【最新word论文】论《红字》中的孤独因素【英美文字专业论文】

【最新word论文】论《红字》中的孤独因素【英美文字专业论文】 论《红字》中的孤独因素 Abstract NathanialHawthorneisanextremelyrenownedAmericanwriteroffiction.Henotonlyhascreatedquietafewclassicnovels,butalsohaswrittenquantitiesofthought-provokingshortstories.Untilnow,HawthorneandhisworkshavebeenthefocusofdiscussionfromtheChineseandforeignscholars.ThethemeofTheScarletLetterischaracterizedbymultiplicityandvariousconclusionsaredraminthefiledofthethematicstudies.Itseemsthatscholarshaveshownmajorconcernwithsuchdiathesisastheoriginalsin,themoralconsciousnessofHawthorne,religiousbelief,individualandsociety,thoughtsoffemaledoctrineandtheconflictbetweentheheadandtheheart.However,veryfewscholarshaveeverdoneathoroughresearchintothelonelinessdiathesisofthenovel.Thesedetailedanalysesfourcharacters’lonelinessandexpresstheaspectsoflonelinessinTheScarletLetter. KeyWords TheScarletLetter;loneliness;symbol 摘要 纳撒尼尔(霍桑是美国非常著名的小说家。他不仅创造了若干部经典的长篇 小说,而且还 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 写了数量可观且耐人寻味的短篇小说.至今为止，霍桑和他的作品 一直是中外学者讨论的对象。《红字》是霍桑的代 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 作品，它的主 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 具有多样性的 特点，因此在主题研究领域存在各种不同的结论。大部分学者偏重于探讨小说中 的原罪意识、霍桑的道德观念、宗教信仰和女性主义思想、个人与社会的关系以 及大脑和心灵之间的冲突等因素,而对小说中孤独因素的深入研究并不多见。本文 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 小说中的四位主人公各自的孤独感，表达霍桑在小说《红字》中体现的孤独 因素。 关键词 《红字》;孤独;象征 Introduction TheScarletLetterwasdeclaredaclassicalmostimmediatelyafteritspublicationin1850,andithasstayedinprintandinfavoreversince,ithasbeenhailedbothasthefirstsymbolicnovelandasthefirstpsychologicalnovel.ButwhatreallysecurestheplaceofTheScarletLetterintheliteraryhistoryisitstreatmentofhumannature,sin,guilt,andpride-alltimeless,universalthemes-fromauniquelyAmericanpointofview.Therearemanydifferentcommentsandcriticismandonthewriter’ sfamilybackground,thenovelmultiplethemesandwritingstyles,thenovel’ ssocialandhistoricalbackdropstogetherwiththenovel’ ssignificanceinsocietyandliterature.Thisarticlehasdoneathoroughresearc 1 hintotheaspectsoflonelinessinthenovel.Thethesisistoelaboratefourcharacters’ loneliness:Hester,Chillingworth,DimmesdaleandlittlePearl.Theyarehavingdifferentloneliness.Hesterisalonelypursuerforlove;Chilingworthisalonelyrevenge-seeker;Dimmesdaleisalonelybeggarforgod’ sgrace;Pearlisalonelychildaskingforrecognition.TherearemanysymbolicrepresentationsinTheScarletLetter.Suchasnames,appearancesofthecharacters,somespecialeventsandactions,thesecansymbolizeloneliness. I.ABriefInformationaboutHawthorneandTheScarletLetter. A.ABriefIntroductionaboutHawthorne HawthornewasbornonthefourthofJuly,1804inSalem,Massachusetts.Someofhisancestorswerebigshotsinseventeenth-centuryNewEngland,whichwasunderthecontrolofPuritanism.Oneofthemwasacolonialmagistrate;notoriousforhisparticipationinthepersecutionofQuakers,andanotherwasajudgeattheSalemWitchcraftTrailin1692.Gradually,thefamilyfortunedeclined.Hawthorne’ sfatherwasaseacaptain,whodiedinanaccidentandlefthismotherandhimbehindtostruggletoliveforthemselves.NathanielHawthorneisanextremelyrenownedAmericanwriteroffiction.HermanMelvilleevenhailshimasthe .HeisthefirstAmericanwritertodefinehisworksasro“AmericanShakespeare” mance;hisromanticwritingisalandmarkoftheromanticperiodinAmericanliterature.Besides,Hawthorneisoneoftheforefathersofsymbols. Hawthorne’ sworksmainlyincludefourromances:TheScarletLetter,TheHouseofTheSevenGables,TheBlithedaleRomance,andTheMarbleFaun,Threehortstoriescollections:Twice-ToldTales,MossfromanOldManse,andTheSnow-ImageandOtherTwice-ToldTales,andtwomythcollection:AWonder-BookforGirlsandBoysandTanglewoodTalesforGirlsandBoys. B.ABriefContentsaboutTheScarletLetter ThestoryofTheScarletLetterisatriangularloveaffairsetintheSeventeenth-CenturyBoston,thenapuritansettlement.AnagingEnglishscholarsendshisbeautifulyoungwife,HesterPrynnebyname,tomaketheirnewhomeinNewEngland.Butforunknownreasons,thehusbandhasnotjoinedherinthecolony.Theconsensusisthathehasbeenlostatsea.Whilewaitingforherhusband,HesterlovedwithArthurDimmesdale,herpuritanminister,andhasgivenbirthtoachild,pearl.TheloveaffairbetweenHesterandDimmesdaleresultsinadultery.Hesterconfessesbutrefusestorevealthenameofthechild’ sfather.Asapunishment,sheissentencedtothreehoursonthescaffoldandalifetimeofwearingascarletletter“A” onherchest,themarkofhershame.Whentheelderlyhusbandcomesovertwoyearslater,heisbewilderedtoseehiswifeinpillory,wearingthescarletletter“A” onherbreast,holdingherillicitchildinherarms.Thewrongedhusband,whosepridehasbeendeeplywounded,isdeterminedtoseekouttheadultererandvowsrevengeonthemanwhohascuckoldedhim.Theoldscholarthedisguiseshimselfasaphysicia 2 nandchangeshisnametoRogerChillingworth.Gradually,hediscoversthatthevillainisnootherthanthemuch-admiredbrilliantyoungclergyman,ArthurDimmesdale.Thoughweigheddownbythesecretknowledgeofhisandhypocrisy,Dimmesdaleisfearfuloftheconsequencesofconfession,whichwouldbemoreseverefortheminister.Hedealswithhisguiltbytormentinghimselfphysicallyandpsychologically,developingaseriousheartconditionasaresult.Inthemeanwhile,hisconscienceisruthlesslypreyeduponbyChillingworth.Dimmesdalecutshimselfofffromcommunitywithersspirituallyaswellasphysically. Ontheotherhand,Hester’sresponsetothescarletletter“A” andhersinisapositiveone.Thoughlivingonthefringeofthecommunityandsufferingsocialostracism,sheneverthelessbearsherpunishmentcourageously,expiateshersinbyperforminggooddeedssothatthecommunitygraduallychangesitsattitudeandsomeofherpeersevenshowtheirtrustandadmirationforherhonestyandskillfulness.AtonetimeHesterplanstoleaveAmericaandfleetoEurope,wherethetrueloverscanlivewithPearlasafamily.Thedaybeforetheshipistosail,Dimmesdalepreacheshismosteloquentsermonforthetownspeople.Afterwardsheimpulsivelymountsthescaffoldwithhisloveranddaughterandconfesseshissinandhypocrisyatpublicgathering.Hefallsdead,aspearlkisseshim. Frustratedinhisrevenge,Chillingworthdiedayearlater.ButintheverywitheringhemakeshislastwillandtestamentandbequeathsaveryconsiderableamountofpropertytolittlePearl,thedaughterofHesterPrynnebyDimmesdale.Asheiresstohisfortune,PearlgrowsuptobemarriedintoanoblefamilyofEurope. ?(CausestheAspectsofLonelinessinTheScarletLetter A.Hawthorne’sLonelinessinHisPersonalLife Hawthorne’ sfather,whoisawellknownshipcaptaindiedatseaandlefthiswife.Thenhiswifeattheageoftwenty-eight,withchildrenaged6and4andaninfantofafewmonth.Shewithdrewentirelyfromsociety,andpermittedthehabitofsolitudetogrowuptosuchadegreethatsheactuallyremittedastricthermittotheendoflonglife.Hawthornehimselfthoughthatsuchanunhealthyandseparatedfamilyatmosphereprovidedamorbidconsciousnessthatparalyzedhispowers.WhenHawthorneafterleavingtheBowdonCollege,hereturnedtohisuncle’ soldhouseinSalem.Hedevotedhimselftoreadingandwritingwithlesscontactwiththefamilymembersaswellasoutsideworld.OneofhisclosefriendsJonathanCilleywrote: IloveHawthorne.Iadmirehim,butIdonotknowhim.Helivesinamysteriousworldofthoughandimaginationwhileheneverpermitsmetoenter(Rubinstein,1988:82). FromhisfamilyandhisfriendsprovidedcluestoHawthorne’ slifewerefeelingsofgloomandalienation. B.SocialandCulturalBackdropsofthenovel ThestoryinTheScarletLetterwashappenedinBostoninthe1600’ s.Atthattime,thepuritanswereprosecutedinEnglandbecausetheyrefusedtoabi 3 debytherulesoftheChurchofEngland,andthentheylefttheirhomeandcametoAmericanaspermanentsettlers.Theywereforcedtosettleinanewlandfarfromhomeland.ThePilgrimFatherssufferedterriblehardshipsduringthefirstwinterandhalfofthemdied.Inordertosurvive,theyhadtofightagainstthenaturaldisastersandendurelonelinessinthenewworld. ?.Fourcharacters’LonelinessinTheScarletLetter A.HesterPrynne’sLonelyPursuerforLove HesterPrynneisthemaincharacterinthenovel;shewasanhonestyandgoddesswoman. Hesterspentherhappychildhoodtimeswithherparents,later;shegrewuptobeabeautifulyoungladywithanextremelypassionatenature.Shemarriedwithahandicappedscientist–Chillingworth.Chillingworthregardedhimselfas‘amanofthought,thebookwormofgreatlibraries-amanalreadyindecay,havethebestyearstofeedthehungerdreamofknowledge’ (Nathaniel,Hawthorne.1996:29).Incontrast,Hesterwasinherbuddingyouth,andhad‘afigureofperfecteleganceonalargescale.Shehaddarkandabundanthair„ andafacewhich,besidesbeingbeautifulfromregularityoffeatureandrichnessofcomplexion,hadtheimpressivenessbelongingtoamarkedbrowanddeepblackeyes’ (Nathaniel,Hawthorne.1996:56).Shehadanimpulsiveandpassionatenature,whereasthehusbanddevotedhimselfwhollytoseekingtheso-calledtruthinbooks.ChillingworthdidnothaveaneyeforHester’ syouthandbeauty.Fortheyoungandbeautifulwife,passionandtrueloveshouldbethebasicprincipleandpurposeofaholymarriage.Theoldandlonelyhusbandwasphysicallydeformed.Tomakethematterworse,thehusbandindulgedhimselfinalchemyandinmedicalresearch,totallyneglectinghiswife’ sinnermindsformuchofthetime.Theunhappymarriageindicatedthattherewasnomutualunderstandingandcommunicationbetweenherandhusband.TheparentsdidnotknowwhatHesterexpectedofherMr.Right.Hermarriagelifewasunromantic.Theattitudeofherhusbandmadeherlonelinesstoomuch.Sheneedlovefromherhusband,shewaslonely. WhenshesettledaloneinBoston,aplacefarfromherparentalhome,thescenesofhometownwereforeigntoher.TheconnectionbetweenHesterandherrelativeinEnglandseemedtohavebrokenoff.Sheoftenmemorizedthat‘herfather’ sface,withitsbaldbrowandreverendwhitebeard„hermother’ stoo,withthelookofheedfulandanxiouslove’ (Nathaniel,Hawthorne.1996:27).Childrenwillnaturallyrecollectparents’ affectionandhappymomentsspenttogetherwithrelativesorfriends,butthen,shehadn’t.shewasalonelychilddesertedbyherparents. Hesterisawomaninneedofconsolationfromherlover-Dimmesdale.WhenshecametoBostonalone,forasinglewoman,shefelllonely.Thenshemettheminister-Dimmesdale.Theywerefallinloveeachother,butthisactionwasnotallowedbythePu 4 ritan.TheyincarceratedHesterandshemustwearthescarletletter“A” onherbosom,thescarletletter“A”symbolicmeaningis“Adultery”. Hesterlivedintheseclusionontheoutskirtsofthetown,inallherintercoursewithsociety,therewasnothingthatmadeshefeelasifshebelongedtoit.Everygesture,everyword,andeventhesilenceofthosewithwhomshecameincontact,implied,andoftenexpressed,thatshewasbanishedandasmuchaloneasifsheinhabitedanothersphere,orcommunicatedwiththecommonnaturebyotherorgansandsensesthantherestofhumankind.Hestersometimesburstintopassionatetears,sinceshehasheart-smittenatthebewilderingandconfusingspellthatsooftencamebetweenHesterandherbeloveddaughter.LittlePearlwasallherworld,butthereexistedmentaldistancebetweenthemotherandherdaughter. ‘sometimes,onceinmanydays,orperchanceinmanymonths,shefeltaneye-ahumaneye-upontheignominiousbrandthatseemedtogiveamomentaryrelief,asifhalfofheragonywereshared’ (Nathaniel,Hawthorne.1996:32).ThedaydreamingindicatedthatHesterhadhopedthatherlovercouldtocomfortherandthereforeshewouldberelievedfromthestateoflonelinessforthetimebeing. B.Chillingworth’sLonelyRevenge-Seeker RogerChillingworthwasanabandonedhusbandbyhiswife.HewasanoldandlonelyscholarinEnglanddehumanizedbyalifeabstrusestudying.Histwisted,stooped,deformedshouldersmirrorhisdistortedsoul.Heignoredhiswifeformostofthetime.Hemadeamistakeofmarryingayoungandbeautifulwife,whohadanimpulsiveandpassionatenature.ForHester,marriagewasnotasacramentalunionifthecouplesdidnotloveeachother.SheconsideredhermarriagewithChillingworthasinvalid,forsheremindedhim, ‘Ifeltnolove(foryou),norfeignedany’.Husbanddidnotdeservetruelovefrom hiswifeandhewasdestineditlivethroughalonelymarriedlife.InviewofthestrikingdifferentbetweenChillingworthandHester,theirunioncanberegardedasunnaturalrelationshipsofageandyouth,deformityandyouth,andastudiousmindandapassionatenature.WhenHestercametoBostonaloneandshefellinlovewithArthurDimmesdale,whichresultedinadultery.Fromthenon,RogerChillingworthwastotallyabandonedbyhisyoungandpassionatewife. RogerChillingworthwasanunapproachablestrangertolittlePear.Pearl,thedaughterofHesterandDimmesdale,isoftendefinedbymanycriticsasthesinchild,theunholyresultofHester’sandArthurDimmesdalefallfromgrace.Pearl’ sexistencebroughthumiliationuponhermother’ slegalhusbandChillingworth.Itwasnaturalforthemtokeepadistancephysicallyandmentallywhenevertheycameacrosseachother. WhenChillingworthknewthefacts， Hebecamealonelyrevenge-seeker.Heappearedascalm,gentle,passionless.Therewasyet,wefear,aquietdepthofmalice,hithertolatent,butactivenow,inhisunfortunateoldman,whichledhimtoimagineamoreintimaterevengethananymortalhadeverreekeduponanenemy.Tomakehimselftheonetrustedfriend,towhomshouldbeconfidedallthefear,theremorse,theagony,theineffectualrepentance,theba 5 ckwardrushofsinfulthoughts,expelledinvain!Allthatguiltysorrow,hiddenfromtheworld,whosegreatheartwouldhavepitiedandforgiven,toberevealedtohim,thepitiless,tohim,theunforgiving!Allthatdarktreasuretobelavishedontheveryman,towhomnothingelsecouldsoadequatelypaythedebtofvengeance. Tobearevenge-seeker,forlorncreaturethathewas,andmorewretchedthanhisvictim.RogerChillingworthwilllonelyinhiswholelife. C.Dimmesdale’sLonelyBeggarforGod’sGrace Dimmesdalewasahypocriticalministerisolatinghimselffromthecommunityandhislover.HefellinlovewithHester,hewastheadulterer,buthedidnotadmitwhenHesterhadbeeninquested.Dimmesdalewasguiltyoftwosins.OnewasthecommissionofadulterywithHester,andtheotherwashiscowardlyandhypocriticalfailuretoconfess.UnlikeHesterwhoopenlyexposedhersin,Dimmesdalelivedwithaburiedsinofhisown,whichwasthesourceofhisendlessagony.Inprivate,ArthurDimmesdaletriedtoavoidatrulyintimaterelationshipwithhisflocksothatthecommunitycouldnotenterhisworld.Heseemedtobeatalossinthepathwayofhumanexistence,andcouldbeonlyateaseinsomeseclusionofhisown.Hewalkedalone,ofteninshadowybypaths. Hewasafatherwithindifferencetohisdaughter-Pearl.Dimmesdalewasayoungclergymanandheshouldbewhollydevotedtogodandfollowedallthestrictpuritanrules.Inamomentofweakness,DimmesdaleandHesterbecamelovers,andababypearlresultedfromtheirunionastheproductofthesinofadultery.Hesterhadmadehersinpubliclyknown,whereasDimmesdaleattemptedtohidetheshamefultruthabouthim.ThusDimmesdalewasfurtherguiltyofthesinofdishonestyandhypocrisybesidesthesinofadultery.Inordertoconcealhissinsandkeephissocialpositionasapiouspriest,Dimmesdalemadestrenuouseffortstokeepalooffromhisloverandhisdaughter.Tobeapiouspuritans,Dimmesdalesufferingunderbodydisease,wasgnawedandtorturedbysomeblacktroubleofthesoul.Inhissecretcloset,underlockandkey,therewasabloodyscourge.Oftentimes,thisprotestantandpuritandivinehadplieditonhisownshoulder;laughingbitterlyathimselfthewhile,andsmitingsomuchthemorepitilesslybecauseofthatbitterlaugh.Itwashiscustom,too,asithasbeenthatofmanyotherpiouspuritans,tofast,-not,however,likethem,inordertopurifythebodyandrenderitthefittermediumofcelestialillumination,-butrigorously,anduntilhiskneestrembledbeneathhim,asanactofpenance.Hekeptvigils,likewise,nightafternight,sometimesinutterdarkness;sometimeswithaglimmeringlamp;andsometimes,viewinghisownfaceinalooking-glass,bythemostpowerfullightwhichhecouldthrowuponit.Hethustypifiedtheconstantintrospectionwherewithhetortured,butcouldnotpurify,himself. Theministerwellknew-subtle,butremorselesshypocritethathewas!-thelightinwhichhisvagueconfessionwouldbeviewed.Hehadstriventoputacheatuponhimselfbymakingtheavowalofaguiltyconscience,buthadgainedonlyoneothersin,andaself-acknowledgedshame,withoutthemomentaryreliefofbeingself-deceived.Hehadspokentheverytruth,andtransformeditintothevariesfalsehood.Andyet,bytheconstitutionofhisnature,helovedthetruth,andloathedthelie,asfewmeneverdid.Therefore,aboveallthingselse,heloathedhismiserableself! 6 ThebiblebeginswithastoryofAdamandEve,whichwereexpelledfromtheGardenofEdenforeatingfruitsfromthetreeofknowledge,andtheywereforcedtotoilonearth.TheexperienceofHesterandDimmesdaleremindsreadersofthestoryofAdamandEvebecause,inbothcases,sinresultinexpulsionandsuffering.InthecaseofDimmesdale,hecommittedthesinofadulteryandconsequentlyhesufferedalottogainmoralregenerationandthegracefulpardonfromgod,butinvain.Hisfamilybecameanunpardonablesinnerbecauseofhishiddensin.Attheendofthenovel,heheroicallythrewoffthehypocrisy,pride,andthefearsthathadmadehislifeanongoingdeceptionandmountedthestepsofthescaffoldinbroaddaylight.WithhislastbreathDimmesdalewasabletobringacertainpeacetohisownsoulanddroppedtheunbearableburdeninmind.Inthelightofhisreligiousbeliefs,Dimmesdalegainedmoralsalvationandhecouldgotoheaventoenjoygod’ sgrace.Accordingtosecularism,however,thelossoflifeisthegreatestpunishmentforasinnerandDimmesdaleisnotatallforgivenbygod. D.Pearl’sLonelyAskingforRecognition Pearl,isthedaughterofHesterandDimmesdale.Hesternamedtheinfant“Pearl,”asbeingofgreatprice-purchasedwithallshehad-hermother’ sonlytreasure!Howstrange,indeed!Inotherhand,becauseofhershamfather-Dimmesdale,shehadnofather’ sloveinhergrowingpath.Shelivedwithhermother;Pearlisanelf-childofhermother.Intheworld,shejusthadmother’slove.Dimmesdaleforhispublicity,hecan’ tadmitPearl.Heabandonedherforever. BecausePearlwasaserioussinforthesociety,whenshewasachild,shehadnofriends.Pearlarrivesatagethatwascapableofsocialintercourse,beyondthemother’ sever-readysmileandnonsense-words!Andthenwhatahappinesswouldithavebeen,couldHesterhaveheardherclear,birdlikevoiceminglingwiththeuproarofotherchildishvoice,andhavedistinguishedandunraveledherowndarling’ stones,amidalltheentangledoutcryofagroupofsportivechildren!Butthiscouldneverbe.Pearlwasabornoutcastoftheinfantileworld.Animpofevil,emblemandproductofsin,shehadnorightamongchristenedinfants.Nothingwasmoreremarkablethantheinstinct,asitseemed,withwhichthechildcomprehendedherloneliness;thedestinythathaddrawnaninviolablecircleroundabouther.Shewantstoattentionfromthesociety. ?.SymbolicRepresentationsofLoneliness Symbolicisthewritingtechniqueofusingsymbols.Asymbolissomethingthatconveystwokindsofmeaning;itissimplyitself,anditstandsforsomethingotherthanitself.Inotherwords,asymbolisawayoftellingastoryandawayofconveningmeaning.Hawthornewasamasterofsymbolism.Forexample,thescarletletter“A” onHester’sbosomcangiveussymbolicmeanings,suchas“Adultery”,“Able”, “Admirable”,and“Angel” (LiCuiting,1998:224-225).Inadditiontothewildlyquotedexampleconcerningthesymbolicwayofwritingtorepresentthelonelinessandalienationofthefourcharacters. 7 First,thesettingsweredescribedwithsymbolicmeanings.Inthefirstscaffoldscene,Hesterwasstandingonthescaffoldaloftandfarawayfromthecrowdandthephysicaldistanceheremanifestedaninternalalienation.LaterHesterresidedinasmallcottagewhichwasabandonedbyanearliersettler.Thecottagewaslocatedontheoutskirtsofthetown,andtherewerenootherhabitationsaround.ThedetaileddescriptionsaboutthelittleandlonesomedwellingsuggestedthatHesterwasisolatedfromthecommunity.WheneverHesterappeared,therewaswidespaceseparatingherfromothercitizens. ‘AswasusuallythecasewhereverHesterstood,asmallvacantarea-asortofmagic-hadformeditselfabouther,intowhichthoughthepeoplewereelbowingoneanotheratalittledistance,oneventured,offeltdisposedtointrude’ (Nathaniel,Hawthorne.1996:198).ThefactthatHesterstoodinacircleandotherskeptapartwasatypicalsymbolofHester’ ssolitude.Sunshinealwayssymbolizesloveandwarmthwhereasdarknessisanemblemofalienationandlonelinessinliteraryworks.Inthegovernor’shall, ‘theshadowofthecurtainfellonHesterPrynne,andpartiallyconcealedher’ (Nathaniel,Hawthorne.1996:66).Intheforest,pearlaccompaniedhermotherandjumpedinthesunshine.Curiously,thesunshineseemedtoshunHester.Whensheattemptedtogapsomeofthesunshine’ s,itvanished.HerethestrikingcontrastsbetweenpearlwhohappilyrompedinthesunshineandHesteruponwhomtheshadowfellalsoimpliedHester’sloneliness. Second,thenamesofthefourcharactersalsoexpressedextrameanings.“Hest”means“tocommand”and“pry”means“toinquiretoocautiously”.Thename “HesterPrynne” predictsthatHesterwouldlivewithendlessinquiriesfromthepublicabouthersecretsin,andthereforeshewouldbeanunreliableoutsiderinsteadofatrustworthymemberofthecommunity.ThereisanotherexplanationandhastierreferstothekitchengoddessintheGreekmythology.“Prynne”soundslike“purifying” (TinaJunwu,1999:100).Sothename“HesterPrynne” canbeunderstoodasagoddesswithapurifiedmind,whodoesnotbelongtothehumanworld.Bothexplanationsofthename“HesterPrynne” areacceptableandtheytellinadvancethatHesterwouldsufferisolationandalienation.ThewrongedhusbandtookafalsenameRogerChillingworthandaskedhiswifetokeepthesecretabouthisidentity.“Roger”isphoneticallycloseto“rogue” meaningscoundrelandrascal.“Chill”means“theunpleasantfellingofcoldness” and“chilling”means“frightening”.“Worth”istheapproximatehomophoneof “worse”(TianJunwu,1999:102).Thereforethename“RogerChillingworth” mayrefertoafrighteningdevil.Ashisnamesuggested,Chillingworthwasamandeficientinhumanwarmth.Thelossofidentityandthelackofhumanaffectionsymbolizedhisisolationfromthetownspeople.TheministerwascalledArthurDimmesdale.“dim”means“notbright”and“dale”means“valley”,sothename“Dimmesdale” hintsthattheminister’ sinnermindislikeadeepandhiddenvalley,inaccessibletothecommunity(TianJu 8 nwu,1999:101).Theminister’ snameagainissymbolicofhisestrangementfromhiscongregation.Hesternamedherdaughter“thenameofgreatprice”inthenewtestament, ‘purchasedwithallshehad,-hermother’sonlytreasure’ (Nathaniel,Hawthorne.1996:44-45).ActuallyPearlisakindofpreciousjewelryandthenameindicatesthatlittlepearlisanextraordinarychildandthestrikingdifferencewillresultinherisolationfromherpeers. Inadditiontosettingandcharacters’ appearances,somespecialeventsandactionscanembodyloneliness,too.Dimmesdalespeakingabouthissinfulnesswasinterpretedashumilityandpietyinreligion.Hedidnottrustanyoneinhiscongregation.Heoftenhidinhissecretclosedandtorturedhimselfwithoutpity.Such factsprovedthatthepriestwasisolatedfromthecommunity.Hisdeathafterhisfinalpreachinpublicmightembodyhisabandonmentbygod.ItwasisolationbetweenaSinfulpriestanddivinegod.Pearlwasanaturalchildandherbirthwasagainstthepuritanlawsandrules.Pearlwasestrangedfromthehumansocietybutshewasinharmonywiththeforestandallthewildthingsinit.‘Thegreatblackforest„ becametheplaymateofthelonelyinfant,aswellasitknewhow’ (Nathaniel,Hawthorne.1996:167).Itwasalienationandlonelinessbetweenmanandsociety.LittlePearlactedlikeanimpandhermischievousbehaviorsweremysterioustohermother.Pearl’ sfatherhadnocouragetoadmitheridentityandPearlwouldwashoffherfather’ skissinabrook.Theisolationbetweenparentsandthechildrevealedthealienationamonghumanbeings.Pearlwasalwaysbyhermothersideandsheseemedtobeonenesswithhermother.ThisfactshowedthatPearlhadnofriends,nofather’ sloveandnoattentionfromthesociety.Shewasgrowinginsolitude. Conclusion Asfarashiswritingstyleisconcerned,HawthornehascontributedalottobothAmericanandworldliterature.HeisthefirstAmericanwritertodefinehisworksasRomances.HisromanticwritingisalandmarkoftheRomanticperiodinAmericanliterature,andhisfourromancesenrichtheworldliteratureaswell.Besides,Hawthorneisoneoftheforefathersofsymbols. Thisthesisexpresslonelinessbyfourcharacters,embodypeople’ spsychologyinthespecificallysociety.Atthesametime,ThescarletletterisoftenusedasanexampletoshowHawthorne’sskillsinusingsymbols. Hawthorne’ scontributiontosymbolismalsoliesinthefactthatheadvisedhiscontemporaryHermanMelvilletorewritehisMobyDick,whichturnsouttobeagreatsuccessbyemployingsymbolisminthestory.Hawthorneisalsoamasterofpsychologicaldescription.ThescienceofpsychoanalysisisbasedonSigmundFreud’ stheoryoftheinstinctualdriversandC.GJung’ 9 stheoryofCollectiveUnconsciousness.Thetheoriesinpsychoanalysisgreatlyinfluencedmodernwriters,andproducedafreshwayofwriting:stream-of-conscio usness,whichwaspopularinthe20thcentury.Infact,longbeforetheterm“psychoanalysis” cameintobeing,Hawthornehadalreadybeguntopracticethetechniqueofpsychoanalyticalwritingtoexploretheinnermindofthecharacters.Hawthorneisworthyofthetitleasapath-breakerinpsychoanalyticalwriting.Intermsofhisthematicchoicesorhiswritingstyle,Hawthorneisawriteraheadofhistime.Hisliteraryachievementsenlightenedhiscontemporariesaswellasotherwritersafterhim . 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