的状态表示。注意:在负像 中，原物的明亮部分会呈现高密度，黑暗部分会呈现低密度;在彩色负像中，色彩都用其补 色来呈现。 Negative-Positive Process: Photographic process in which a positive image is obtained by development of a latent image made by printing a negative. 底片-正片冲洗:摄影冲洗过程中呈现的正像是由印制底片上的潜影经过显影而得到的。 Negative Timing (Negative Grading): The selection of the appropriate color correction (timing lights) for the printing process. 底片配光: 为印片作业选择合适的印片光号。 Negative-Type Perforations: A generic term for the Bell and Howell type perforation. 底片齿孔:对Bell & Howell型齿孔的通称。 Neutral-Density Filters: Used over the camera lens to reduce the intensity of light reaching the film without affecting the scene?s color balance. 中灰滤色片:不影响色彩但可以减少胶片光源强度读数的滤色片。 Newton?s Rings: Fuzzy, faintly colored lines in the projected image caused by high or uneven printer gate pressure. 牛顿环:由于印片机的片门压力太高或不平衡而导致放映影像上出现的模糊不清的彩色条 纹。 Nitrate Film: A highly flammable motion picture film that has not been domestically manufactured since around 1950. It is still present in large quantities in storage vaults and archives and must be very carefully stored to prevent explosions. 硝酸胶片:一种易燃的电影胶片，美国自1950年起停止生产，但目前仍有大量的储存。保 存这种胶片必须十分小心，以防止胶片自燃，爆炸，或者其他形式的破坏。 O One-To-One Printing: Optical printing of the images which are reproduced to the same size. 一比一印片:复制出同样尺寸的影像的光学印片法。 Optical Effects: Trick shots prepared by the use of an optical printer in the laboratory, especially fades and dissolves. 光学效果:在洗印厂利用光学印片机制造的特技拍摄，尤指淡入淡出的叠化。 Optical Printer: Used when image size of the print film is different from the image size of the pre-print film. Also used when titles or effects (such as skip frames, blow-ups, zooms, and mattes) are included. 光学印片机:当要印的胶片影像尺寸和原有的胶片的影像尺寸不同时，可以采用光学印片机 达到目的;当要产生一些特殊效果(跳格，放大，变焦，遮框)时，也可用光学印片机。 Original: An initial photographic image or sound recording, whether photographic or magnetic, as opposed to some stage of duplication thereof. 原底片，原声:最初拍摄的影像，或记录的声音。无论摄影影像和磁性声音均是有别于经过 几代复制的情况。 Original Negative: The negative originally exposed in a camera. 原底片:最初在摄影机内曝光的底片。 Out-Take: A take of a scene, which is not used for printing or final assembly in editing. 不选用的镜头:删除不用于印片或最后剪辑的场景。 Overcoat: A thin layer of clear or dyed gelatin sometimes applied on top of the emulsion surface of a film to act as a filter layer or to protect the emulsion from abrasion during exposure, processing, and projection. 表层:在胶片乳剂的表面涂上一薄层透明的或有色的明胶。这层明胶既可当滤色片使用， 在 曝光、冲洗和放映过程中又能保护乳剂免于刮伤。 P Part Number: This is the sequential number that is assigned by the film manufacturer as parts of a wide roll are removed. 段号:当一轴很宽的胶片被裁切后，由胶片制造商给定的这一串序列号。 Perforations: Regularly spaced and accurately shaped holes which are punched throughout the length of a motion picture film. These holes engage the teeth of various sprockets and pins by which the film is advanced and positioned as it travels through cameras, processing machines, and projectors. 齿孔:在整个电影胶片上打出的等距离的形状规则的孔, 这些孔能与扣片齿轮和定位针契 合，这样胶片在摄影机，冲印设备和放映机中就能前进和定位。 Pitch: (1) That property of sound, which is determined by the frequency of the sound waves. (2) Distance from the center of one perforation on a film to the next; or from one thread of a screw to the next; or from one curve of a spiral to the next. 片孔距:1。由声波频率决定的声音的性质; 2。胶片上两齿孔中心的间距或螺线的螺距或 螺旋线圈的间距。 Polyester: A name for polyethylene terephthalate developed by E. I. Dupont de Nemours & Co. A film base material exhibiting superior strength and tear characteristics. Cronar is the trade name for Dupont motion picture products; ESTAR base is the trade name for Kodak products. 聚酯:聚对苯二甲酸二乙酯的简称，最早由杜邦公司发展，用作胶片片基材料，有很高的强 度和抗撕裂性能。杜邦电影胶片产品的商业名称是“CRONAR”，柯达产品的商业名称是 “ESTAR”。 Positive Film: Motion picture film designed and used primarily for making master positives or release prints. 正片:电影胶片，主要用于制作翻彩正或发行拷贝。 Positive Image: A photographic replica in which the values of light and shade of the original photographed subject are represented in their natural order. The light objects of the original subject are represented by low densities and the dark objects are represented by high densities. 正像:影像复制品，该复制品和原始物体的亮度和色调一致:原始物体的浅色物体呈现低密 度，黑色物体呈现高密度。 Post-Production: The work done on a film once photography has been completed, such as editing, developing and printing, looping, etc. 后期制作:在拍摄完成之后，对胶片所做的一些处理，比如:剪辑，显影，印片，整理等。 Primary color: One of the light colors e.g., blue, red, or green that can be mixed to form almost any color. 三原色:能相互混合形成几乎所有颜色的三种颜色(蓝、红、绿)中任意一种。 Print Film: Film designed to carry positive images and sound tracks for projection. 正片:设计用于放映时传送正像和声轨的胶片。 Printed Edge Numbers: Edge numbers (usually yellow) placed on film at the laboratory by a printing machine. 印制片边号码:在洗印厂，由印片机在胶片边缘印出的数字(通常为黄色)。 Processing: Procedure during which exposed film is developed, fixed, and washed to produce either a negative or a positive image. 冲洗:曝光后胶片经显影、定影和水洗，以产生正像或负像的过程。 Product Code: See film code. 产品号:请见胶片号。 Production: The general term used to describe the press involved in making all the original material that is the basis for the finished motion picture. Loosely, the completed film. 制作:用于描述包括制作所有拍摄电影所需原材料在内的过程的通用词语。广义是指，制作 完毕的影片。 Projection: Presenting a film by optical means and transmitting light for either visual or aural review, or both. 放映:通过光学方法呈现影片，同时将光转变为视觉或听觉信号的过程。 Projection Speed: The rate at which the film moves through the projector; twenty-four frames per second is the standard for all sound films. 放映速度:电影胶片通过放映机的速度;有声影片的标准速度为每秒24格影像。 Protection Master: A master positive (MP) from which a dupe negative can be made if the original is damaged. 保护性翻正片:翻正片，当原底片被破坏时，可用它来制作翻底片。 Pull-Down Claw: The metallic finger, which advances the film one frame between exposure cycles. 抓片爪:在两次曝光周期之间，使胶片推进的金属爪。 Q R Rackover: A method of checking the precise center of the camera?s field, in which the body of the camera is temporarily shifted to one side to allow the camera operator to look through a special viewfinder with cross hairs; the camera is shifted back into position for shooting to continue. This method was typical before reflex through the lens viewing systems were common. 画格定位:检查摄影机视野准确中心的方法。检查时，暂时将摄影机移到一边，使摄影者能 通过一特殊的有十字交叉线的观景器检查中心，核对后再将摄影机移回原位继续拍摄过程。 这一方法常用于检查远离中心拍摄的精确程度。 Raw Stock: Unexposed and unprocessed motion picture film; includes camera original, laboratory intermediate, duplicating, and release-print stocks. 生片:未曝光和未冲洗的电影胶片;它包括摄影底片，冲洗厂用的中间片，发行正片。 Reciprocity Law: Expressed by (H) = Et, where E is the light intensity, and T is time. When E or T are varied to the extreme, an unsatisfactory exposure can result. 互易律:用(H)=Et表示，E代表光强度，T代表时间。当E或T变化到一极值时，得不 到满意的曝光效果。 Reduction Print: Print made from a larger-gauge film. 缩印片:把较大尺寸的胶片印成较小尺寸的胶片。 Reduction Printing: Making a copy of a film original on smaller format raw stock by optical printing; for example, printing a 35 mm original onto 16 mm stock for use in libraries, etc. 缩片:通过光学印片，将胶片印制到较小规格的生片上。例如:为在电影资料馆使用，将一 35mm的影片印到16mm的胶片上。 Refraction: The change of direction (deflection) of a light ray or energy wave from a straight line as it passes obliquely from one medium (such as air) to another (such as glass) in which its velocity is different. 折射:当光线或能量波倾斜着穿过一种媒介(如空气)到另一种媒介(如玻璃)时，由于光 线在两种媒介中的传播速度不同，导致其传播方向发生偏转。 Rejuvenation: A process offered by some laboratories whereby a damaged and dirty print can be rendered useable for further projection. 翻新:某些冲印厂提供的一种服务:将被损坏，弄脏的拷贝片恢复到可以放映的程度。 Release Negative: Duplicate negative or color reversal intermediate from which release prints are made. 发行拷贝片的翻底片:翻底片或彩色反转中间片，以制作放映拷贝片。 Release Print: In a motion picture processing laboratory, any of numerous duplicate prints of a subject made for general theatre distribution. 发行拷贝:在电影冲洗厂制作许多复制拷贝片，供一般戏院发行。 Rem-Jet Backing: Antihalation backing used on certain films. Rem jet is softened and removed at the start of processing. 防光晕背面涂层:某些胶片上用的防光晕背面涂层，冲洗开始时可将这种涂层软化并除掉。 Resolving Power: Ability of a photographic emulsion or an optical system to reproduce fine detail in the film image and on the screen. 解像力:摄影用乳剂或光学系统在胶片影像和银幕上再现细密层次的能力。 Reticulation: The formation of a coarse, crackled surface on the emulsion coating of a film during improper processing. If a process solution is too hot or too alkaline, it may cause excessive swelling of the emulsion and this swollen gelatin may fail to dry down as a smooth homogeneous layer. 片纹、网纹:由于操作错误而使胶片乳剂层表面粗糙和破损。如果某些冲洗溶液的温度过高 或碱性太强，就有可能使乳剂过度膨胀，从而在干燥后不能形成光滑的，均匀的表面。 Reversal Film: Film that presses to a positive image after exposure in a camera, or in a printer to produce another positive film. 反转片:在摄影机曝光后冲洗成正像的胶片，或者是在印片机能复制出另一正像的胶片。 Reversal intermediate: First generation duplicate that is reversed to produce the same kind of image (negative or positive) as the original; used for printing. 反转中间片:第一代复制品，可以反过来生产与原胶片相同类型的影像(负片或正片均可)， 用于印刷业。 Reversal Process: Any photographic process in which an image is produced by secondary development of the silver halide grains that remain after the latent image has been changed to silver by primary development and destroyed by a chemical bleach. In the case of film exposed in a camera, the first developer changes the latent image to a negative silver image. This is destroyed by a bleach and the remaining silver halides are converted to a positive image by a second developer. The bleached silver and any traces of halides may now be removed with hypo. 反转冲洗:一种摄影冲洗:经一次潜影转变为银粒子，并用漂白处理后，保留下来的卤化银 粒子经二次显影产生之影像。胶片在摄影机中曝光时，一次显影将潜影转变成负银影像，这 一影像又被漂白破环，残留的卤化银随海波一起被移除。 Rewind: An automatic console or set of bench mounted spindles used to wind film from reel-to-reel. 倒片:把胶片从一个卷轴绕到另一个卷轴上去的自动控制台或控制轴。 Rewinding: The process of winding the film from the take-up reel to the supply reel so that the head end, or start of the reel, is on the outside. If there are no identifying leaders on the film, upside-down images will signify the head end. 倒片:把胶片从卷片轴倒到放片轴上，使胶片前面或者说卷轴的开始部分在外圈。如果胶片 上没有识别导片，上下颠倒的影像也能显示出起始端。 RMS Granularity: Standard deviation of random-density fluctuations for a particular film. 均方根颗粒度:对一特定胶片而言，随机密度波动的标准偏差。 Roll Number: This is the two-digit number that is assigned by the film manufacturer to each 6,000 ft wide roll. 轴号:胶片生产厂商会在每6，000英尺宽的片轴上标记一个两位数的代码。 Rough Cut: Preliminary stage in film editing, in which shots, scenes, and sequences are laid out in an approximate relationship, without detailed attention to the individual cutting points. 初剪:影片编辑的第一步:拍摄镜头，场景和先后次序按大致关系排列，忽略各别剪辑点。 S Safety Base: Film base that is fire-resistant or slow burning as defined by ANSI PH1.25 and PH22.31, and by various fire codes. Acetate-based film and polyester-based film meet safety-film standards. 安全片基:根据ANSI文件PH1.25和PH22.31和各种防火规章定义的防火或燃烧缓慢的片 基。现在，醋酸片基和聚酯片基胶片符合安全片基标准。 Safety Film: A photographic film whose base is fire resistant or slow burning as defined by ANSI document PH1.25, PH22.21, and by various fire codes. At the present time, the terms „safety base film,? „acetate base film? and „polyester base film? are synonymous with „Safety film.? 安全胶片:根据ANSI文件PH1.25, PH22.21和各种防火规章，片基为防火或燃烧缓慢的摄 影胶片。现在，醋酸片基和聚酯片基胶片符合安全片标准。 Saturation: Term used to describe color brilliance or purity. When color film images are projected at the proper brightness and without interference from stray light, colors that appear bright, deep, rich, and undiluted are said to be „saturated.? 饱和度:由于描述色彩亮度或纯度的术语。若彩色胶片影像在放映时采用正确的亮度，并且 没有散射光的干扰，颜色就会显得亮，深，丰富，而且纯，这时就说色彩很饱和。 Sensitivity: Degree of responsiveness of a film to light. 感光度:胶片对光的敏感程度。 Sensitometer: An instrument with which a photographic emulsion is given a graduated series of exposures to light of controlled spectral quality, intensity, and duration. Depending upon whether the exposures vary in brightness or duration, the instrument may be called an intensity scale or a time scale sensitometer. 感光仪:一种仪器，通过它能控制照射到感光乳剂上的光质，光强和光照时间来提供序列增 加的曝光量。根据亮度或时间的曝光量变化方式的不同，分别称为光强度感光仪(曝光亮度 变化)和时间感光仪(曝光时间变化)。 Sensitometric Curve: See Characteristic Curve. 感光测定曲线:见Characteristic curve. Sensitometry: Study of the response of photographic emulsions to light. 感光测定:研究摄影乳剂对光的反应。 Separation Masters: Three separate black and white master positives made from one color negative; one contains the red record, another the green record, and the third the blue record. 分色翻正片:从一彩色底片得到的三个独立的黑白正片:一个记录红色，一个记录绿色，一 个记录蓝色。 Short Pitch: The perforation pitch of a negative stock, which is somewhat shorter than the pitch of positive stock to avoid slippage in contact printing. 短尺孔距:底片的孔距，比拷贝片的孔距要短一些，防止接触印片时滑动。 Shoulder: High-density portion of a characteristic curve in which the slope changes with constant changes in exposure. For negative films, slope decreases and further changes in exposure (log H) finally produce no increase in density, because maximum density has been reached. For reversal films, slope increases. 肩部:特性曲线的高密度部分，这一段的斜率随着曝光量的连续变化而变化。对底片而言， 斜率是降低的，当达到最大密度后，继续变化曝光量(LogH),密度将不再增加。对反转片 而言，斜率是增加的。 Shrinkage: Reduction in the dimensions of motion-picture film caused by loss of moisture, support placticizers, and solvents, as well as heat, use, and age. 收缩(率):由于失去水分、增塑剂和溶剂以及由于受热、使用、老化等原因引起电影胶片 尺寸缩减的现象。 Shutter: In theatrical projection, a two-bladed rotating device used to interrupt the light source while the film is being pulled down into the projector gate. One blade masks the pulldown while the other blade causes an additional light interruption increasing the flicker frequency to 48 cycles per second - a level that is not objectionable to the viewer at the recommended screen brightness of 16 footlamberts (55 candelas per square meter). 遮光器:电影放映过程中，当胶片拉到放映机镜头片门时中断光源的双翼旋转装置。一旦一 翼遮住光源，另一翼多产生一次光源中断，使光闪烁频率增加到每秒48次。在银幕亮度为 16footlamberts(55烛光/平方米)时，观察者觉察不到光闪烁。 Silver Halides: Light-sensitive compound used in film emulsions. 卤化银:用在胶片乳剂上的光敏化合物。 Single-Perforation Film: Film with perforations along one edge only. 单齿孔胶片:只有一侧有片孔的胶片。 Single-System Sound: Sound on a magnetic or optical track that was recorded on the same strip of film on which the action was recorded. 单系统录音:磁性或光学声轨上的声音，与动作记录在同一胶片上。 Skip Frame: An optical printing effect eliminating selected frames of the original scene to speed up the action. 跳格:为提高速度，略过被选定的原场景片格的光学印片效果. Skivings: Fine threadlike particles found in the vicinity of the projector gate; caused by physical abrasion against a sharp burr or nick on a film-path component. 刮片: 在放映机镜头片门附近发现的细丝状粒子,是由于和胶片通道元件上的毛边或刻痕发 生物理摩擦而产生. Slit Strip Number: Part of a wide roll of manufactured film for motion picture use.Slitting: The act of cutting apart a film into narrower sizes of the required width. 切片条号码: 供电影胶片使用而生产的宽胶片中的一段。切片:切掉部分胶片，使其尺寸变 窄，达到所需的宽度尺寸。 Slow Motion: The process of photographing a subject at a faster frame rate than used in projection to expand the time element. 慢动作:以较快的速度拍摄物体，较慢的速度放映，延长时间要素的操作。 SMPTE: Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. SMPTE: 美国电影电视工程师协会的简称。 Sound Aperture: See ACADEMY APERTURE. 有声片片门:见ACADEMY APERTURE. Sound Drum: A flat roller in the sound head designed to keep the film precisely positioned at the point where the scanning beam slit scans the sound track. Also called the scanning drum. 音鼓:声头上的一平滚筒，设计用来让胶片精确放置，使得扫描夹缝光束正好扫描到胶片上 的声轨上。又称扫描鼓。 Sound Gate: The gate used in an optical sound head, instead of a sound drum, to keep the film sound track precisely aligned on the scanning beam slit during sound reproduction. 声门:光学声音头上用的片门，代替声鼓，使得胶片的声轨在声音重现过程中正好和扫描狭 缝光束精确地排列成一直线。 Sound Head: The optical sound reproducer mounted beneath the projector head but above the take-up reel support arm or magazine. 声头、音头:安装在放映机头下、卷轴支撑臂或片匣上面的光学声音重现装置。 Sound Negative: The negative record of photographic sound recording. 声底片:光学声音录音的负像录制。 Sound Positive: A positive print of the photographic sound recording film. 声音正片:光学声音录音的正像印片。 Sparkle: Printed-in dirt that causes white dirt in the projected image. 白点:印片时沾到的灰尘，使放映影像上产生白点。 Splice: Any type of cement or mechanical fastening by which two separate lengths of film are united end to end so they function as a single piece of film when passing through a camera, film processing machine, or projector. 接片:任何形式的粘结或机械紧固，通过这种方法可将两条胶片片尾连接起来，使它们在穿 过摄影机，洗片机或放映机时如同一条胶片一样。 Sprocket: A toothed wheel used to transport perforated motion picture film. 扣片齿轮:有齿的轮子，以传送有齿孔的电影胶片。 Static Electricity: Electric field that is present primarily due to the presence of electrical charges on materials. 静电:主要由于物质带电而形成的电场。 Steel Film: A steel tape, precisely dimensioned and perforated, which is used to align motion picture equipment. 有孔钢带:一条尺寸精确的有齿孔钢带，用来校对电影设备。 Step-Contact Printer: Contact printer in which the film being copied and the raw stock are advanced intermittently by frame. Exposure occurs only when both are stationary. 间歇式接触印片机:未曝光的胶片和待拷贝的胶片在接触印片机中逐格地间歇前进，只有当 两者处于静止状态时，才发生曝光。 Step Printer: Contact or optical printer in which each frame of the negative and raw stock is stationary at the time of exposure. 间歇式印片机:接触式印片机或接触印片机，曝光时，这两种印片机的底片和未经曝光的胶 片都处于静止状态。 Stop Down: To decrease the diameter of the light-admitting orifice of a lens by adjustment of an iris diaphragm. 缩小光圈:镜头的焦距和光圈的有效直径之间的关系。一可调节的彩虹光阑，减少透镜光孔 的直径。 Stop Motion: An animation method whereby apparent motion of objects is obtained on the film by exposing single frames and moving the object to simulate continuous motion. 停格:动画制作方式，通过单格曝光和模仿连续运动来移动物体在胶片上获得明显的物体移 动。 Straight-Line Region: A portion of a characteristic curve where slope does not change, because the rate of density for a given log exposure change is constant or linear. 直线区域:特性曲线的斜率不变的区域，主要是由于密度和曝光量的对数值的变化关系是常 数或是线形。 Strip Number: SEE SLIT STRIP NUMBER. 片条码:见切片码。 Subbing Layer: Adhesive layer that binds film emulsion to the base. 底层:使感光乳剂附着片基的接着层。 Subtractive Lighting: This technique is typically used when shooting exteriors in available light. By using large flags, butterflies, or overheads, light is removed from the subject in order to increase the lighting ratio. It is sometimes referred to as „Negative Fill?, as well. 减色法照明:这种技术主要应用在现有的光源下进行室外拍摄。通过使用大张档光板，柔光 布，或吊灯, 使光线从被摄主体移走，目的是增加光比。有时候称为“负补光。” Subtractive Process: Photographic process that uses one or more subtractive primary colors i.e., cyan, magenta, and yellow, to control red, green, and blue light. 减色法:用一种或几种减色法原色(青，品红，黄)来控制红、绿、蓝的摄影过程。 Sunlight: Light reaching the observer directly from the sun. To be distinguished from daylight and skylight, which include indirect light from clouds and refract the atmosphere. 阳光:直接从太阳达到观察者的光，和日光，天光有所区别:日光和天光还包括云层和大气 层漫反射产生的间接光。 Swell: The increase in motion picture film dimensions caused by the absorption of moisture during storage and/or used during high humidity conditions. Extreme humidity conditions and subsequent swelling of the film aggravates the abrasion susceptibility of the film surfaces. 膨胀:由于在储存过程中吸湿和在高湿度下使用，使得电影胶片的尺寸增加的情况。高湿度 环境和随之而来的胶片膨胀增加了胶片表面的磨损度。 Synchronization: A picture record and a sound record are said to be „in sync? when they are placed relative to each other on a release print so that when they are projected, the action will coincide precisely with the accompanying sound. See LIP SYNC. 同步:影像记录和声音记录在发行拷贝片的位置彼此相关，称这两者是同步的。在放映时， 动作和声音标准吻合。见“Lip SYNC”. Synchronize: Align sound and image precisely for editing, projection, and printing. 同步:精确地调整声音和影像，使两者在编辑、放映和印片时同步。 Synchronizer: A mechanism employing a common rotary shaft that has sprockets which, by engaging perforations in the film, pass corresponding lengths of picture and sound film simultaneously, thus effectively keeping the two (or more) films in synchronism during the editing process. 同步器:设备使用了一个普通的旋转轴，这个轴上有扣片齿轮，允许胶片片孔通过，而且还 可以同时通过相应长度的影片和声片，这样在剪辑的过程中，有效地保证2 种影片同步工作。 T T-Grain Emulsion: Emulsion made up of tablet-like crystals rather than conventional silver halide crystals; produces high- speed films with fine grain. T颗粒乳剂:用片状晶体而不是传统的卤化银晶体制成的乳剂，可生产出细腻颗粒的高速胶 片。 Tail Ends, Tails: The end of a film. The film must be rewound before projection if it is tails out. 片尾:胶片的末尾。如果胶片的尾端在外，放映之前必须重新卷片。 Take-up Reel: The reel, which the already projected film winds up on. 收片盘:在放映机上，放映过的胶片被卷绕到一个盘上，这个盘就称收片盘。 Technicolor: The trade name of a three-color imbibition process used to make release prints. It is no longer used in this country or Europe, but it is still used commercially in China. 染印法彩??????:以三色吸收冲洗制作发行拷贝的商业名:已不在美国和欧洲国家使用， 仍在中国使用(中国也已不再使用)。 Thin: As applied to a photographic image, having low density. As applied to the physical properties of film, thin base film materials provide for more film per given roll diameter. 密度小;薄的:用于摄影影像时，表示密度低;用于表示胶片的物理特性时，在一定直径的 片卷上，薄片基的胶片要长些。 Throw: In theatrical projection, the distance from the projector aperture to the center of the screen. 放映距离:影院放映时指从放映机的镜头到银幕中心的距离。 Tight Wind: Relating to film wound tightly on a core or reel to form a firm roll that can be handled and shipped safely without danger of cinch marks or other damage to the film. 紧固卷片:指将胶片紧紧地卷在一个片芯或卷盘上形成一个坚实的卷盘。这样，在操作和运 输时比较安全，不用担心卷片刮伤和其它一些对胶片的伤害。 Timing: A laboratory process that involves balancing the color of a film to achieve consistent color and density from scene to scene. Also, includes adjusting exposure settings in duplication. 配光:除了平衡胶片色彩已达到场景之间的一致性的洗印厂处理过程，也包括在复制过程中 调整曝光。 Title: The name or designation of a film. Also, any inscription contained in a film for the purpose of conveying information about the film, its message, or its story to the viewer. 字幕:影片的片名或名称，也指任一为传达有关影片的信息而放在胶片内的说明，如影片的 信息，对观众说明的故事。 Toe: Bottom portion of the characteristic curve where slope increases gradually with constant changes in exposure. 趾部:特性曲线的底部，这里斜率随着曝光量的连续变化而逐渐增加。 Trailer: A length of film usually found on the end of each release print reel identifying subject, part, or reel number and containing several feet of projection leader. Also a short roll of film containing coming attractions or other messages of interest. 预告片:通常在每一个发行拷贝片的结尾有一定长度的影片，用来标明主题，演员，卷号以 及几英尺的放映导片，也包含具有吸引力或有趣信息的一小段宣传影片。 Transmittance: Amount of incident light transmitted by a medium; commonly expressed as percent transmittance. 透射率:透过介质的入射光量，通常用透射百分比来表示。 Travelling Matte: A process shot in which foreground action is superimposed on a separately photographed background by optical printing. 活动遮片:通过光学印片的方法，把前景动作加到独立拍摄的背景上的拍摄方法。 Trims: Manual printer controls used for overall color correction. Also, unused portions of shots taken for a film; usually kept until the production is complete. 前置(印片机曝光控制)、剪下片断:印片机手动控制功能用来作整体色彩修正。也指影片 拍摄时无用部分保留至制作完成。 U Universal Leader: A film projection leader, designed according to ANSI document PH22.55 for the current projection rate of 24 frames per second (1 1/2 feet per second), and recommended for use on all release prints. It was designed to replace the Academy leader originally conceived when the motion picture projection rate was 16 frames per second. 通用导片:影片放映导片，根据ANSI文件PH22.25设计，用于每秒24格(11/2英尺每秒) 的现行放映，可用在所有的发行拷贝上。它是设计用来代替以前设计的“ ACADEMY LEADER” 的，那时的电影放映速度为每秒16格。 Unsteadiness: An objectionable amount of vertical motion in the screen image. 不稳定性:一种不允许的银幕影像垂直运动。 V Viewer: A mechanical and optical device designed to permit examination of an enlarged image of motion picture film during editing. 看片器:可检查在剪辑过程中被放大了的电影胶片影像的机械和光学设备。 View Finder: A registration device mounted near the top of the animation stand that allows the camera operator to check whether or not the camera is trained on the center of the field. 取景器:安装在靠近动画支架底部的定位装置，允许摄影人员检查摄影机是否瞄准视野的 中心。见“RACKOVER”。 W Weave: Periodic sideways movement of the image as a result of mechanical faults in camera, printer or projector. 晃动:由于摄影机，印片机或放映机的机械毛病导致影像周期性地向边缘移动。 Wet-Gate Printer: Printer in which the film passes through fluid-filled pads just before exposure. Released fluid temporarily fills film scratches with a solution that has the same refractive index as the film base, thereby, eliminating scratch refraction and ensuring that the scratches will not appear on the printed film. 湿片门印片机:印片机上胶片在曝光前通过充满液体的填充槽。释放出的液体将填满胶片的 刮痕，这种液体的反射系数和片基的反射系数相同，因此可消除刮痕的反射，确保刮痕不会 出现在拷贝片上。 Workprint: Any picture or sound track print, usually a positive, intended for use in the editing process. A series of trail cuttings leads to the finished version of a film. The purpose is to preserve the original intact (and undamaged) until the cutting points have been established. 工作样片:影片或声道拷贝，通常为正片，用于编辑，通过一系列的细剪，确定最终影片的 版本。目的是为了剪切点全部确定前保留原版的完整(和不受损伤)。 X Y Yellow: Minus-blue subtractive primary used in the three-color process. 黄色:蓝色的补色，主要用在三色处理。 Z Zero Frame Reference Mark: Dot which identifies the frame directly above as the zero-frame specified by both the human-readable key number and the machine-readable barcode 零片格参考标记:直接标在片格上，表明片格数的点。零片格同时用肉眼可读的数码和机器 可读的条形码说明。