SAE AMS_2630B-1995超声波探伤

SAE-AMS2630 ADOPTION NOTICE SAE-AMS2630, "INSPECTION, ULTRASONIC, PRODUCT OVER 0.5 INCH (12.7 MM) THICK", was adopted on 04-APR-95 for use by the Department of Defense (DoD). Proposed changes by DoD activities must be submitted to the DoD Adopting Activity: ASC/ENOI, Building 560, 2530 Loop Road West, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7101. Copies of this document may be purchased from the Society of Automotive Engineers 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, Pennsylvania, United States, 15096-0001. http://www.sae.org/___________________ Custodians: Adopting Activity: Air Force - 11Army - AV Navy - SH Air Force - 11 Reviewer Activities: Army - MR Navy - AS Air Force - 68, 99 AREA NDTI DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAE Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS - - ` - ` - ` , , ` , , ` , ` , , ` - - - SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 1998 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (724) 772-7154 FAX: (724) 776-0243 TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790 SAE WEB ADDRESS: http://www.sae.org 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 AEROSPACE MATERIAL SPECIFICATION Submitted for recognition as an American National Standard AMS 2630B Issued JUN 1960 Revised MAR 1995 Superseding AMS 2630A Inspection, Ultrasonic Product Over 0.5 Inch (12.7 mm) Thick 1. SCOPE: 1.1 Purpose: This specification covers procedures for ultrasonic inspection, by pulse-echo procedures, of flat, rectangular, round, cylindrical, and contoured products having a thickness or cross-sectional dimension greater than 0.50 inch (12.7 mm), using either contact or immersion methods, and using the longitudinal-wave or shear-wave modes or combinations of the two, as necessary. This specification may apply to testing finished machined parts provided the parts can meet the basic testability requirements, such as size, contour, metallurgical structure, and thickness. 1.2 Parts with section thickness both over 0.50 inch (12.7 mm) and 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) and under may be tested using this procedure and AMS 2632, as applicable. 1.3 Application: This procedure has been used typically for locating and defining internal defects such as cracks, voids, laminations, and other structural discontinuities which may or may not be exposed to the surface, but usage is not limited to such applications. 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS: The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. 2.1 SAE Publications: Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. AMS 2632 Inspection, Ultrasonic, of Thin Materials, 0.5 Inch (12.7 mm) and Under Cross-Sectional Thickness SAE J300 Crankcase Oil Viscosity Classification Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAE Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS - - ` - ` - ` , , ` , , ` , ` , , ` - - - AMS 2630B SAE AMS 2630B - 2 - 2.2 ASTM Publications: Available from ASTM, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103-1187. ASTM E 127 Fabricating and Checking Aluminum Alloy Ultrasonic Standard Reference Blocks ASTM E 317 Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Systems Without the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments ASTM E 428 Fabrication and Control of Steel Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Inspection ASTM E 1065Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic Search Units 2.3 U.S. Government Publications: Available from DODSSP, Subscription Services Desk, Building 4D, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094. MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification 2.4 ANSI Publications: Available from American National Standards Institute, Inc., 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002. ANSI B46.1 Surface Texture 2.5 ASNT Publications: Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc., 1711 Arlingate Plaza, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518. SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice, Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing 2.6 ATA Publications: Available from Air Transport Association, 1301 Pennsylvania Avenue, Suite 1100, Washington DC 20004-1707. ATA-105 Guidelines for Training and Qualifying Personnel in Nondestructive Testing 3. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: 3.1 Qualification: 3.1.1 Personnel: Shall be qualified and certified in accordance with MIL-STD-410. Alternate procedures, such as ASNT-TC-1A or ATA-105, may be used if specified on the drawing or purchase order. It is the supplier's responsibility to ensure that personnel are certified and function within the limits of the applicable specification or procedure. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAE Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS - - ` - ` - ` , , ` , , ` , ` , , ` - - - AMS 2630B SAE AMS 2630B - 3 - 3.1.2 Facilities: Shall be subject to survey and approval by purchaser of the inspected product. Ultrasonic test facility equipment shall include, but not be limited to, the basic ultrasonic test instrument, search units (transducers), appropriate ultrasonic references, couplant materials, fixtures, reference specifications, and immersion tanks where applicable. Reference specifications and documentation necessary to verify the qualification of equipment and test personnel shall be available upon request. 3.2 Ultrasonic Test System: 3.2.1 Basic Ultrasonic Test Instrument: Shall be capable of producing, receiving, amplifying, and displaying on a cathode ray tube (CRT) high frequency signals at specific frequencies as required by the test and shall be of a pulse-reflection (echo), pulse-transmission type. The instrument, if required by the test, shall be capable of being adapted with electronic circuitry, such as flaw gates and distance amplitude corrections. A minimum of a 21 signal-to-noise ratio is required unless otherwise agreed upon by purchaser and vendor. 3.2.1.1 Instrument Linearity: The instrument performance characteristics shall be evaluated in accordance with ASTM E 317 except as follows 3.2.1.1.1 The calibration block used for evaluating vertical linearity shall be as shown in Figure 1. 3.2.1.1.2 The vertical linearity plot and the tolerance limits shall be as shown in either Figure 2 or Figure 2A. 3.2.1.1.3 The horizontal linearity check shall be made by plotting signal displacement against known thickness in the range of 1.0 to 5 inches (25.4 to 127 mm) in 1.0 inch (25.4 mm) increments; the allowable difference in thickness between that indicated by the signal displacement and the actual measured thickness shall be within ±3% of the measured thickness of the respective block. Substitute performance checks are permissible when acceptable to purchaser. 3.2.1.2 Instrument Sensitivity: Instrument sensitivity or gain controls shall function so that a given amount or degree of sensitivity can be repeated or returned to with an accuracy of ±10% of the original pip height. If signal attenuators are used, they shall be accurate over the attenuation range and test frequency used so that the attenuation measurement will represent an amplitude ratio within ±10% of the correct value. The decibel (dB) attenuation value may be converted to an amplitude ratio by use of tables with dB versus voltage ratios. Alternately, it may be calculated from the relationship in Equation 1. (Eq. 1)Amplitude Ratio Log= 1– 10 ------ dB 20 ------- Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAE Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS --`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- AMS 2630B SAE AMS 2630B - 4 - 3.2.1.3 Voltage Regulation: If fluctuations in line voltage cause variations in the displayed signal amplitude or sweep length of ±5% or greater, a power source voltage regulator shall be used. If fluctuations persist, proper adjustments to instrument or power source shall be made so that the system will operate within the ±5% limits. Battery powered systems are exempt from this requirement but such systems shall not be operated when the power source is below the level to achieve full vertical and horizontal display as viewed on the CRT graticule. 3.2.1.4 Alarm: Test criteria and part configuration determine alarm use feasibility, and must be agreed upon by purchaser and vendor. Audible and/or visual alarms shall be used in conjunction with visual monitoring to identify signals which exceed the level established for the test. Alarm systems used for this purpose shall be capable of being adjusted to alarm at any point in the display range of the CRT and shall be automatically triggered within ±10% of the set level. The sound level produced by the alarm during operation shall be sufficiently above ambient to ensure being heard by the operator. 3.2.2 Ultrasonic Search Units: Ultrasonic search units shall be of a piezoelectric type capable of both transmitting and receiving ultrasonic signals at the specific frequencies required by the test. When used with the ultrasonic test instrument, the search unit shall be capable of transmitting and receiving ultrasonic energy with a spectral distribution that includes the central frequency required for the test. The peak radiated frequency shall be within ±0.5 MHz or ±10%, whichever is greater, of the required frequency. This history of each search unit shall be maintained in an appropriate log and shall include type, style, frequency, serial number, and size. Beam profile checks, both axial and cross section, for immersion units may also be kept if required by purchaser. 3.2.2.1 Search Unit Dimensions and Styles: For both contact and immersion tests with either longitudinal or shear mode, the choice of transducer dimension, style, type, etc is dependent on the test and the approved test procedure. In general, for immersion testing, flat faced or corrected beam transducers with diameters 3/8 through 3/4 inch (9.5 mm through 19.0 mm) are acceptable. Contact units with a maximum area of 1 square inch (6.5 cm2) with 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) minimum to 1-1/8 inches (28.6 mm) maximum dimensions are acceptable for longitudinal testing, while 1.0 inch x 1.0 inch (25.4 mm x 25.4 mm) or 1.0 inch x 1/2 inch (25.4 mm x 12.7 mm) transducers are acceptable for shear testing. Use of a focused, paint brush, liquid delay, special size, or other special transducer is acceptable when agreed upon by purchaser and vendor. 3.2.2.2 Test Frequencies: The frequency used shall be the highest practical frequency which will provide the penetration and resolution required; frequencies lower than 2.25 MHz when using the longitudinal mode or 1.0 MHz when using a shear mode shall not be used unless acceptable to purchaser. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAE Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS - - ` - ` - ` , , ` , , ` , ` , , ` - - - AMS 2630B SAE AMS 2630B - 5 - 3.2.2.3 Ultrasonic Beam Profiles for Immersion Units: The following are recommended, simplified (no special equipment required except a 3 mm ball) methods of finding Y+0 and distance amplitude curves and beam profiles. Complete performance parameters of ultrasonic transducers using special equipment are presented in ASTM E 1065. Other methods or techniques for obtaining the same or similar data may be used if acceptable to purchaser. 3.2.2.3.1 Axial Beam Profile: A distance amplitude curve of a transducer shall be plotted from measured energy reflected from a flat reflector having dimensions greater than twice the sound beam diameter. The curve shall be plotted through at least the following locations the near field (Y-1) location, at the far field peak (Y+0) location, and at the 3 and 6 dB locations referenced from the Y+0 point in both the near and far field directions. A distance amplitude curve shall be available before the transducer is put into service. The curve may be supplied by the manufacturer or the purchaser may make the curve. Subsequent periodic checks, at least annually, of the transducer shall include a distance amplitude curve which shall agree with the original curve within ±20% for the transducer to be acceptable. 3.2.2.3.2 Cross Section Profile (Beam Symmetry): The ratio of beam widths shall be not less than 0.75:1 when measured to the 6 dB points in two directions, 90 degrees apart, across the beam at the Y+0 location. The measurements shall be made from energy reflected from a 0.118 inch (3.0 mm) diameter steel ball. Larger diameter balls than those specified in ASTM E 1065 may be used when agreed upon by purchaser and vendor. 3.2.2.4 Contact Test Angle-Beam Search Units: The exit point and exit angle of ultrasonic energy and depth profile of the sound beam shall be established for angle-beam search units. Search units with beam angles departing more than ±3 degrees from manufacturer's indicated values shall not be used. Such units may be requalified to a new angle by verifying proper operation and by reidentifying the unit to the correct new beam angle. The International Institute of Welding (IIW) ultrasonic reference block or an appropriate substitute may be used to test the exit angle of angle-beam search units. 3.2.3 Couplants: Shall be used for all tests. 3.2.3.1 Immersion Method: Couplants for testing by the immersion method may include any appropriate fluid such as tap water, light oils, ethylene glycol, or alcohol. Such fluids may contain wetting agents to improve couplant properties or rust inhibitors to reduce influence of the fluid on the product under test. No fluid may be used which stains, etches, or otherwise affects the surface of the product under test. Any fluid used for immersion testing shall be free of visible air bubbles and shall not exhibit excessive attenuation at the test frequency. The immersion technique is defined to include any liquid delay such as bubblers, collimators, squirters, ultrasonic wheels, and immersion tanks. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAE Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS --`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- AMS 2630B SAE AMS 2630B - 6 - 3.2.3.2 Contact Method: Couplants for testing by the contact method shall not be injurious to the product being tested. Couplant materials include any appropriate fluid such as water, light oils, low- viscosity greases, and penetrant emulsifiers. Rubber-like wear membranes may be used between the search unit and the test part to prevent excessive search unit wear provided such use is approved by purchaser. As surface roughness influences the sound energy, couplant viscosity may be varied as a function of surface roughness. Table 1 provides a guide for selection of direct contact couplant materials; other couplants of similar viscosity may be used. The contact technique is defined to include direct contact of a search unit with the test surface, use of contour surface wearshoes, and thin-film couplant techniques such as the pressurized fluid (water gap) system. 3.2.4 Ultrasonic Standards: Ultrasonic standards are required for all inspections. Calibration standards establish the performance of the inspection system. Reference standards interrelate the test results with reference reflectors. It is mandatory that the materials used for fabrication of ultrasonic references have ultrasonic properties similar to those of the product or part under test. Whenever practical, the ultrasonic references shall be made from the same material and with the same configuration as the part under test. 3.2.4.1 Material: Prior to fabrication, the material used for the ultrasonic reference shall be ultrasonically tested and proven to be free of imperfections that would influence the test. At the frequency selected for the test, the ultrasonic transmission characteristics shall not vary more than ±25% from those of the product or part to be tested. 3.2.4.2 Entry Surfaces: The configuration (surface roughness, flatness, or of the ultrasonic reference should approximate that of the product or part to be tested. Requirements for a curved reference depend on type of test, direction of test, and size of search unit. 3.2.4.3 Longitudinal Wave Ultrasonic Reference (Straight Beam): The procedures established under ASTM E 127 and ASTM E 428 are recommended for manufacturing ultrasonic reference blocks for straight beam testing; these specifications describe the manufacture of flat-bottom holes (FBH) in aluminum alloys and steels, but the same procedures may be used to manufacture references from other materials. The entry surface may be square or round with minimum dimensions of 2 inches (50.8 mm) square or 2 inches (50.8 mm) diameter. For blocks over 6 inches (152.4 mm) metal travel, a minimum entry surface of 3 inches (76.2 mm) square or diameter is recommended. Step-type blocks may also be used provided the entry surface area for each step is in agreement with that recommended for individual blocks. The flat-bottom hole (FBH) opening shall be plugged either as recommended in ASTM E 127 and ASTM E 428 or with a water insoluble wax or similar material. Calibration standards shall be dimensioned and have surface finishes as recommended by ASTM E 127 or ASTM E 428. TABLE 1 - Couplant Materials Approximate Surface Roughness (ANSI B46.1)Couplant (SAE J300) 5 to 100 RHR (0.1 to 2.5 mm) SAE 10 Motor Oil 50 to 125 RHR (1.2 to 3.2 mm) SAE 20 Motor Oil 100 to 200 RHR (2.5 to 5.1 mm) SAE 30 Motor Oil Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAE Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS --`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- AMS 2630B SAE AMS 2630B - 7 - 3.2.4.4 Shear Wave Ultrasonic References (Angle Beam): May be of several distinct types as follows; because of the variety of types and sizes of acceptable shear wave calibration standards, the shear wave standard(s) to be used shall be acceptable to purchaser 3.2.4.4.1 Flat-bottom holes drilled at approximately 45 degrees to the entry surface shall be used to test flat surfaces (See Figure 3). 3.2.4.4.2 For testing cylinders, flat-bottom holes drilled in the center of the wall and perpendicular to the radius of the cylinder may be used. Figures 4 and 5 illustrate two types of construction. 3.2.4.4.3 Side-drilled holes shall be used for shear wave calibration for both flat and curved entry surfaces. A 0.020 inch (0.51 mm) side-drilled hole 0.25 inch (6.4 mm) long is approximately equivalent to a #3 (1.2 mm diameter) FBH, while the same diameter side-drilled hole 0.50 inch (12.7 mm) long is roughly equivalent to a #5 (2.0 mm diameter) FBH (See Figure 6). 3.2.4.4.4 Various styles of notches may be used; these include V-notches, usually with a 60-degree included angle, square, or "U" bottomed notches, and slo