1828年美国的总统竞选竞选中的故事

1828年美国的总统竞选，是一次令人痛苦的竞选 1828年的美国总统竞选是一次令人痛苦、丑陋的竞选，竞选中充满愤怒的言词和恶毒的指控。托马斯.杰斐逊、詹姆士.麦迪逊和詹姆士.门罗所领导的共和党已经分裂成两个对立的政治集团，一个是由总统约翰.昆西.亚当斯和国务卿亨利.克莱领导的政治集团，他们自称是国家共和党。另一个是由安德鲁.杰克逊将军领导的政治集团，他们自称是民主党。本周，我们向你讲述1828年的美国总统大选。 每个政党都有他们自己的报纸。在华盛顿，《国家日报》支持亚当斯总统，而《美国电报》则支持杰克逊将军。国会的民主党议员在《美国电报》发表文章指责政府。作为回应，《国家日报》出版了一本小册子，这本小册子对杰克逊将军的早期一些行为进行指责，在这些指责中，其中有一个是指控杰克逊打过一个人，并像追赶一条狗那样追赶那个人，然后把那个人的妻子抢走了。这个指责并非是真实的，这是一个故事，但这很重要，因为这对安德鲁.杰克逊将军的后半生产生巨大的影响。 杰克逊遇到一位年轻的女士，她叫雷切尔，那是在雷切尔家里认识的，她家在田纳西州纳什维尔市附近。在当时，雷切尔和她的丈夫刘易斯.罗巴兹一起住在那。他们的婚姻出现了问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 ，罗巴兹党因为杰克逊而指责他的妻子，他说，她和杰克逊似乎走得太近了。他希望杰克逊离开，杰克逊同意了。就在杰克逊离开之前，他与罗巴兹会面，据说，罗巴兹想与杰克逊进行拳击，杰克逊拒绝与他拳击，不过，杰克逊说，如果罗巴兹愿意像一个绅士那样战斗的话，他愿意与他决斗，罗巴兹拒绝了决斗。于是这两个人什么事也没有发生，杰克逊离开了。 罗巴兹和雷切尔设法解决他们之间的矛盾，她回到她自己在肯塔基的家，但她并没有呆多长时间。他们又因别的事发生争执，然后她也又离开了。法院的档案表明，她是和一个男人一起走的，这个男人就是安德鲁.杰克逊。雷切尔家人听说她与罗巴兹在一起非常不幸，于是他们要求杰克逊把她带回田纳西州，罗巴兹尾随他们一起到了田纳西州。雷切尔对罗巴兹说，她想与他离婚。罗巴兹威胁她说，如果她不与他一起回肯塔基，他就要强行将她带走。雷切尔决定逃跑，她将与一些贸易商人一起来到了密西西比地区的纳齐兹，这将是一次非常危险的旅程，她要经过坎伯兰、俄亥俄和密西西比河。 杰克逊很烦乱，也很悲伤，因为是他使得雷切尔不幸福。到现在，雷切尔更想念杰克逊，而他已经深深地爱上了她。当那些贸易商人邀请他一起去纳齐兹时，他同意了。这一群人于1791年初出发。就在他们出发的几个星期前，刘易斯.罗巴兹已经准备与雷切尔离婚了，然而，他还没有完成离婚所需要的手续。不过，他让雷切尔的家人相信，他已经离婚了。这两个人再也没有结婚。几个月后杰克逊回到纳什维尔，他请求娶雷切尔，现在，雷切尔已经摆脱了罗巴兹，雷切尔的妈妈同意了。 安德鲁.杰克逊与雷切尔在1791年8月结婚，那时，两人都是24岁，他们住在田纳西州。此后两年，对杰克逊而言是非常忙碌的。作为一名年轻的律师，他非常努力，而且到很远的地方出差。在1793年12月，他发现了一份法院的文件，该文件表明易斯.罗巴兹刚刚与雷切尔离婚，这意味着杰克逊与雷切尔结婚时，她与罗巴兹的婚姻还是合法的。杰克逊感到震惊了，他立即与雷切尔再次结婚，这次是真正合法的了。 大约十年过去了，杰克逊已经是一名法官，并参与田纳西州的政治活动。有一天，杰克逊在诺克斯维尔法院门外遇见了田纳西州的州长。这位州长正在向一大群人发表讲话，说他为该州做了多大的贡献。杰克逊觉得他有必要说些什么，因为他也为公众做了一些服务工作。“服务”，这位州长喊到，“你除了带着别人的妻子到纳齐兹旅行以外，我不知道你为这个国家提供了什么服务!”杰克逊的眼睛变得冷若冰霜。这位州长拔出他的佩剑。“伟大的上帝!”，杰克逊喊到，“你敢叫她神圣的名字”，他拿着一根棍棒跳到了州长的面前。这两个人被人们分开了。几年后，杰克逊在决斗中杀了一个人，这个人在酒后拿杰克逊的婚姻开玩笑。 作为一名总统候选人，杰克逊不能再到决斗场来捍卫他妻子的荣誉，尽管他想这么做，但他知道这样会影响他的竞选。杰克逊要求成立一个特别的公民委员会来调查他的婚姻，并进行公开的报道。这个委员会发现，杰克逊与雷切尔是在他们认为她的第一任丈夫已经与她离婚后结婚的，一旦他们发现错误(指杰克逊在与雷切尔结婚时，罗巴兹还没有办完与雷切尔的离婚手续)之后，他们就再次结婚，这次是合法的。委员会的报告说他们没有错误。 支持杰克逊的报纸在华盛顿发表了这个特别委员会的报告，但反对杰克逊的报纸却没有发表这篇报告，他们侮辱他和他的妻子。杰克逊将军努力控制他的情绪，他说，“要想让自己与这些可恶的人保持距离是多么难的事呀，我已经为这个国家做出了许多的贡献，但这个国家的人却不能惩罚那些靠说谎而侮辱我妻子的人，(我)这样的贡献实在是太大了，以至我都无法承受了。”反对杰克逊的报纸发表一些针对他的可恶的谎言，于是支持杰克逊的报纸也就开始发表针对亚当斯总统和他妻子的谎言。 在这次令人痛苦的总统竞选期间，任何一位候选人都没有谈及一个非常重要的话题：奴隶。亚当斯不想因公开谴责奴隶 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 而失去他已经在南方和西部所得到的那点支持。杰克逊也不想因公开为奴隶制度辩护而失去北方一些共和党人的支持。亚当斯的沉默并不意味着他赞成奴隶制度，南方人确信他反对奴隶制度。而杰克逊也没有必要对南方人讲他对奴隶制度的看法，他是一位奴隶的拥有者，在他的一生中，他都在买卖奴隶。 在这两个候选人和他们的政党中还有另一个重大的分歧。亚当斯总统和他的共和党代表的是有产者的利益，总统的许多支持者认为，富有、有财产的公民才能管理国家，他们害怕公民统治，害怕国家的领导人由全国所有的人来选举。杰克逊和他的民主党代表的是普通民众的利益，他们认为有钱人并不比穷人更有权来管理这个国家，他们认为在国家的管理中，所有的人享有同等民主权利。 这次选举分别在各个州举行，时间在1828年10月31日到11月 5日之间。只有两个州----南卡罗莱纳州和特拉华州，总统选举人是由立法机关选举产生的，而在其他州，总统选举人都是由选民投票选举产生的。当统计选举票时，杰克逊获得了178张选票，亚当斯只获得了83张选票，杰克逊获得了巨大的胜利。(注：美国选举人在各州的公布) 然而，杰克逊的妻子出现了麻烦，她是一位单纯、友善的妇女，她深爱着她的丈夫。(当她得知丈夫当选总统后)，她写到：“为了杰克逊，(对于他当选总统)，我很高兴。对于我自己而言，我从来就不希望他当总统。”当然，她知道在总统竞选期间所针对他们婚姻的指控，她的勇气一直在支持着她，但当总统选举结束，杰克逊当选总统这一激动人心的时刻到来时，她已经筋疲力尽了，而且她的身体变得很糟糕。有人建议雷切尔.杰克逊留在田纳西州，一直到她的身体康复后为止，然后她与她的丈夫一起入住白宫。雷切尔不想到华盛顿去，但她觉得她要呆的地方是与她的丈夫在一起。 欲知后事如何，请听下回分解。 简评： 政治，是多么的肮脏，多么的丑陋、多么的无耻，多么的恶心。从事政治的人或集团，他们为了某种利益，而完全可以不要什么尊严、完全可以不要什么良心、完全可以不要什么道德，完全可以不要什么原则。他们为了某种利益，真可谓是不择手段，无所不用其极! 美国是如此，那么别的国家又怎样呢？我不知道! 但我知道，政治，绝不是一般人所能染指的。 Election of 1828, a Bitter Campaign John Quincy Adams   The presidential campaign of eighteen twenty-eight was bitter and vicious, full of angry words and accusations. The old Republican Party of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and James Monroe had split into two opposing groups. One group was led by President John Quincy Adams and Secretary of State Henry Clay. It called itself the National Republican Party. The other group was led by General Andrew Jackson. It called itself the Democratic Party. This week in our series, we talk about the election of eighteen twenty-eight. Each party had its own newspapers. In Washington, the Daily National Journal supported President Adams. The United States Telegraph supported General Jackson. The Telegraph published charges against the administration made by congressional Democrats. The Journal, in turn, published a pamphlet that had been used against Jackson earlier. Among other things, the pamphlet charged that Jackson had fought a man, chased him away like a dog, and then took his wife. The charge was not true. This is the story. It is important, because it had a great effect on Andrew Jackson for the rest of his life. Rachel Donelson Jackson   Jackson met the young woman, Rachel, at her mother's home near Nashville, Tennessee. At the time, Rachel and her husband, Lewis Robards, were living there. They were having marriage problems. Robards argued with his wife about Jackson. He said she and Jackson seemed too close. Jackson was advised to leave, and he agreed to go. Before he left, he met with Robards. Robards reportedly wanted to fight Jackson with his fists. Jackson refused to fist-fight. But, he said he would face Robards in a duel, if Robards wished to fight like a gentleman. Robards rejected the invitation, and nothing more happened between the two men. Jackson left. Robards and Rachel settled their differences. She went back to their home in Kentucky, but did not stay long. They had another dispute, and she left. Court records say she left with a man -- Andrew Jackson. Rachel's family had heard how unhappy she was with Robards, and had asked Jackson to bring her back to Tennessee. Robards followed them. Rachel told him she wanted a divorce. Robards threatened her. He said he would carry her away by force if she did not go back to Kentucky. Rachel decided to flee. She would go with some traders to Natchez, in the Mississippi territory. It would be a dangerous trip down the Cumberland, Ohio, and Mississippi rivers. Jackson was troubled. He felt badly, because he had been the cause of Rachel's unhappiness. By now, Rachel meant much to Jackson. He had fallen in love with her. When the traders asked him to go to Natchez, he agreed. The group left early in seventeen ninety-one. A few weeks earlier, Lewis Robards had begun preparations for a divorce. He did not complete the necessary action, however. Yet he led Rachel's family to believe that he had. That the two of them were no longer married. Jackson returned to Nashville after several months. He asked for permission to marry Rachel, now that she was free of Robards. Rachel's mother gave her permission. Andrew Jackson   Andrew Jackson and Rachel were married in August seventeen-ninety-one. Both were twenty-four years old. They remained in Tennessee. The next two years were busy ones for Jackson. As a young lawyer, he worked hard and traveled far. In December, seventeen ninety-three, he discovered court papers showing that Lewis Robards had only recently divorced Rachel. This meant that at the time Jackson and Rachel were married, she was still legally married to Robards. Jackson was shocked. As soon as possible, he and Rachel were married again -- legally this time. Almost ten years passed. Jackson was a judge and took part in Tennessee politics. One day, Jackson met the state's governor outside the court house in Knoxville. The governor was telling a large crowd about his great services to the state. Jackson felt it necessary to say that he, too, had done some public services. "Services," shouted the governor. "I know of no great service you have done the country except taking a trip to Natchez with another man's wife!" Jackson's eyes grew as cold as ice. The governor pulled his sword. "Great God!" cried Jackson. "Do you speak her sacred name." He jumped at the governor with a stick. The two men were separated. A few years later, Jackson killed a man in a duel, after the other man made a joke -- while drunk -- about Jackson's marriage. As a candidate for president, Jackson could not take to the dueling field to defend his wife's honor. He wanted to. But he knew it would prevent him from being elected. Jackson asked a special committee of citizens to investigate his marriage and make a public report. The committee found that Jackson and Rachel got married only after they believed her first husband had divorced her. As soon as the mistake was discovered, they were married again, legally. The report said they were not at fault. One of the "coffin hand bills" published to attack Andrew Jackson during his presidential campaign. The coffins represent the deaths Jackson's critics believed he caused during his military campaigns.   The pro-Jackson newspaper in Washington published the committee's report. But anti-Jackson newspapers did not. They insulted him and his wife. General Jackson struggled to control his anger. "How hard it is," he said, "to keep myself away from these villains. I have made many sacrifices for my country. But being unable to punish those who lie about my wife is a sacrifice too great to bear." Anti-Jackson newspapers continued to print vicious lies about him. And the pro-Jackson newspapers began to print vicious lies about President Adams and his wife. All during the bitter campaign, neither candidate said anything about one very important issue: slavery. Adams did not want to lose what little support he had in the South and West by denouncing slavery. Jackson did not want to lose the support of some Republicans in the North by openly defending it. Adams's silence did not mean that he approved of slavery. Southerners were sure that he opposed it. And Jackson did not have to tell the South what he thought about slavery. He was a slave owner, and had bought and sold slaves all his life. There was another important difference between the two men and their political parties. President Adams and the Republicans represented the interests of those who owned property. Many of the president's supporters felt that wealthy, property-owning citizens should control the government. They feared popular rule, or government elected by all the people. Jackson and the Democrats represented the interests of common men. They did not feel that the rich had more right to govern than the poor. They believed in the democratic right of all men to share equally in the government. The election was held in different states on different days between October thirty-first and November fifth, eighteen-twenty-eight. In two states -- South Carolina and Delaware -- the legislature chose the presidential electors. In all the other states, the electors were chosen by the voters. When the electoral votes were counted, Jackson received one hundred seventy-eight. Adams received only eighty-three. It was a great victory for Jackson. His wife, however, was troubled. She was a simple, kind woman who loved her husband. "For Mr. Jackson's sake," she wrote, "I am glad. For my own part, I never wished it." She knew, of course, of the charges made during the campaign about their marriage. Her courage supported her. But when the excitement of the election had ended, she lost her energy. And her health became worse. Someone proposed that Rachel Jackson stay in Tennessee until her health became better. Then she could join her husband at the White House in Washington. Rachel did not want to go to Washington. But she felt that her place was with her husband. That will be our story next week.