2007年考研英语串讲讲义

2007年考研英语串讲讲义 2007年考研英语完形填空串讲冲刺(一) Use of English 一．完形填空测试的基本要求： 考研试题中的Use of English即为完形填空。完形填空是从语篇水平上来测试考生综合运用 语言知识，特别是词汇和语法结构知识的能力。研究生英语入学考试的完形填空测试，要求 考生在全面理解一篇240—280字的文章内容的基础上，选择一个最佳答案，使短文的意思 和结构完整、合理。完形填空20题，每题0.5分；解题时问约为15分钟左右。 二．完形填空的考点主要是以下4种搭配关系： 近年考题考点串讲 1)词义搭配：解题技巧：词义相近看搭配，搭配相同区别词义，注意近义词的辨异和句子整 体意思的一致性。 例：Unlike animals，we stand upright．This means that our noses are 1 to perceiving those smells which float through the air, 2 the majority of smells which stick to surfaces．(2005) 1．A．1imited B．committed C．dedicated D．confined 2．A．catching B．ignoring C．missing D．tracking 2)结构搭配：解题技巧：注意词义、句意与语法结构的一致性。 例1：Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families．ignoring the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes．The latter may commit crime_2_lack of adequate parental contr01．(2004) 2．A．on B．in C．for D．with 例2：To help horneless people 3 independence，the federal govenmaent must support job training programs．raise the minimmn wage，and fund more low-cost housing．(2006) 3．in B．for C．with D．towards 3)逻辑搭配：解题技巧：注意所选词义与上下文在逻辑上的连贯性。 例：The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population． １ ，homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments can’t possibly__2__．(2006) 1．A．Indeed B．Likewise C．Therefore D．Furthermore 2．A．stand B．cope C．approve D．retain (本题属结构搭配) 4)惯用搭配：解题技巧：注意习惯搭配、短语动词和成语的内含与上下文的一致性。 例：In these activities，it is important to remember that young teens have short attention spans．A variety of activities should be organized so that participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to something else withom feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 1 。This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility．0n the contrar~，they can helF students acquire a sense of commitment by 2 for roles that are within their capabilities and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules．(2003) 1．A．off B．down C．out D．alone 2．A．making B．standing C．planning D．taking 三．模拟冲刺测试练习及应试对策：把握主题，分段解题，抓住主线、瞻前顾后、区别词义、 注意搭配、考虑惯用；最后，通读全文、查错补漏。 模拟冲刺 It is important to be very cautious of opinions that flatter Your self-esteem．Both men and women，nine times out of ten are firmly convinced 1 the superior excellence of their own sex．There is abundant 2 on both sides. If you are a man，you can 3 that most poets and men of science are male；if you are a woman，you can retort that 4 are most criminals The question is 5 insoluble． It is generally believed that self-esteem 6 this from most people．We are all， 7 part of the world we come from， 8 that our nation is superior to all others． 9 that each nation has its own characteristic merits and dements，we 10 our standard of values so as to 11 that the merits possessed by our nation are the really important ones, 12 its demerits are comparatively trivial．Here，again，the 13 man will admit the question is one 14 which there is no demonstrably right answer。It is more difficult to 15 the self-esteem of man as man，because we cannot 16 outthe matter With some non—human mind． The only way I know of dealing with this general human conceit(自负)is to 17 ourselves that man is a brief 18 in me life of a small planet in a little corner of the universe and that we actually don’t know whether other parts of the cosmos may 19 beings 20 superior to ourselves as we are to jelly fish?(270 words) 1．A．in B．of C．with D．for 2．A．cause B．prejudice C．evidenee D．basis 3．A．give out B．put out C．point out D．show out 4．A．so B．there C．such D．nor 5．A．incidentally B．initially C．originally D．inherently 6，A．hinders B．restrains C．prevents D．conceals 7．A．wherever B．whatever C．however D．whenever 8．A．assured B．alleged C．persuaded D．conceived 9．A．Seeing B．Granting C．Providing D．Assuming 10．A．adjoin B．adjust C．adopt D．advocate 11．A．stickout B．dwell on C．speculate on D．make out 12．A．though B．while C．when D．therefore 13．A．rational B．average C．sensitive D．contemporary 14．A．for B．in C．to D．on 15．A．deal with B．complywith C．do with D．agree with 16．A．carry B．delete C．defy D．argue 17．A．remember B．remind C．recall D．reproach 18．A．epoch B．moment C．episode D．epidemic 19．A．comprise B．cover C．include D．contain 20．A．as B．so C．even D．much 2007年考研英语阅读理解Part A串讲冲剌(二) Reading Comprehension 一．阅读理解Part A的考试要求： 阅读4篇短文，阅读量约1600词。每篇短文后有5道选择题，共计20题，每小题2分，共40分,2006年第一篇400字,第二篇466字；第三篇431字；第四篇433字；共计1730字。估计07年考试阅读量也会超过1700字。解题时间约60分钟。 二．考点： 1．每个段落的核心句，即段落的中心思想、论点或主要细节。 2．段落内部和段落之间的逻辑关系，段落或全文的框架。 3．对文章内容深层含义的理解。 4．根据上下文推猜词汇、词组或句子的含义。 5．作者的观点。 6．全文主旨。 三．预测2007年阅读理解Part A试题的类型与示例串讲： 1．细节理解题。 2．细节辨认题。 3．细节类比题。 4．词语释义题。 5．推理判断题。 6．总结归纳题。 7．逻辑结构题。 8．逻辑框架题。 9．作者观点题。 10．全文主旨题。 1．细节理解题 快速解题技巧：信号词连接，细节定位，搜索等义意群。 Do you remember all those years when scientists argued mat smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure?That the evidence was inconclusive，the science uncertain．?That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense，and over three decades．some 10 million smokers went to early graves．(2005) 1．An argument made by supporters of smoking was that [A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death． [B] the number of early deaths in past decades was insignificant． [C]people had the freedom to choose their way of life． [D]antismoking people were usually talking nonsense． 2．细节辨认题 所找细节在不同段落内，快速解题技巧：最后做。浏览选项，划出关键信息词，逐个核对， 排除干扰项。 Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile .Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their 1ine of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed，Redmon maintains his agent as CareerBuilder．“You always keep your eyes open，’’he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.(2004) 1．Which of the following is true according to the text? [A]Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters? [B]Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands? [C]Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed? [D]Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed? 3．细节类比题 快速解题技巧：划出题干中的关键信息词，在相关段落中划出对应的关键信息词，然后信息 词连接，搜索对照，确定类比选项，找到正确答案 Mr．McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms —he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful．We now take our English”on paper plates instead of china”．A shame，perhaps，but probably an inevitable one，(2005) l．According to the last paragraph。”paper plates”is to”china”as [A]“temporary”is to“permanent”。 [B]“radical”is to“conservative” [C]”functional”is to“artistic”。 [D]“humble”is to“noble”． In contrast to traditional analyses of minority business, the sociological analysis contends that minority business ownership is a group-level phenomenon in that it is largely dependent upon social-group resources for its development. Specifically，this analysis indicates that support networks play a critical role in starting and maintaining minority business enterprises by providing owners with a range of assistance from the informal encouragement of family members and friends to dependable sources of workers and clients from the owner’s ethnic group．Such self-help networks，which encourage and support ethnic minority entrepreneurs，consist of“primary”institutions，those closest to the individual in shaping his or her behavior and beliefs．They are characterized by the face-to-face association and cooperation of persons united by ties of mutual concern．They form an intermediate social level between the individual and larger“secondary”institutions based on impersonal relationships．Primary institutions comprising the support network include relatives，friends，and neighborhood or community subgroups. 2.Which of the following illustrates the working of a self-help support network as described in the text? [A]The local government in a city sets up a program that helps teen-agers find jobs． [B]A commercial bank offers low-interest loans to those who hope to establish businesses. [C] A neighborhood-based organization develops a program of job training for its members and their friends． [D] A public high school offers courses in book-keeping and accounting as part of its open adult education program. 4．词、短语或句子的释义题 快速解题技巧：瞻前顾后，搜索隐含信息，总结归纳，建立等义概念，确定正确选项 As a result，the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.（2002） 1.The word “gizmos”(line 1)most probably means . [A]programs [B]experts [C]devices [D]creatures 快速解题技巧：瞻前顾后，注意上下文逻辑上的连贯性和一致性，建立等义概念，确定正确 选项 In spite of"endless talk of difference，‖American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people．(2006) 2.The word“homogenizing”(Line 2，Paragraph 1)most probably means [A]identifying [B]associating [C]assimilating [D]monopolizing When it comes to the slowing economy，E1len Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet．But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting，filing or polishing as many nails as she’d like to．Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up．Spero blames the softening economy．(2004) 3．By“Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet”(Line 1,Paragraph 1),the author means [A]Spero call hardly maintain her business． [B]Spero is too much engaged in her work． [C]Spero has grown out of her bad habit． [D]Spero is not in a desperate situation． 5.推理判断题 快速解题技巧：狠抓主题旬或段落核心句，进行推理判断 The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys，like humans，are guided by social emotions.In the wild，they are a co-operative．Group-living species．Such co-operation is 1ikely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.Feelings of righteous indignation，it seems，are not the preserve of people alone.Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group.However,whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago,is yet, an unanswered question.(2005) 1．What can we infer from the last paragraph? [A]Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions． [B]Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source． [C]Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do． [D]Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild． 快速解题技巧：狠抓段落主题句或结论句，进行推理判断 The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company．Railroads typically charge such―captive‖shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rat relief,but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.(2003) 2.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that [A]shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad. [B]there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide [C]overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief [D]a government board ensures fair play in railway business 快速解题技巧：狠抓段落主题句或结论句，正话反说，反话正说。（信号词） Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr.McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.(2005) （有条理思维） （说话规范） 3.To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree? [A]Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk． [B]Black English can be more expressive than standard English． [C]Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining． [D]Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas. 6.总结归纳题 快速解题技巧：总结归纳题往往是全文的结论，信息常常在全文的结尾段。解题时必须把握 全文的中心思想，这样才能排除各种干扰。 The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys，like humans，are guided by social emotions．In the wild，they are a co-operative，group-living species.Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated．Feelings of righteous indignation，it seems，are not the preserve of people alone．Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group„．(2005) 1.Dr.Brosnan and Dr. de waal have eventually found in their atudy that the monkeys [A]prefer grapes to cucumbers [B]can be taught to exchange things. [C]give an episode of the information war [D]are unhappy when separated from others 7。逻辑结构题 快速解题技巧：人物与主题的逻辑关系，即由人物引出主题 Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the ―great game‖ of espionage – spying as a ―profession.‖ These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.(2003) 1.Donovan’s story is mentioned in the text to [A]introduce the topic of online spying [B]show how he fought for the U.S. [C]give an episode of the information war [D]honor his unique services to the CIA 快速解题技巧：论据(例证)是用来说明论点。本段是以归纳法来论证的，故论点为段落结论 句 For example，a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals-no meet，nofur,no medicines.Asked if she opposed immunizations，she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.When assured that they do,she replied，“Then I would have to say yes.”Asked what would happen when epidemics return，she said，“Don’t worry，scientists will find some way of using computers．”Such well-meaning people just don't understand．(2002) 2．The example of the grandmotherly woman(论据)is used to show the public’s ． [A]discontent with arlimat research [B]ignorance about medical research(论点) [CJ indifference to epidemics [D]anxiety about animal rights 快速解题技巧：狠抓段落与段落之问论点与论据的一致性。 Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture．Think of Galileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic church or poet William Blak’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton.[论点]The schism between science and the humanities has,if anything, deepened in this century. [论据] Until recently the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics-but no longer.As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked ―anti-science‖ in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R.Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia,and Norman Levitt,a mathematician at Rutgers Unieversity;and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University. [论据] Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as ―The Flight from Science and Reason,‖ held in New York City in 1995, and ―Science in the Age of (Mis) information,‖ which assembled last June near Buffalo. 3.Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to [论据说明论点] [A]explain the way in which science develops [B]show the author’s sympathy with scientists [C]discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power [D]exemplify the division of science and the humanities 8。逻辑框架题 快速解题技巧：抽象概括段落内容，以框架式语言来表述。 To answer the question of why consumers became so eager to buy,some historians have pointed to the ability of manufacturers to advertise in a relatively uncensored press. This,however. hardly seems a sufficient answer. Mckendrick favors a Veblen model of conspicuous consumption stimulated by competition for status．The“middling sort”bought goods and services because they wanted to follow fashions set by the rich．Again,we may wonder whether this explanation is sufficient.Do not people enioy buying as a form of self-gratification?If so,consumerism could be seen as a product of the rise of new concepts of individualism and materialism.but not necessarily of the frenzy for conspicuous competition. 1．In the third paragraph，the author is primarily concerned with [A]contrasting two theses and offering a compromise． [B]questioning two explanations and proposing a possible alternative to them [C]examining two theories and supporting one over the other? [D]raising several questions but implying that they cannot be answered? 9。作者观点题 快速解题技巧：把握主题，理解全文的“起承转合”，狠抓“转”字，总结作者的态度 [起]Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return?Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel,up from less than $10 last December„„ [承]The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq wuspended oil exports.Strengthening economic growth,at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere,could push the price higher still in the short term. [转]Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s.In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s.In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price,so even quite big changs in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past． Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price„„ [合]One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that，unlike the rises in the 1970s，it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand„?(2002) 1．From the text we can see that the writer seems [A]optimistic [B]sensitive [C]gloomy [D]scared 注意：有时作者观点题实际上是全文主旨题，这是近年命题形式上的新变化。 10。全文主旨题 快速解题技巧：把握主题句，浏览段落中心旬，注意“起承转合”，综合归纳 When it comes to the slowing economy,Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet.But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she’d like to.Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly，but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up．Spero blames the softening economy.“I'm a good economic indicator,”she says.“I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollar.” So Spero is downscaling，shopping at a middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban C1eveland home，instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don't know if other clients are going to abandon me,too．”she says． Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red’hot economy is cooling，lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves．From car dealerships to Gap outlets，sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending．For retailers，who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time．Already，experts say，holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace。 But don’t sound any alarms just yet.Consumers seem only concerned,not panicked,and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects,even as they do some modest belt-tightening. Consumers say they're not in despair because,despite the dreadful headlines,their own fortunes still feel pretty good.Home prices are holding steady in most regions.In Manhattan,“there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to$10 mitlion range，predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses，”says broker Barbara Corcoran.In San Francisco，prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets.“Instead of 20 to 30 offers，now maybe you only get two or three，”says John Deadly，a Bay Area real-estate broker。And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job． Many folk see silver linings to this slowdown.Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates.Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market．Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swmgs，which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom．Diners might see an upside,too．Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible．Not any more．For that．Greenspan&Co.may still be worth toasting． (2004) l.To which of the following is the author likely to agree? [A]A new boom，on the horizon． [B]Tighten the belt，the single remedy． [C]Caution all riuht,panic not． [D]The more ventures，the more chances 模拟冲刺 穿插式查阅法：细读首段，划出文章主题信息词，浏览第一题，划出题干中的关键信息词， 返回原文，寻找相应信词，关键信息词连接，理解相关内容的含义，返回试题的选项，对照 检查，确定答案。以此类推，无往不胜。 Text 1 One of the most pressing challenges that the United States-and indeed，the world-will face in the next few decades is how to alleviate the growing stress that human activities are placing on the environment．The consequences are just too great to ignore．Wildlife habitats are being degraded or disappearing altogether as new developments take up more land．Plant and animal species are becoming extinct at a greater rate now than any time in Earth’s history．As many as 30 percent of the world’s fish stocks are over-exploited．And the list goes on. Yet，there is reason to have hope for the furore．Advances in computing power and molecular biology are among the tremendous increases in scientific capability that are helping researchers gain a better understanding of these problems.Recent developments in technology could provide the basis for some major and timely actions that would improve our understanding of how human activities affect the environment． One priority for research is improving hydrological forecasting．It has been estimated that the world’s water consumption could triple in the next two decades．Already,widespread water shortages haye occurred in parts of China，India，North Africa，and the Arabian Peninsula.The need for water also is taking its toll on freshwater ecosystems in the United States．Only 2 percent of the nation’s streams are considered in good condition，and close to 40 percent of naive fish species are rare or extinct．Using a variety of new remote sensing tools，researchers can learn more about how precipitation affects water levels，how surface water is generated and transported，and how changes in the landscape affect water supplies． To prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases in plants，animals，and humans，more study is needed on how pathogens,parasites，and disease-carrying species-as well as humans and other species they infect—are affected by changes in the environment．The overuse of antibiotics both in humans and in farm animals has contributed to the growth of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms．Researchers can take advantage of new technologies in genetics and computing to better monitor and predict the effects that environmental changes might have on disease outbreaks． Humans have made alterations to Earth’s surface-such as tropical deforestation，reduction of surface and ground water，and massive development—so dramatic that they approach the 1evels of transformation that occurred during glacial periods．Such alterations cause changes in local and regional climates，and will determine the future of agriculture．Recent advances in data collection and analysis should be used to document and better understand the causes and consequences of changes in land cover and use．(434 words) Notes：hydrological水文学的。take its toll(=cause loss or damage etc．)造成损失(危害、伤亡等)。ecosystem生态系统。 precipitation降水量。pathogen病原体。glacial冰川期的。 1．The expression“And the list goes 0n．”most probably means that [A]there are many more ways in which humnans are hurting the environment． [B]environmental degradation is continuing to exist． [C]the total animal and plant species facing extinction are too numerous to list． [D]in addition to fish,many other animal species face extinction by humans． 2．Which of the following best reflects the author’s attitude towards the role of technological progress in environmental studies? [A]Respectful． [B]Sympathetic． [C]Positive [D]Impartial 3．Which of the following does the author NOT mention as an important area for research? [A]How precipitation affects water levels． [B]How to prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases． [C]Hew urban development affects the environment． [D]How the industrial pollution impacts the environment． 4．The last paragraph ofthe text suggests that [A]local and regional climates have not fluctuated so much since the glacial periods． [B]the future of agriculture depends on how land usage affects climate． [C]very little information is documented abeut changes and consequences of land usage [D]current human transformation of the land surface is of almost unprecedented scale． 5．Throughout the text，the author mainly emphasizes [A]the steps made by humans to solve environmental problems． [B]the function technology could perform in environmental research。 [C]the role of science in alleyiating environmental degradation． [D]the extent of damage humans have wrought Oil the environment． Text 2 Since the late 1970’s，in the face of a severe loss of market share in dozens of industries， manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve productivity---and therefore enhance their international competitiveness---through cost-cutting programs。(Cost-cutting here is defined as raising labor output while holding the amount of labor constant．) However，from 1978 through 1982，productivity---the value of goods manufactured divided by the amount of labor input---did not improve；and while the results were better in the business upturn of the three years following,they ran 25 percent lower than productivity improvements during earlier，post-1945 upturns．At the same time，it became clear that the harder manufacturers worked to implement cost-cutting，the more they lost their competitive edge． With this paradox in mind，I recently visited 25 companies；it became clear to me that the cost-cutting approach to increasing productivity is fundamentally flawed.Manufacturing regularly observes a“40,40,20”rule.Roughly 40 percent of any manufacturing-based competitive advantage derives from long-term changes in manufacturing structure(decisions about the number，size， location，and capacity of facilities) and in approaches to materials.Another 40 percent comes from major changes in equipment and process technology．The final 20 percent rests on implementing conventional cost-cutting.This rule does not imply that cost-cutting should not be tried.The well-known tools of this approach---including simplilying jobs and retraining employees to work smarter，not harder---do produce results.But the tools quickiy reach the limits of what they can contribute。 Another problem is that the cost-cutting approach hinders innovation and discourages creative people．As Abernathy’s snldy of automobile manufacturers has shown，an industry can easily become prisoner of its own investments in cost-cutting techniques,reducing its ability to develop new products．And managers under pressure to maximize cost-cutting will resist innovation because they know that more fundamental changes in processes or systems will create havoc(=destruction)with the results on which they are measured．Production managers have always seen their job as one of minimizing costs and maximizing output．This dimension of performance has until recently been adequate as a basis of evaluation，but it has created a penny-pinching，mechanistic culture in most factories that has kept away creative managers． Every company I know that has freed itself from the paradox has done so，in part，by developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy．Such a strategy focuses on the manufacturing structure and on equipment and process technology．In one company a manufacturing strategy that allowed different areas of the factory to specialize in different markets replaced the conventional cost-cutting approach;within three years the company regained its competitive advantage.Together with such strategies，successful companies are also encouraging managers to focus on a wider set of objectives besides cutting costs.There is hope for manufacturing，but it clearly rests on a different way of managing.(481 words) 6．The primary function of the first paragraph in the text is to [A]outline in briefthe author’s argument。 [B]clarify some disputed definitions of economic terms． [C]summarize a number of long-accepted explanations． [D]present a historical context for the author’s observations 7．The author refers to Abernathy’s study in the third paragraph most probably in order to． [A]qualify an observation about one rule governing manufacturing． [B]object to a recommendation about improving manufacturing competitiveness． [q]support all earlier assertion about one method of increasing productivity。 [D]exemplify the research that has questioned the wisdom of revising a manufacturing strategy 8．The author’s attitude toward the culture in most factories is best described as [A]cautious． [B]critical． [C]arbitrary． [D]dubious 9．In the text，the author includes all of the following EXCEPT． [A]an illustration of a process technology． [B]a definition of productivity． [C]personal observation． [D]an example of a successful company 10．The author of the text is primarily concerned with [A]summarizing a thesis [B]recommending a different approach [C]comparing points of view [D]describing a number of paradoxes Text 3() Investigators of monkeys’social behavior have always been struck by monkeys’aggressive potential and the consequent need for social control of their aggressive behavior．Studies on aggressive behavior and the situations that draw it out，as well as the social mechanisms that control it，were therefore among the first investigations of monkeys’ social behavior． Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete for any resource in the environment;hungry monkeys would fight over food，thirsty monkeys would fight over water，and，in general，any time more than one monkey in a group sought the same incentive simultaneously，a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form of aggression. However，the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted when experiments like Southwick’s on the reduction of space or the withholding of food failed to produce more than temporary increases in intra-group aggression．Indeed，food deprivation not only failed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted in decreased frequencies of aggression． Studies of animals in the wild tinder conditions of extreme food deprivation likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almost all available energy to searching for food，with little energy remaining for aggressive interaction．Furthermore, accumulating evidence from later studies of a variety of monkey groups，for example，the study conducted by Bernstein,indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for triggering aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group.Such introductions resuIt in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition． These studies of intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because，in the absence of a social order，one must be established to control inter-animal relationships.When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization，the newcomer meets even more serious aggression．Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order，in the second case resident animals mob the intruder，thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit．The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect，if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets．If,however，the several animals introduced to a group constitute their own social unit，each group may fight the opposing group as a unit；but，again，no individual is subjected to mass attack，and the very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged individual combat．The submission of the defeated group，rather than unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group，reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack．Monkey groups therefore seem to be organized primarily to maintain their established social order rather than hostilities themselves.(459 words) 11．According to the opening paragraph，the investigators’interest arises from the fact that [A]monkey’s aggressive impulse is intrinsic and difficult to control． [B]monkeys are potentially aggressive，yet they live in social units that can control them． [C]competition for food and status determines the social order in a monkey group． [D]aggression is the most common social behavior among monkeys． 12．Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph? [A]A hypothesis is explained and counterevidence is described． [B]A theory is advanced and specific evidence supporting it is cited． [C]Two theories are explained and evidence supporting each of them is detailed。 [D]Field observations are described and a conclusion about their significance is drawn。 13．The author mentions the research made by Bernstein in paragraph 3 in order to [A]show that introduction is the most powerful stimulus resulring in aggression．． [B]exemplify the hostile attitude of an organized momkey group to an alien member。 [Cl indicate that competition for status is responsible for monkeys’aggressive interaction． [D]argue that serious aggression stems from food deprivation rather than any other stimulus 14．According to the last paragraph，the establishment and preservation of social order among a monkey group is essential in order to [A]keep monkeys from fighting against other groups． [B]prevent the domination of that group by another． [C]control aggressive behavior among group members． [D]protect individiml members of that group from mass attack。 15．The text primarily deals with [A]the effect of competition on monkeys’social behavior． [B]the reasons for researchers’interest in monkeys’social behavior． [C]the methods of several research studies on aggression among monkeys． [D]the development of investigators’theories about aggression among monkeys Text 4() There is a growing concern throughout the world that the use of stem-cell research，the process whereby certain cells are extracted from fetuses for future cloning purposes，may lead to a moral dilemma on the nature of cloning technology. Indeed,certain professionals in the field of cloning will likely face a difficult moral choice in the near future.Embryonic cells are currently extracted from aborted fetuses and then used to generate organs that replace missing or diseased ones in humans．The potential for such swapping of injured or missing limbs is enormous．Amputated arms and diseased livers could be replaced by newly cloned ones by adapting such embryonic cells．However，certain anti-abortion groups have already decried the use of aborted fetuses and pledged to boycott any more such research． In the Ulnited States．President Bush recently signed an executive order banning the use of any Federal money for the purpose of human cloning.However，many political observers note that private research into human cloning continues unabated and that,even if the United States supported and managed to enforce an outright ban in both the public and private sectors,competition from other countries would put pressure on US firms to develop their own cloning technology. A new o|ption has recently developed to weaken opposition to cloning efforts．New research has uncovered the use of similar stem-cells infat tissue．The use of such tissue is not as ethically unstable since it avoids the issue of abortion.Moreover，proponents of such cloning technology often cite the enormous benefits to medical science that reproductive cloning could reap．Cloning technology could finally cure certain diseases and allments that are currently untreatable. However．the prospect of playing god with human genetics has made many weary of pursuing human or partial human cloning．As the successful cloning of Dolly the sheep proved，human cloning may only be a few decades away.For many, the ethical and legal consequences of responding to new technologies that advance the field of cloning have been difficult．Can governments，citizens and private groups come to a consensus on the use and limitations of cloning?Or will we end up with a new generation of monsters,arising from our desire for eternal life?(371 words) Notes：fetus胎儿。embryonic胚胎的。aborted流产的。swap替换。amputated截肢的。decry贬低，谴责。Unabated 不衰退的。outright直率的，彻底的，完全的。play god认为无所不能。 16．The text is mainly about [A]how cloning is bad for society． [B]how cloning may help our lives． [C]the political consequences of cloning． [D]the dangers and possible benefits of cloning 17．It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that the author is [AJ an opponent of cloning． [B]informatively neutral． [C]supportive ofcloning． [D]pessimistic of cloning 18.Some political observers note that Bush’s executive order may be ineffective because [A]only the public sector is affected． [B]other countries don’t have to comply with it． [C]some abortion groups will turn a deaf ear to it． [D]there are not enough resources to monitor cloning． 19.Certain groups are opposed to stem-cell research because [A]it may contradict traditional customs． [B]it will run counter to public order. [C]they are against the use of aborted fetuses． [D]it is dangerous both politically and ethically 20．The author mentions a new generation of monsters to A]denounce cloning technology． [B]object to the use of stem-cell technology． [C]refer to the potential dangers of cloning humans． [D]introduce a new kind of man that firmly supports cloning 作业： 1．认真复习串讲资料，总结命题思路、考点位置、应试对策。 2．认真做我的《模拟冲刺题》，每做一套，进行反思，总结经验，汲取教训，以利再战。 3．考前把《串讲讲义》、《模拟冲刺题》和《考研复习指导》三位一体结合起来以便达到最 佳效果。 4．北京考生可以报名参加我主办的《模考班》，外地考生可与[010]820’79364张老师联系报网络《模考班》， 进行考前最后一次实战训练，做到展望未来、胸有成竹。 Text 1 在将来的几十年中，美国甚至是全世界将遇到的最紧迫的任务之一就是如何减轻人类活动对 环境施加的越来越大的压力。后果如此严重，不容忽视。新开发的房地产占用了越来越多的 土地，野生动植物的栖息地正在退化甚至完全消失。现在动植物种类灭绝的速度比地球史上 任何一个时期都快。高达30％的世界鱼类被过度捕捞。灭绝的种类在继续增加。 但是，我们有理由对未来抱有希望。使用计算机的能力和分子生物学的发展是大大增强的科 学力量的一部分，有助于研究者更好地认识这些问题、最近取得的科学技术进展为一些重大 的、及时的行动提供了基础，这些行动能使我们更好地认识人类活动如何影响环境。 研究的重点之一是改进水文预测。据估计，世界用水量在以后的20年中可能增至原来的三倍。中国、印度、北非和阿拉伯半岛的部分地区已经普遍出现了水资源短缺。水的缺乏给美 国淡水生态系统也造成了危害。全国只有2％的河流被认为处于良好的状态，近40％的本地鱼类稀有之极，几近灭绝，利用各种新的远程感应工具，科学家可以更多地了解降水量如何 影响水位，地表水如何产生、输送，地貌的变化如何影响水分的供给。 为了预防传染病在动、植物和人类中间突然爆发，需要进一步研究病原体、寄生生物和携带 疾病的生物一包括被它们传染的人类和其他生物—如何受到环境变化的影响。人类和家畜滥 用抗生素造成了抗药性微生物的增长。研究者可以利用基因学和计算机的新技术更好地监测 并预测环境的变化对疾病的爆发可能产生的影响。 人类改变了地球表面的状况，例如热带森林的砍伐，地表水和地下水的减少以及大规模房地 产的开发，变化之大接近于冰川时期出现的改变程度。这样的改变引起地方性和地区性的气 候变化，并将决定未来的农业。最近取得的数据收集和 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 的进展应当用于如实记录和更好 地认识地表变化的起因和结果以及土地利用的情况。 Text 2 从20世纪70年代末以来，面对一系列工业失去市场份额遭受严熏损失，美国制造商们一直 在想办法通过降低成本来提高生产率，以此提高国际竞争力(降低成本在这里意思是在保持劳动量不变的同时提高劳动产出)。然而，从1978年到1980年，生产率一生产出的产品价值除以投入的劳动量一并没有提高。尽管在随后三年经济上升时期中效果好了一些，但比起 1945年后早期的经济上升时期生产率增长仍要低25％。同时，人们也清楚地看到，制造商们愈是努力降低成本，他们的竞争能力就愈减弱。 带着这个疑问，我最近拜访了25家公司。我已清楚地认识到，刚降低成本的办法来提高生 产率从根本上就是个错误。通常情况下，生产中应该遵循的规则是“40，40，20”。任何以 生产为基础的竞争优势大约有40％来自生产结构（关于设备的数量、体积、地点及生产能 力的决定）和获得材料的方法的长期变化。另外的40％来自设备和加工技术的主要变化。最后20％来自传统的成本降低方法。这条规则并不意味着不应该试着去降低成本。这种方 法中最著名的几种手段，如简化工作、让工人们干得更出色而不是更辛苦——的确会产生极 好的效果。但是，这些手法很快就会达到他们能够达到的极限。 另一个问题是，降低成本的方法会妨碍革新，挫伤有创造精神的人。正如阿伯内西对汽车制 造商的一项研究显示：一个工业很容易受到自己在降低成本办法上投资的限制，这样就降低 了它发展新产品的能力。管生产的经理压力太大，要最大限度地降低成本，所以不会主张革 新，因为他们知道，在程序和系统方面进行更多的根本性改革将破坏那些用来评价他们的成 果。这些经理们一贯认为他们的工作就是把成本降到最低，把产量提到最高。这种工作特点 直到最近还一直被作为评估的基础，结果却在许多工厂创造出了一种小气而机械的氛围，将 许多有创造力的经理排斥在外。 我所知道的每一个已经将自己从这种奇怪现象中解放出来的公司之所以能够做到这一点，在 某种程度上是因为发展和实施了一种方法，这种方法注重生产结构、设备及加工技术。在一 家公司，一种让工厂中不同的区域专门负责不同的市场的方法取代了传统的降低成本的办 法，三年之内，这家公司重新获得了竞争优势。除了这些方法之外，成功的公司还鼓励经理 们关注除降低成本以外更广泛的目标。制造业大有希望，但很明显这种希望依靠一种不同的 管理方式。 Text 3 调查猴子社群行为的研究工作者总是对猴子潜在的侵犯冲动和随之发生的对其侵犯行为进 行社群控制的需要产生浓厚的兴趣。因而，以描述猴子的侵犯行为和其引发的环境，以及控 制这种行为的社群机制为目标的研究就成为首批对猴子社群行为调查研究所围绕的中心。 研究工作者起初认为，猴子会为争夺环境资源而发生对抗：饥饿的猴子会为食物而战；干渴 的猴子会为饮水而战。在一般情况下，任何时候，在猴群中，一个以上的猴子同时追求同一 刺激物时，争执就会发生，而经过某种形式的侵犯行为，争执就会得到解决。然而，当像索 思威克所进行的这类减小空间或拒给食物的实验，只能产生暂时增强猴群内部侵犯行为的结 果时，争夺刺激物的动机的理论开始受到质疑。事实上，食物匮乏不但不能增强侵犯行为的 发生，在某些情况下，反而实际上造成侵犯行为发生率降低的结果。 对于在食物极端匮乏条件下的野生动物的研究也同样显示，挨饿的猴子几乎投入全部可利用 的精力来搜寻食物，很少有精力来从事相互侵犯的行为。此外，后来对许多猴群的研究(例 如，伯恩斯坦的研究)所积累的证据指出：引起侵犯行为的最强有力的刺激因素之一是向有 组织的群体引进一个侵入者。这种引进所造成的发生侵犯行为的后果，比起任何其它专为设 计产生对抗行为的实验所产生的后果，要更加严重得多。 对于侵入者的这些研究表明，同一物种的成年成员，首次相互引见，显示出很大的敌对情绪， 因为在缺乏社群秩序的条件下，必需建立起一种秩序来控制动物内部的相互关系。当单个新 动物被引入一个业已存在的社群组织时，这个新来者会遭到甚至更为严熏的侵犯。首先，通 过侵犯行为建立起一种社群秩序；而其次定居的动物围攻入侵者，接着开始把新来的动物驱 逐出现存的社群单位。同时引进几个动物会减轻其后果，即使只是因为群体面对多个目标而 分散了注意力。然而，如果引进一个群体的几个动物组成自己的社群单位的话，每一个群体 作为一个单位会与相对立的群体展开战斗；但是，个别成员不会遭到大量攻击。而且，正是 这种群体的凝聚力排除长时间的个体格斗。是失败群体的屈服，而不是胜利群体发动的无节 制侵犯，减轻进一步攻击的强度和次数。因而猴了群体似乎主要是为了保持其已经建立起来 的社群秩序而不是为了从事敌对行动本身而组织起来的。 Text 4 全世界现在越来越关注于细胞的研究，即从胎儿中抽取某些细胞进行克隆的过程，由此产生 了一个关于克隆技术本性的道德上的两难困境。 确实，在克隆领域里某些专业人员可能不久就会面临一个道德上的困难选择。现在从打胎的 胎儿体内取出胚胎细胞，然后把它们用来生成器官，以替换人体上缺损的或是患病的器官。 这样的替换残肢或患病肢体的潜力是很大的。通过使这样的胚胎细胞适合新的用途，截肢的 手臂或患病的肝脏可以用新的克隆的手臂或肝脏来替代。但是，某些反堕胎组织谴责使用打 胎的胎儿，并发誓要抵制任何进一步的克隆研究。 在美国，总统布什最近签署了一-项行政命令，禁止使用联邦资金进行克隆人的研究。不过 很多政治观察家指出，私立机构还在积极继续对克隆人的研究，即使美国支持并设法全面禁 止各种公立和私立机构的研究，来自其他国家的竞争也会迫使美国公司开发自己的克隆技 术。 最近一项新的选择有助于削弱反对克隆的呼声。新的研究已经发现了使用脂肪组织中类似的 干细胞。因为这种脂肪组织的使用避开了堕胎问题，所以不会引起道德上的波动。此外，支 持克隆技术的人常常引述克隆复制技术对医学可能带来的巨大好处。克隆技术最终能治愈一 些现在的不治之症。 然而，使用遗传学无所不能的前景使很多人对进行人或部分人的克隆感到腻味。正如克隆羊 多利已经成功了，克隆人也不过是几十年的事了。对许多人而言，推进克隆技术的每一步所 产生的道德和法律后果都是很严重的。政府、公民和私人团体能不能就克隆的使用和限制达 成一致意见呢？难道我们因为想获得永恒的生命而最终成为新一代的怪物吗? 阅读理解解题方法小结 1．对应法：根据试题要求到文章中寻找相应答案。应注意：1）题目与文章段落的对应位置。2）题干中的关键信号词与文章中相应词的接轨。此法常用于解客观性试题，如具体细节题。 2．分析法：通过对文章有关内容的分析，推论出正确答案。此法常用于解主观性试题，如 推理判断题、词汇释义题和逻辑结构题。 3归纳法：根据段落内容归纳段落中心思想，根据各段中心思想提炼出主题。此法常用于解 主观性试题，如段落内容归纳题和全文主旨题。 4．淘汰法：通过核对和分析，排除错误选项，获取正确答案。此法常用于解细节辨认题。 阅读理解常考词语 1．表达态度的词浯 amazed感到惊讶的，amazing令人惊讶的，ambiguous模棱两可的，approved公认的，approving赞许的，arbitrary武断的，biased有偏见的，偏心的，critical持批评态度的，depressed感到沮丧的，depressing令人沮丧的，depressive压抑的，忧愁的，disappointed感到失望的，disappointing令人失望的，doubtful怀疑的，拿不稳的，dubious有问题的，靠不住的，值得 怀疑的，犹豫不决的，gloomy沮丧的，忧愁的，impartial公平的，不偏不依的，indifferent漠不关心的，indignant(对不平)愤慨的，negative否定的，消极的，反面的，neutral中立的，objectionable引起反对的，令人反感的，objective客观的，opposed／opposing，optimistic乐观的．partial不公平的，pessimistic悲观的，positive肯定的，正面的，practical，prejudiced，puzzled／puzzling，radical激进的，极端的，repent v．repentance n．悔改，悔悟；repentant表示悔改的，resentful表示怨恨的，reserved有保留的，寡言的，内向的，reserved consent有保留的同意，respectable可敬的，高尚的，respectful充满敬意的，有礼貌的，scared惊恐的，sensitive 敏感的，subjective 主观的，suspicious 可疑的，疑心的，sympathetic同情的。tentative试探性的。 2．与经济有关的词语 alleviate the Asian financial crisis缓解亚洲金融危机，apply economic sanctions against that country对那个国家进行经济制裁。banking industry金融业，business partners商业伙伴，business concentration企业集中，business cycle商业循环，business management企业管理。cost efficiency成本效益，commodity prices商品价格，commercial promotion商业促销，channels of revenue收入渠道，contentious trade issue有争议的贸易问题，customs revenues关税收入，credit赊购，a credit balance of $250二百五十美元的存款余额，devalued dollar美元贬值，double-digit inflation十位数的通货膨涨。economic recession经济不景气，economic depression经济萧条，economic decline经济衰退，economic revival经济复苏，emerging countries新兴国家，established business partners固定的商业伙伴，energy-intensive industries能源密集型工业。fading industrial competitiveness日益削弱的工业竞争力，foreign investment外国投资，fluctuate crude oil prices(fluctuation of crude oil prices)使原油价格波动，falling oil revenue日益减少的石油收入。globalization process全球化过程，global excess demand全球过量需求。improvement in the export climate改善出口环境，injury claims伤害索赔，interest-bearing cheque accounts有息支票账户。Market-oriented economy市场导向的经济，make profit营利，maximize profits使利润最大化，merger and acquisition合并和收购，multinationals跨国公司，marketing messages销售信息。operating costs营业费用。package deal一揽子交易，price system价格体系，price index价格指数，pickup in capital spending资金投放增加，private-enterprise私人经营，production costs生产成本，productive resources生产资料，provide further credits for the company向公司提供进一步的信贷。retail price零售价，raise tariff barriers against foreign imports提高对外国进口货的关税壁垡，re-engineering and downsizing工程改组和缩小规模，real-estate broker房地产经记人。shift production from one place to another把生产从一地转移到另一地，surplus in trade贸易顺差，suspension of exports中止出口，securities股票，有价证券。tap the consumer market扩大消费市场，the total collapse of national economy困民经济的全面崩溃，trade and investment barriers贸易和投资壁垒，tax cuts in this year’s budget本年度预算中税收削减，trade barrier贸易壁垒，trade balance贸易平衡，trade imbalance贸易不平衡。 3．与计算机技术有关的词语 point and click点出，web business网上经营，integrated circuit集成电路，conduct online transactions进行网上交易，give sb the company’s private internet使某人能进入公司内部的互 联网，software company软件公司，computer monitor计算机监视器，a company’s web site公司网站，Internet sign-up互联网帖子，online world网上世界，brief短讯，a database on the Internet．互联网上的资料库，interactive人机互动的，交互式的，check a database检查资料库，sign up for„登录要求得到„，key in V．键入，E-mail one’s resume to sb．把某人的履历用电子邮件发给„，online culture网上文化，Internet marketing activities互联网上的销售活动，Net purists网络净化者，computer education advocates计算机教育鼓吹者，screen saver屏幕保护。products compatible with the Windows operating system与Window操作系统兼容的 4．As用法小结 as of(=as from)从„起。例如：1)You are in charge(负责)as of today． 2)The agreement starts as from March 13 as for至于。例如：I)As for me，I shall return there on arrival． 2）As for me，I’m in favor of the first view． as to关于；至于。例如：He asked my advice as to what to do next． as with与„一样。例如：As with so many ofthe major problems of society,the precise extent and nature of the environmental crisis are not entirely clear． as against(=in contrast with)与„相对照。例如：1)She gets Saturdays off in her new job as against working alternate weekends in her last one．(她新找的这份工作星期六放假，而原来的 那份工作周末是隔周放假。2)The business done this year amounts to$20，000 as against $15，000 last year． as regards至于。例如：There are no special rules as regards what clothes you should wear．（至于应该穿什么衣服没有硬性规定。) as follows如下。例如：1)The reasons are as follows．2）The report reads as follows：„ as it were可以说，姑且这么说。例如：He is，as it were，a walking dictionary．(他，可以说，是一部活词典。) as opposed to和„相反。例如：John likes rice，as opposed to Mary,who hates it。 as soon as possible尽快地。例如：We should take steps as soon as possible． may(mightcould)as well do sth.不妨，最好(做某事)。例如：Since it is too late，we migbt as well go back home． as a rule通常。例如：1)As a rule they sat together very quietly． 2) His writing as a rule is elegant。 as yet到这时为止(还没有，还不是)。例如：But none of these are as yet carefully thought-out plans． suchas to这样„以致。例如：I went about my job in such a way as to try to kill two birds with one stone． not so muchas与其说„，倒不如说„：The trumpet player was certainly loud．But I wasn’t bothered by his loudness so much as by his lack of talent．(这个吹号手的声音确实很大，但我 烦的与其说是他吹得太吵，倒不如说是他缺乏天分。) such as例如：Studies show that the things that contribute most to a sense of happiness cannot be bought with money．such as a good family life，friendship and work satisfaction．（研究表明，那些最能使人产生幸福感的东西是不能用金钱买到的，如和睦的家庭生活、友谊和事业上的 满足感。) as long as(=so long as)只要(引导条件从句)：As long as he works hard，I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment． Just asso正如„一样，„也„。例如：Just as air is important to man,so is water to fish． as though(=as if)似乎。例如：Christie stared angrily at her boss and turned away，as though to go out of the office． much as虽然。例如：Much as I admired David as a poet，I don’t like him as a man．（虽然我仰慕作为诗人的大卫，但我不喜欢他的为人。) as虽然(引导部分倒装的让步从句)：Young as he is，he knows a lot．(他虽年轻，但很懂事。) as作关系代词，引导定语从句，代表整个主句的意思：1)A good many proposals were raised by the delegates,as was to be expected．(正如所料，代表们提出了许多建议。) 2)As might be expected，the response to the question was mixed．（正如所料，人们对这个问题 观点不一。) asas引出比较状语从旬：Americans eat twice as much protein as they actually need every day．（美国人摄取的蛋白质是他们实际需要量的两倍。) 2007Part B() 选择搭配题 阅读理解Part B 测试要求：主要考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章语篇 结构的理解能力。解题时间为20分钟左右。 备选题型有三类： l)在一篇总长度为500—600词的文章中，有5段空白，文章后有6—7段文字，要求考生根据文章内容从这6—7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。 2)在一篇长度约500~600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱。要求考生根据文章内容 和结构将所列段落(7～8个)重新排序，其中有2～3个段落在文章中的位置已给出。 3)在一篇长度约500词的文章前或后有6～7段文字或6～7个概括句或小标题。这些文字或 标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括、阐述或举例。要求考生根据文章内容，从这6～7个选项中选出最恰当的5段文字或5个标题填入文章的空白处。 1 一．考点：主要是段落的主题句和结论句，其次是语篇中承上启．F的语段。 二．解题技巧：把握主题、注意语段内容与选项在逻辑上的连贯性(如递进、转折、举例、结论等)，划出语段中关键信息词和选项中关键信息词并进行连接，注意其前后的一致性， 然后决定取舍。 Directions：In the following article，some sentences have been removed．For Questions 41-45，choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks．There are two extra choices，which do not fit in any of the gaps．Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1．(10 points) There are basically two types of stress placed on human beings．One type of stress involves physical activity and its demands；the other type of stress is the result of mental and emotional demands．Stress from physical activity，if not carried too far，is actually beneficial．Exercise relaxes you and may help forget about mental and emotional stress． 41) Whether physical or emotional in origin，stress causes the body to react in the same way．In the first stage，your boay prepares to meet the stress．The heartbeat and respiration rates increase，and the pupils of the eyes dilate；the blood sugar level increases，and the rate of perspiration speeds up，while digestion slows down as blood and muscular activity is diverted elsewhere．In the second stage，your body returns to normal and repairs any damage caused by the stressful situation．42) These stages of stress reaction are always the same，whether the stress is caused by a cross-country run，a first date，buying a house，or narrowly missing an automobile accident． 43) If we did not feel guilty, we would never do anything except the things that brought us immediate pleasure—we’d never obey the law，work，exercise，or even study in school，unless we wanted to do so in the first place．As a person’s conscience develops，guilt feelings become inevitable；guilt is the sorrow we experience when we know we have done something incorrect． 44) But many people do feel guilty over such apparently innocent actions．Excessive guilt can sour all of life and make life not worth living；it can also cause self-hatred as well as other fears and anxieties that cause all life’s successes to be bittersweet,at best． 45) . A life without stress，such as retirement with nothing to do，would be boring．Just as we need a little guilt—to keep us correct—一and a little worry—to make us plan ahead—we need a little stress to stay interested in life．But when stress begins to bother you，you might as well change your routine．Take your mind off your worries with some physical activity；you may discover a solution you have overlooked before．(600 words) Notes：respiration呼吸。pupil瞳孔；dilate膨胀。perspiration出汗，勤奋。date约会。sour使别扭。eradicate vt．消除，根除。at best充其量。linger over细细品味。meditation深思，沉思。might as well不妨。 [A]However，many of us as children learned rules that we no longer need：fat adults should no longer feel guilty about 1eaving a little food on the plate.a successful businessman need not feel guilty about spending a little too much money on a vacation,nor should he feel guilty that he can combine a business trip to the West Coast with some swimming and golf at an ocean resort． [B]But mental stress is almost always bad for you.If mental stress is unrelieved,it can actually cause diseases such as ulcers,migraine headaches,heart problems,or mental illness [C]Guilt and the worry that often accompanies this Iilajor stress are difficult to eradicate，but people subject to excessive guilt feelings should realize,as simple as it sounds，that no one is perfect．People cannot always be cheerful and helpful to every one they meet．Another good lesson is that mistakes should be forgotten，not lingered over and brought out to examine periodically． [D]Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it.In fact，it is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be.A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life.It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health． [E]Some people are not afraid of stress，and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities，others lose heart at the first signs of unusual difficulties． [F]However，if stress continues，the body cannot repair itself,and the final stage，exhaustion，then begins．If this stage continues，if for example you are frustrated by your work and continue to be frustrated for a long time，physical or emotional damage will occur． [G]Probably most harmful of all the stresses is guilt；this common emotion is useful to have when it helps us to realize that we have，in fact，committed some error，violated our own rules or social rules． 2 一．考点：段落与段落之间逻辑上的连贯性与一致性。 二．解题技巧：吃透第一段，把握主题。注意段落结尾句，划出关键信息词。搜索相关段落， 注意段落之间的连贯性和关键信息词的连接。以此类推，逐渐加快解题速度。 Directions：The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order．For Questions 41-45，you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box．The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you ira Boxes．Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1．(10 points) [A]I never thought I'd hear myself say it，but I've grown to enjoy lifting weights，and I've learned from doing it。I relish the sense of strength and discipline that comes when the muscles are forced to resist．I've tried varying schedules—lifting every day，every other day，two days on and a day off．The everyday approach was the least effective．I get the best strengthening results when I give myself a break.Constant lifting begins to，break down the muscle tissue. [B]The same is true with mind and spirit．Without giving yourself a chance to reenergize，you begin to break down all the connective fibers of your life．I used to just give myself Sundays off.Now I’m scheduling downtime in the midst of everything---and‖everything‖includes two magazines(0 the Oprah Magazine and 0 at Home).It also includes building a house in Hawaii，working on an ABC movie (Their Eyes Were Watching God)---and，oh yeah，my day job．Keeping it all straight was beginning to feel a little stressful．So I had a sit-down with my vigilant assistant，Libby,and explained that just because I have ten free minutes on my calendar doesn’t mean I want to fill them．“Let’s practice what my philosophy preaches，”I said．That means breathing space has to become part of my daily routine． [C]That’s because as wolnen we’ve been progranmed to sacrifice everything in the name of what is good and right for everyone else.Then if there’s an inch left over,maybe we can have a piece of that. [D]So instead of having people lined up outside any office after the first show--I tape two a day—I do nothing for at least ten minutes.Sometimes I just rub my dog Sophie’s belly and throw a ball down the hall to my other dog,Solomon.Or I take a stroll through the Harpo cafe to literally see what’s happening．Other times I just sit still at my desk．The change has worked wonders．I have more energy．and I’m in a better mood for the second show and a11 the business that comes afterward. [E]We need to deprogram ourselves．I know for sure that you can’t give what you don’t have．If you allow yourself to be depleted to the points where your emotional and spiritual tank is empty and you’re running on fumes of habit，everybody loses．Especially you. [F]A little restoration goes a long way．Now that I have the summer off to sit under the oaks reading，napping，writing，and thinking，I know for sure it’s time well spent．There’s not even a twinge of guilt about having no plans，no schedule．I'm refilling my tank so that by fall，when the new season begins，I’ll be fired up and ready for whatever is to come．Fully，restored．(519 words) [G]I remember the frst time，about a decade ago，that a psychologist on my show urged women to prioritize their giving and put themselves at the top of the list．She was nearly booed off the stage。 注：on my show在我主持节目时。prioritize vt。把„排出先后次序。boo vt．嘘(某人)。in the name of以„名义。Leave over把„剩下来。deprogram vt．改变„的程序。deplete vt。耗尽。on fumes of habit靠陈规陋习。The same is true with„„也一样。reenergize V．充电，重新得到能量。downtime放松时间。tape vt．录制。take a stroll散散步。twinge n．痛苦，难过。 fire up发动(机器)。 Order： G 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. F 3 一．考点：小标题和段落起始句(群)与例子之间内容上的一致性，即论点与论据的一致性。 二．解题技巧：吃透每段小标题与起始句(群)，把握中心意思。浏览各例子，找出与上述中 心意思匹配的例子。注意关键信息词的连接和论点与论据的一致性。 Directions：You are going to read a text about understanding the U.S．followed by a list of examples．Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading(41-45)．The is one extra example which you do not need to use．Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1(10 points) 41．Consumption When it comes to shopping，the stores here are often oversupplied because of the competitiveness of American society．There are a great variety of choices and brands．And the prices vary according to the store and ofen according to the time of the year. 42．Affluence and Wastefulness The comparative affluence of much of American society has contributed to a degree of wastefulness that will astonish you． 43．Decline in Morality Although there are many poor people in this country,Americans are on the whole far more affluent than we．But the material comforts and well-being do not necessarily bring happiness．In fact，many sociologists have suggested that success，symbolized here by material possessions,once achieved,can result in a spiritual empthaess．In those cases where an ultimate goal of material success is fulfilled,many find themselves searching for new meaning． 44．Differences in Meals When you sit down to share an American meal，you will notice a host of differences．Though too numerous to list here，there are some particular points worthy to be mentioned． 45．American Women The issue of paying for oneself is particularly sensitive for American women who are partisans of the women’s liberation movement here：In the past,and perhaps still to a certain extent，many men expected certain sexual favors of women because of having treated them to dinner and／or a show．As a way of stopping this，and as a way of asserting their individuality,many women insist on paying for themselves when going out to dinner．This is symptomatic of the general movement for women’s rights．Women are fighting for equal job opportunities,equal pay for equal work，the right to have a career so that they will not have to spend all their hours cleaning and taking care of children in the home．All of this has produced a noticeable aggressiveness in many women. It is even becoming more and more common for a female to ask amale for a date or a dance. [A]Unlike our practice of having soup towards the end of the meal，Americans frequently begin the meal with soup．When the main course arrives,it is usually accompanied by vegetables which are either raw or overcooked．The meal is usually accompanicd by bread and butter．Children and teenagers frequently drink milk with their meals,while adults tend to drink water,soda,beer or wine．On occasions or holidays，turkey is served as a special treat．If you are served turkey,remember that it is considered a treat and that Americans have little way of knowing that we consider it tough，not particularly appetizing. [B]Some have resorted to eastern mysticism or drugs for this reason，though it is very hard to understand why so many students who do have a purpose find marijuana(大麻)so appealing． [C]Students from poorer countries where people struggle to meet their basic needs have,like me,been dismayed to see so much food,paper,electricity and even furniture being wasted.I have often seen good food such as bread，butter and meat in our cafeteria being thrown into garbage bins as well as repairable chairs,tables and sofas left on the roadside for disposal． [D]My nephew was recently involved in a case of this kind．He was waiting upon an American young lady in a Chinese restaurant and was astonished when she remarked that he was an attractive man．When she paid her bill，she left a note for him：“If you’re not married,I'd like to see you again．Here’s my address and phone number!”Later he did call and explained that he had little money and could not pick her up because he did not have a car．She didn’t seem perturbed：she offered to come to pick him up in her car! [E]For example，before they get to know us，they will not immediately understand that we don’t feel comfortable giving physical expression to affection in public． [F]For example，prices tend to be lowest after Christmas and during the summer in late August．Sometimes prices vary according to particular state or local taxes．There are wide variations in taxes on things like liquor,cigarettes,clothing or even automobiles,and some people even cross state lines to take advantage of better prices．There are also discount stores in every city．Much of what they sell is comparable to goods sold elsewhere，but prices are lower because goods are bought in large amounts or because of slight irregularities that are rarely noticeable． 4 一．考点：小标题与段落之间内容上的一致性。 二．解题技巧：吃透第一段，把握主题信息词。浏览第二段，总结内容要点，划出段落核心 句或关键信息词，搜索相关小标题，核对段落核心句或关键信息词，做出选择判断。以此类 推，逐渐加快解题速度。 Directions：You are going to read a 1ist of headings and a text about buying cars on an installment plan.Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph(41-45)．The first paragraph of the text is not numbered．There is one extra heading which you do not need to use．Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1．(10 points) [A]Things You Should Know about Credit [B]An Array of Optionai Equipment and Products [C]Manufacturer Incentives [D]Before You Apply for Vehicle Financing,Make Sure [E]How Credit Scoring Works [F]Applying for Credit (主题信息词) Like many other automobile innovations, the idea of extending credit to customers to buy new cars began with automobile dealers．In 1917，Henry Ford sold 785，000 Model T’s for $360 each,and insisted on cash. In 1919,General Motors established the General Motors Acceptance Corporation to help General Motors’dealers finance their customers’ purchases.By 1925,three out of every four automobile purchases were being made on an installment plan. 41. . Today，the vast majority of new-vehicle purchases are made with some form of credit,most arranged through the selling dealer． Dealer financing offers a number of advantages: 1．The convenience of one-stop shopping 2．Competitive interest rates 3．Access to multiple sources for credit 4．Access to exclusive financial incentive programs from the manufacturers. The process of applying for credit can be somewhat discouraging, but a few hours invested in getting familiar with the process can help reduce the anxiety.When you apply for credit,you will be asked to complete a credit application.The bank or dealership will obtain a copy of your credit report,such as any court records.Dealers help car buyers secure credit by maintaining direct relationships with banks,finance companies and credit unions. 42. You should not sign a credit application unless you are actually applying for credit.Financial reporting institutions have been known to mistakenly attribute a number of requests for an individual’s credit report over a short period of time as an indication that one or more of the lenders requesting the report has declined to extend credit, creating an erroneous negative comment on future reports. No one is allowed to obtain a copy of your credit report without your written permission, except where otherwise permitted by law. Many financial advisors recommend that you obtain and review a copy of your credit report once a year to check for possible errors or omissions, and that you review your current credit report for accuracy before applying for an automobile loan. 43. You understand how your credit history may affect the finance rate you are able to negotiate. You evaluate financing offers based on which one costs the least over the term you choose and best meets your budget requirements not necessarily which one has the lowest monthly payment. Both you and the dealer’s finance manager initial any changes made during negotiations to the financing documents. You understand the value and cost of any optional credit insurance, GAP insurance, extended service contracts, extended warranties or other protection you choose to purchase. You don’t agree to purchase anything you don’t want. 44. Dealers are often able to offer manufacturer incentives which have recently included reduced finance rates and additional optional equipment at little or no additional cost. Many of these manufacrurer incentives are offered on a limited-time basis. Be certain to ask your dealer for specific details on which incentives you qualify for and how long they will be in effect. Generally, manufacturer-sponsored discounts are not negotiable, and discounted financing rates may be limited by a consumer’s credit history. Such discounts are usually available only for certain makes, models and model years. 45. The potential finance source normally evaluates credit applications with an automated technique, such as credit scoring, which assigns numerical values to factors like credit history, length of employment, income and expenses(what you already owe). The finance source also considers the terms of the sale, such as the amount of the down payments. Each finance source decides whether it is willing to buy the contract, and notifies the dealership of the wholesale rate it is willing to pay.(605 words) 注：disposable income 可支配收入。on an installment plan 分期付款。GAP insurance 缺口保 险（在车主还清购货款之前所购车辆行窃或遭遇车祸完全报废情况下，由保险公司支付车主 尚欠贷款方的那部分金额与该车现有货币价值的差额）。Which incentives you qualify for and how long they will be in effect 作介词on的宾语从句。make n.品牌。Down payment首付金额， wholesale rate批发加价率。 2 我记得大约10年前，一个心理学家在我主持的节目中第一次敦促妇女把她们优先为之付出 的对象排出先后顺序，而且要她们把自己放在首位，听众几乎把她嘘下台去。 那是因为作为女人我们天生应该在为他人谋利益的名义下牺牲一切。之后，如果还有一点儿 剩余，或许我们可以得到其中的一部力。 我们有必要改变自己的天性。我非常肯定地知道，你没有的东西你是不可能给予的。如果你 听任自己把情感和精神都消耗殆尽，靠陈规陋习支撑着，每个人都会成为输家。特别是你。 我从来没想到过我会说出这样的话，不过，我已渐渐享受到举重的乐趣，并从中学到了东西。 我喜欢当肌肉负重被挤压时出现的那种力量和经受磨炼的感觉。我试过安排不同的时间进行 锻炼——每天练习，隔一天练一次，练习两天后停一天。结果发现，每天都练习的健身效果 是最差的。在我断断续续地锻炼时，我得到了最好的健身效果。持续不断的举重会逐渐损伤 肌肉组织。 心智和精神也是一样。不给你自己充电的机会，你就会渐渐损害生活中相互关联的方方面面。 我过去只是在星期日让自己休息。现在，我在每一件事中间安排放松自己的时间一“每一件 事”包括我办的两本杂志(《奥普拉杂志》和《奥普拉家居》)。它还包括在夏威夷建造房子，参与制作美国广播公词的一部电影(《他们的眼睛注视着上帝》)一噢。对了，还有我的日常事务。连续不断地工作，我开始感到有点紧张。于是我和我那位神经时时绷紧的助手利比坐 下来休息，我解释说，在我的日程表上有10分钟的闲暇时间并不意味着我要把这点时间填 满。“让我们实践我的哲学所主张的吧，”我说。那就是说我的日常生活中应该有一部分喘息 的时间。 因此，录制笫一个节目之后我每天录制两个节目——我不让别人在我办公室外面排队等我， 我要有至少10分钟时间什么都不做。有时我只是摸摸我的狗索菲的肚皮，在走廊上扔一只 球给我的另一只狗所罗门。或者我会到哈普咖啡厅转一圈儿，就为了看看是不是发生了什么 事。其他时间我就静静坐在桌旁。这种变换对我来说真是妙极了。我有了更多的精力和更好 的情绪做第二个节目以及之后所有的事情。 小作休整，可以养精蓄锐，更有作为。夏天的时候，我给自己放假，坐在橡树下读书、小睡、 写作和思考，我现在可以确定我是很好地度过了我的时光。我一点也不为没有 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 、没有安 排而感到内疚。我是在蓄满我的油箱以便到秋天，当新季节开始的时候，我可以外足马力， 准备好应付即将到来的一切。加满油，整装待发。 3 () 读到买东两，由于美国社会的竞争性，东西常常供过于求。商品牌子繁多，选择余地大。而 价钱也是因店且常常因时而异的。例如，圣诞节后和夏天8月下旬的价格一般是最低的。有时由于州税或地方税不同，价格也不同。有些商品的捐税差别很大，如烟、酒、衣服，甚至 汽车都是如此。有人为了买便宜货而从这州跑到那州。每个城市里都有处理品商店，那儿卖 的很多东西和别的店差不多，但价钱较低，因为商品是大批量买进的或是带点几乎看不出的 小毛病。 美国让会的相对富足所带来的浪费程度会使你感到吃惊。那些来自为基本需求而奋斗的较穷 国的学生，比如像我，见到如此多的食品、纸张、电。甚至家具被浪费了，感到很不是滋味。 我常常见到我们餐厅里挺好的食品如黄油、面包、大块的肉被丢到垃圾箱里，以及扔到路边 的修一修就可以用的椅予、桌子、沙发。 尽管美国也有很多穷人，美国人总体上比我们富庶得多。但是，物质享受和舒适生活不一定 带来幸福。实际上，很多社会学家已提出，一旦取得成功——这在美国是以物质富有为标志 的——就会导致精神上的空虚。物质成功的最终目的达到了以后，很多人又在寻求新的生活 意义。由于精神上的空虚，订些人皈依东方的神秘主义或吸毒，不过，许多有抱负的大学生 对大麻如此感到兴趣，这一点却是很难理解的。 当你坐下来吃一顿美国饭时，你会发现许多许多的不同之处。虽然不能一一枚举，但还是有 几个突出之点值得一提。我们的习惯是吃饭最后喝汤；与此不同，美国人往往一开始就喝汤。 上正菜时，通常一起上些蔬菜，他们的蔬菜要么是生的，要么是煮得过头的。吃饭时一般备 有面包和黄油。儿童和青少年吃饭时往往喝牛奶，大人则往往喝凉水、汽水、啤酒或葡萄酒。 碰上特别场合或节假日，要吃火鸡，作为特殊款待。当人家请你吃火鸡时，要记住人家认为 这是美键，美国人不大会知道我们觉得火鸡的肉很老，并不特别好吃。 自己付账，对参加妇女解放运动的美围妇女来说，是一个特别敏感的问题。过去，也许至今 在某种程度上还是如此，许多男人在请女朋友吃饭或是看戏后希望得到某种性的酬答。为了 改变这种状况，为了强调个人的独立性，许多妇女出去吃饭时都坚持自己付钱。这反映了争 取妇女权利的总的趋势。为了不再整天守在家里搞清洁卫生和照顾小孩，妇女们正在为平等 的就业机会、同工同酬和拥有自己的事业而斗争。这一切使很多妇女明显地变得敢做敢为了。 现在甚至女人要求和男人约会和跳舞这样的事也越来越多了。我的一个侄子最近就碰上这么 一件事。他在一家中国饭馆接待一位美国青年妇女时，她对他说他是一个很有吸引力的男人， 这使我那侄子大吃一惊。她付钱时，留下一张条子给他，条子上说：“如果你还没有结婚的 话，我愿意再和你见面。这里是我的地址和电话号码!”后来他真的打了电话，并解释说他没什么钱、没有汽车不能去接她。她似乎并不在乎，他说他可以开车去接他！ 4 () 和汽车行业的许多其他革新一样，让买主贷款买新车最初也是汽车经销商们想出的主意。 1917年，亨利?福特公司以每辆360美元的价格售出T型汽车78.5万辆，并坚持要现金交易。通用汽车公司于：1919年就为帮助其经销商给顾客购车提供融资服务而建立了通用汽 车承兑公司。到1925年，每购买4辆汽车就有3辆是分期付款的。 如今，绝大多数新车购置都采用某种信贷形式，且大多是通过经销商安排的。 经销商进行融资能提供许多好处： 1. 享有“一站式”购物的便捷。 2. 利率有竞争力。 3. 取得信贷的渠道多。 4. 可从汽车制造商那里获得专门的金融优惠 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 。 申请贷款的手续多少有点让人却步，但花上几个钟头去熟悉它就可能有助于减轻焦虑。申请 贷款时，会要你填一份贷款申请表。银行或特许经销商还将索要一份你的信用记录副本，内 容包括你目前与过去的负债和清偿情况，以及社会记录（如诉讼记录）的有关资料。经销商 通过与银行、金融公司及信用社保持直接关系来帮助购车人取得贷款。 除非的确在办理贷款申请，否则决不可在申请表上签字。众所周知，财务记录机构往往会误 认为某人短时间内信用记录上的数次贷款请求表明要求提供此记录的一个或多个贷方曾拒 绝发放贷款，从而对其未来的贷款申请作出错误的负面评价。 除非法律另有明文规定，任何人如无你的书面认可都不准获得你的信用记录副本。 许多理财顾问建议应每年索取并核查一次自己的信用记录副本，检查有无可能的错误或遗 漏。申请购车贷款前也应核查一下自己目前的信用记录以便确保其准确无误。 你明白自己过去的信用记录如何会对你所能谈成的贷款利率带来影响。 你对所提供的贷款方案的评估是基于在你所选定的条件下成本最低且最符合你的预算要求 的——不一定是月供最少的。 谈判中对贷款文件的任何修改都必须经你和经销商的财务经理各用其姓名的首字母签名认 可。 你了解任何可供选择的贷款保险、GAP保险、延长的服务合同、延长的保单或你选择购买 的其他保障的价值和费用。 不要同意购买任何你不想要的东西。 经销商常能向顾客提供制造商的优惠方案(最近又将降低的贷款利率及额外提供的低价或免 费的选用配件包括在内)。厂家提供的这些优惠中有许多设有时限，所以一定要向经销商问 清自己符合哪些优惠条件以及那些优惠的有效期为多长时间等详细情况。 一般而言，不能对厂家打的折扣讨价还价，而且贷款利率的折扣可能因顾客过去的信用记录 而有所限制。这种打折通常只限于某些品牌、车型和车型的年代。 在正常情况下，可能的贷款方采用自动化技术手段——如信用评分，即将申请人的信用记录、 受雇年限、收入和开销(现有债务)等有关因素赋予一定的数值——对贷款申请进行评估。 贷款方还将考虑销售条款(如首付金额)。由每个贷款方来决定它是否愿意接受这个合同，并 将自己愿付的批发加价率通知经销商。 2007Part C() English—Chinese Translation(英译汉) 一．英译汉测试要求： 在一篇约400字的短文中有5个划线部分(约150字)，考生应根据上下文将各划线部分译成 汉语。译文必须内容准确、完整、语言明白、字迹清楚。每一划线部分为1小题，每小题2 分，共10分。解题时间为25—30分钟。 二．2005年英译汉试题分析小结： 今年全国统考试卷英译汉是一篇关于欧洲电视媒体的文章。要求翻译的5个句子共155字。平均分为5.17分，比2004年的5.32分稍难。与近年同类试题难度比较：属中等。据考试中 心分析，考生失分原因主要有两点：1)微观方面：对词义的掌握不够到位，对某些关键词词 义理解有偏差；2)宏观方面：不能根据上下文的逻辑联系来把握句子的内含，不能根据句子 的总体意思来引申、表达某些词汇和词组的含义。 三．预测2006年英译汉划线句子命题特点： 1．句子语法结构和逻辑关系比较复杂；定语从句必考，比较状语从句和其它类型状语从句 常考。 2．句中有代词(或关系代词)，它们的指代关系必须根据上下文才能判断并译出；例如： Two anthropologist-linguists，Frans Boas and Edward Sapir，were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth centttry．We are obliged to them because some of these 1anguages have since vanished，as the people who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. 译文：我们之所以感激，是因为在此之后这些土著语言已经不复存在了；这是 由于说的人(部族)或是消亡了，或是被同化并丧失了自己的本族语言。 3．句中有的词组属惯用搭配或成语，有的句子属惯用句型，有固定译法；例如：take roots in(扎根于)；be obliged to(对„„感激)；die out(死绝)；又如：not so much„as(与其说是„；倒不如说是„)；when it comes to(当谈到„时)；accuse sb．of sth(控告某人犯有„)。 4．句中有的词、词组或句子必须根据上下文进行引申并意译，直译往往无法表达原文的内 涵，例如： Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determination which，in its strongest form，states that language imprisons the mind，and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society． 译文：Whorf进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。 四．英译汉试题的应试方法： 1．把握主题、抓住展开文章的层次、紧扣上下文的逻辑联系，边读、边分析、边理解、边 表达，然后落笔成文、核对原文、查错补漏。 2．先从句子的宏观结构进行主句与从句的语法“剖析”，划出主句中与从句中的主谓结构， 然后把各自的修饰关系用箭头表示，从而领会其逻辑上的相互联系及内涵。具体步骤为： 。 五．英译汉试题中常考句型示例与翻译： 1．with++： 1)With the prices and house rents increasing rapidly, many young university graduates cannot graduates cannot earn their living, let alone support their parents．(21 words) 译文：随着(由于)物价和房租迅速上涨，许多年轻大学毕业生无法挣钱养活自己，更不用说 赡养父母了。 2)In recent months law-enforcement agencies have found themselves on the defensive over wiretapping(窃听)and other intelligence-gathering technology，with Congress and the courts increasingly backing demands for greater accountability and restraint．(30 words) 译文： 2．not so muchas(=lessmore) In order to detect the misprints in a single print，the proofreader has to notice not so much the meaning of what he reads as the exact shape and order of letters and words in the text．(37 words) 译文：为了发现稿件中的印刷错误，校对员必须与其说注意所读材料的含义，倒不如说注意文章中字母和单词的确切形状和顺序。 3．morethan逆序法。 There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term intelligence than there is on how to interpret or classify them．(26 words)．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．_____________ 译文：人们对智力所指的不同种类的行为表比对这些表现如何进行解释或分类，看法更为一致。 2)A million years ago，man was little more than an animal；but early men had several advantages over the animals． 译文： 3) Railroads typically charge such―captive‖shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business． 译文：与有另一条铁路竞争这笔生意时相比，铁路公司对这样一些“被套住的”货主特意多 收20-30％的运费。（2003） 4)Mr．McWhorter sees the gradual disappearance of“whom”to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English．(2005) 译文：McWhorter认为，“whom”一词的逐渐消失是自然的，与古英语格结尾的消失一样并 没有什么可遗憾的。 例如2006年英译汉试题49题： But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business． 译文：但是，科学家的首要任务并去考虑支配自己行为的道德准则，能指望商人致力于探索行业中的行为规范一样。 5)They teach very well，and more than earn their salaries，but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment．(2006) 译文：他们可以把书教得很好，而且是为了挣薪水，但他们大多数人却很少或没有对 需要进行道德判断的、人的问题进行独立思考。 4．asasas muchasas manyasas well asasnotas ： 1）But for many，the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory．(30 words) 译文：但是对于许多人来说，穷人能不靠政府救济养活自己，而且生活得几乎和过去有政府 救济时一样好，这一事实本身就是一个巨大的胜利。 例如2006年英译汉试题47题：His function is analogous to that of a judge，who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision． 译文：他的职责与法官相似，因为法官必须承担这样的责任：用尽可能明了的方式来展示导 致他做出决定的推理过程。 2）Hardly any adult in a thousand,or ten thousand,could in any three years of his life learn as much,grow as much in his understanding of the world around him, as every infant learns and grows in his first three years．(42 words) 译文： 3）While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern practice most closely conform to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past．(36 words) 译文：虽然历史学的定义与历史学家几乎一样多（=虽然几乎每个历史学家都有自已对历史 学的定义)，但是现代史学家的实践最接近于符合这样一个定义（=最趋于认为)，历史学是试图重现和解释过去的重大事件(=史实)。 4）Spiders are not insects, as many people think,nor even nearly related to them. 译文： 5）But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News&World Report last May seemed to suggest． 译文：值是肯定与去年五月“美国新闻和世界报导”中一篇文章似乎表明的不一样，那并不是说，关注工业无节制发展的环境专家是反科学的。 6）New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past,giving rise to new standards of elegance． 谆文：同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，从而形成(产生)新的完美 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 。 5．Whatwhat 1）What he has demonstrated，he believes，is that lack of control over an event，not the experience itself,is what weakens the immune system.(24 words) 译文：他认为，他所论证的______是，缺乏对事件的驾驭能力而不是经验本身是削弱免疫系 统的原因。 2）Physics is the present-day equivalent of what used to be called natural philosophy,from which most of present-day science arose．(20 words) 译文：物理学目前等于过去称之为自然哲学的__________，由此产生了现在大部分的科学。 6． On the whole．such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence，but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared,and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.（58 words） (词义引申) 译文：总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这 个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一些孩子的态度相同；他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌 握的有关知识而被扣分。 7． Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate response will expenence greater intellectual development.（30 words） 译文： The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought，which took roots in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be．(30 words) 译文：希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到 语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。 8． This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature；actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the （反义正译） minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work.（ 48 words） （反义正译） 译文：这种假设是依据这样一种谬论：人的本性中存在天生的惰性。而实际上，除了特别懒 惰的人以外，几乎没有人愿意挣只相当于最低生活维持费的钱，也没有人愿意饱食终日、无 所事事。 This translates into more than 10 new cases of HIV avoided per day，a figure that causes one to pause and consider whether the war on drugs is being fought in the best manner possible． 9． Anxious to get rid of being charged，companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident．(21 words) 译文： 10．(本句采用逆序法翻译) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. (29 words)译法：上面整句采用逆序法翻译。 译文：方法论究竟是指一般历史研究中特有的概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的 研究手段，人们对此意见不一。 11．not++because Individual manufacturers do not necessarily rely on their relatives because they cannot obtain financial support from commercial banks．They may actually avoid them because they assume that the banks either cannot understand their special needs or charge unreasonably high interest rates．(41 words) 译文：个体企业家并不是因为无法从商业银行借到金融贷款而必须依靠他们的亲属。他们可 能实际上躲开银行，因为他们觉得这些银行要么不能理解少数民族企业的特殊需要，要么收 取的利率太高。 not„because„的句型翻译时，否定词并非一定要转移，如：I did not go because I was ill．(我没去，因为我病了。)可见，是否需要否定转移取决于句意和上下文语境。如在because前加just，则前面的否定就不能转移，如：You need not be ashamed just because you got D in the exam．(就是因为你考试得个D，你也用不着害羞。) 12．not a littlenot a bitnotin the leastnot the least 1)He was not a little surprised．他很吃惊。 2)He was not a bit surprised.他一点也不吃惊 3)He was not surprised in the least．他丝毫也没有吃惊。4)There is not the least wind today今天 一点风也没有。 13．not thatbut thatIt is not thatbut that Our boast is not that we have more ideas or brilliant ideas but that our ideas are better tested． 译文：我们自我夸耀倒不是因为我们的主意多或我们的主意好，而是因为我们的主意都是经过更好检验的。 14．It was not until thatNot until thAs was djscussed before,it was not until the 19 century that the newspaper became the dominant thpre-electronic medium (=It was discussed before that not until the 19 century did the newspaper become the dominant pre-electronic medium．) 译文：正如以前谈过，直到19世纪报纸才成为电子时代以前的主导媒体。 15．as：当作定语从句来翻译 Dr．Pyke contended that the scientific revolution，as we call it, is largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instrmnents that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions． 译文：派埃克博士坚持认为，我们称为的科学革命主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用， 这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。 Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions，be they Christian，Islamic，Buddhist， Jewish, and so on.(2001，10) 译文： 16．Can nottoo再„也不过分，越„越好，应该„ Doctors can never be too careful to make such a critical decision，as it is a matter of life and death to the patient 译文： 六．英译汉考前冲刺练习：宏观着眼，微观入手，瞻前顾后，深入领会，先分后合，先死后 活，核对原文，查错补漏。 Custom has not commonly been regarded as a subject of any great moment，1)The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation but,custom,we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace.(29 words)As a matter of fact，it is the other way around．2) Traditional custom, taken the world over,is a mass of detai1ed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions,no matter how curious and abnormal.(31 words)Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter．The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief,and the very great varieties it may manifest? No man ever looks at the world with primitive and unchanged eyes．He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking．3) Even in his philosophical probing he can not go beyond these stereotypes;his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs.(29 words)John Dewey has said in a11 seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual，as against any way in which we can affect traditional custom，is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family.4)When one seriously studies the social orders that have had the opportunity to develop autonomously,the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation.(26 words) The life history of the individual is first and foremost an accommodation to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community．From the moment of his birth，the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behavior. 5) Eevry child that is born into his group will share them with him. And no child born into one on the opposite side of the globe can ever achieve the thousandth part.(32 words)There is no social problem it is more responsible for us to understand than this of the role of custom．Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties，the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible．(381 words) Notes：the other way round正好相反。go behind探究；进一步斟酌。stereotype n．定型，常规，旧框框。have reference to参照„，与„有关。as against sth．(=in contrast with sth.)与„对照；与„相比：We had twelve hours of sunshine yesterday,as against a forecast of continuous rain.(昨天有12小时的晴天，而预报却说仍有雨。) vernacular方言，土语；take up 接纳，吸收。first and foremost 比什么都重要，首要的。 风俗一般未被认为是什么重要的课题。1)___________________________________________ 事实上，情况正好相反。2）______________________________________________________ 然而，这只是问题的一个次要侧面。最重要的是，风俗在实践中和信仰上所起的举足轻重的 作用，以及它所表现出来的极其丰富多彩的形式。 从来没有人用原始的、一层不变的眼光去看待世界。人们所看到的是一个由特定的风俗、制 度和思想方法剪辑过的世界。3)____________________________________________________ 约翰杜威曾经非常严肃地指出，风俗在形成个人行为方面所起的作用和一个人对传统风俗的 任何影响相比，就好像他本国语言的总词汇量和自己咿呀学语时他家所接纳的他的词汇量之 比。4)_________________________________________________________________________ 个人的生活史首先就是适应他的社团世代相传形成的生活方式和行为准则。从他出生时起， 他所生于其中的风俗就开始塑造他的经历和行为。5)_________________________________ 没有任何一个社会问题比得上风俗的作用问题更要求我们对它的理解。直到我们理解了风俗 的规律性和多样性以后，我们才能明白人类生活中主要的复杂现象。 2007() 一．考研短文写作的要求和文章的基本结构： 1．要求：考研短文写作分PartA与PartB两部分。两部分的要求如下： A节：考生根据所给情景在15—20分钟内写出一篇约100词的短文，包括信件、便笺、备 忘录等。满分10分。 B节：要求考生根据题目以及写作提纲或规定情景、图表、图画等在30-35分钟左右的时间内写出一篇160～200词的短文。 要求所写短文内容切题，包含提纲全部要点，表达清楚，思想连贯，句式变化多，用词面宽， 语法规范。满分20分。 2．短文宏观框架：(供写应用文、说明文、议 论文 政研论文下载论文大学下载论文大学下载关于长拳的论文浙大论文封面下载 和图表作文参考) 题目（Title） 引言（Introduction） 正文（Body） 结尾（Ending） 3．段落内部结构 参考句数 1句 主题句（Topic Sentence） 若干句 扩展句（Developing Sentences） 1句 结论句（Concluding Sentence） 4．扩展段落主题句的常用手法： 1)描述法和概述法，如：As is shown in the picture„„．又如：It can be seen from the picture that„„ 2)因果法，如：There are at least three good reasons．Firstly，„Secondly„„ Finally，„„ 3)议论法，如：Some people believe that„ Others argue that„ Still others assert that„ 4)比较对照法，如：Compared with„„．． 又如：Customarily，we tend to compare„to„(把„比作„) 5)举例说明法，如：For example„． 又如：Let’s take another example to illustrate„ 5．应试短文写作的步骤：(注意A节与B节的时间安排) 1)理解题意：根据题目、提纲、图画和说明综合理解题意与要求。 2)构思取材：根据题意和要求，迅速进行段落构思和取材，把过去背记的句型、句子或段落 按提纲要求做适当的调整和改写，然后融会贯通地揉入短文中去，注意逻辑上的连贯性和一 致性。 3)落笔成文：按提纲顺序和逻辑思路落笔成文，注意句子的主谓结构、动词的搭配关系、拼 写与标点。 二．考研短文写作的类型： 1： (I) PartA Directions: You are looking for an apartment and are in need of some advice from your friend．Write aletter to him to 1)tell him about the reasons for moving， 2)state your requirements for the new apartment，and 3)ask for his advice． You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2．Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter．Use“Li Ming'”instead．You do not need to write the address．(10 points) Dear Wang Ming： I write to you to ask for you advice about a new apartment I am looking for．Firstly，I’d like to tell you why I want to move．I think I really need to move．The apartment I live in now is too noisy and too dark.There are so many cars going by, but no sun comes through the windows． Secondly，as you know，there are lots of apartments available in Beijing these days.I’d like to stay on the west side，near the universities．And I’d also like an apartment near the subway， for example，in the Xizhimen area.It’s a convenient location．In addition, I have to think of rent．I’d like to pay 2,000 yuan a month for it if possible． Finally，I’d very much appreciate it if you could offer me any valuable advice. Looking forward to hearing from you soon．Thank you in advance for your kind advice. Truly yours， Li Ming (155 words) (II) Directions: A chemical p1ant should be responsible for the water pollution in a nearby river．Write a letter to the City Environment. Protection Agency to 1)state the present situation， 2)suggest ways to deal with the problem and 3)express your sincere hope． You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2．Do not sign Your own name at the end of the 1etter．Use“Li Ming”instead．You do not need to write the address．(10 points) Dear Sirs, I am writing to complain about a chemical plant which contaminates the nearby river. Every day the plant drains a surprisingly 1arge amount of waste liquids into it．Fish，which lived in it a few years ago，cannot be seen now.The water in it has become yellow and gives off a strong smell．The local residents suffer a great deal from the polluted wate r． I think the local authorities should adopt several strong measures to deal with the public hazard.一In the first place,the plant must be prohibited from discharging waste 1iquids into the river before it is purified. Secondly，a series of environment protection rules and regulations need to be laid down．Those who violate them deserve to be fined heavily. Hoping the problem will be dealt with properly as soon as possible? Thanks for your attention Sincerely yours， Li Ming (140 words) 作业：掌握应用文的格式和常用句型，背诵不同类型的应用文，进行改写、套用。 (III) Directions: You are required to write a job advertisement(招工广告)in which you should first specify what kind of position the company will offer (Marketing Assistant),then give an introduction of the company, such as name of the company, its workforce and turnover, and finally state work competencies and experience are needed for the job. Write your"job ad‖in no less than 100 words．Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 Do not sign your own name at the end of the ad? Do not write the address． Marketing Assistant() Century Company is a dynamic new joint venture in the electronics sector．We have a workforce of over 300 in New York and over 200 in Beijing,China．The company had a turnover of US $120 million last year． We now have a vacancy for a marketing assistant to work at our Beijing Office. You will have a university degree in a marketing-related discipline，an interest in foreign languages and strong all round IT skills and experience in using Word and Excel．You will also have at least two years’work experience in a marketing role．Besides，experience of working in IT or electronics enviromnent is desirable． Please send your CV and a cover letter including your current salary details to Annie Kim Century Company Beijing (126 words) 注：Century Company公司名称。joint venture合资企业。workforce工作人员总数。turnover营业额。Marketing assistant行销助理。CV=Curriculum Vitae简历，相当于美国的resume。cover letter附信，相当于中文求职资料中的自荐信。 2 (I) PartB DirectionsStudy the following picture carefully and write all essay of 160—200 words in which you should 1)describe the picture． 2)state different views on mercy killing，and 3)give your opinion on it． 晚期癌症病人请求安乐死。我们怎么办? Mercy killing is one of the most controversial issues in the world of medicine．As the picture given above depicts, a late-stage cancer patient is terminally-ill, asking the doctors for mercy killing. But the doctors look deeply embarrassed, feeling helpless because they are at a loss what to do about it. The picture really sets me thinking. It implies that people differ in their attitudes towards the mercy killing. Some people think that physician-assisted suicide can relieve dying patients of unbearable pain and suffering. They maintain that as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, he has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. Others are strongly opposed to physician-assisted suicide. They contend that a doctor has no right to give a patient sufficient medication to control his pain if that may hasten death. They conclude that it is illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives. As far as I’m concemed, doctors have a duty to help dying patients to alleviate their pain and suffering．I also agree that doctors deserve to be punished if they prolong the needless suffering of their terminally-ill patients. In short, I am in favor of mercy killing．(207 words) [译文]安乐死是医学界最有争议的问题之一。正如上面所示的画所描绘的，一位晚期癌症病 人病入膏育，请求医生们实施安乐死。但医生们看上去十分尴尬，感到无能为力，因为他们 不知道该怎么办。 这幅画确实发人深省。它暗示，人们在对待安乐死上看法不一致。有些人认为，医助自杀可 以减轻垂死病人不堪忍受的痛苦。他们主张，只要医生开药是为了合法的医疗目的，那么即 使病人使用这种药物加速了死亡，医生也没有做什么违法的事。其他人则强烈反对医助自杀。 他们坚持认为，医生无权给病人开足以控制痛苦的药物，如果那样做会加速死亡的话。他们 的结沦是，医生帮助垂危病人结束生命是违法的。 依我看，医生有义务帮助垂死病人缓解病痛。我还认为，如果医生延长了垂死病人不必要的 痛苦的话，那他们应该受到惩处。总之，我赞成安乐死。 作业：根据下面所给的资料，改写上述作文。 人们对待安乐死的看法截然不同。有些人认为，安乐死并不违背人权原则。这是因为人不仅有生的权利，而且也有死的义务。如果疾病是致命的并且是痛苦的，而且病人也愿意结束生 命，那么继续维持其生命是残酷无情的。当病人由于无法医治的疾病而痛苦万分时，安乐死 比活着更好。另一些人则争辩说，实行安乐死在农村地区一定会遇到强烈的抵制，因为在农 村旧思想是根深蒂固的。此外，安乐死还会引起一个道德伦理问题，因为故意结束一个人的 生命等于剥夺了他生的权利。 People are quite different from each other in their opinions on Euthanasia(安乐死)。Some people believe that Euthanasia does not violate the principle of human rights. This is because human beings not only have the right to live but also the duty to die. If the illness is fatal and painful and it is the wish of the patient to end his life, it would be cruel to keep him or her alive. When a person is suffering from an incurable disease, an easy death may be preferable to living. Others argue that the practice of Euthanasia will inevitably meet with great resistance in the rural areas where old ideas are still deep-rooted. Furthermore, euthanasia also raises an ethical question as deliberately terminating a person’s life is equal to depriving him of the right to live. (137 words) (II) PartB Directions Study the foilowing picture carefully and write an essay of 160-200 words in which you should 1)describe the picture, 2)suggest ways to control dogs out in public places,and 3)give your own comment on it． 养狗也要守规则 注：control a dog out in public places在外面公共场所管好狗。be supposed to do sth．理应做某事。launch a campaign发动／开展一个运动。to pick up after one's dogs捡狗屎(文雅说法)。mess动物粪便。rabbish bin垃圾箱。dog license(=licence)狗证。rabies vaccination接种狂犬病疫苗证。on a leash拴着狗链／皮带。Wear a muzzle带动物口套。 Many city residents like keeping dogs as their house pets．As the picture depicts, a lady is smiling, with a cuate dog in her arms, while her husband is enjoying the pleasure ith their pet. But now there are also people who complain about dogs and demand that the animals be controlled out in public places． It is generally believed that dogs should have rules too．Several strong measures should be taken to deal with the problem. In the first place，the local government is supposed to launch a campaign telling dog owners to pick up after their dogsThe easiest solution is for them to put the mess in a bag and then in the next rubbish bin.Secondly，the dog owners who leave a dog mess on the streets deserve to be fined heavily．Thirdly一,all dogs require a license，and a rabies vaccination and are allowed outdoors only on a leash．Finally，dogs must wear a muzzle in public places if necessary．Only in this way can people co-exist with the animals。 。 In my opinion，I agree with the measures mentioned above．It seems to me that caring for one’s dog also means being responsible enough to control it out in public places．(202 words) l Many city residents like keeping dogs as their house pets．As the picture depicts,„ But„ It is generally believed that„ Several strong measures should be taken to deal with the problem．In the first place,„ I'he easiest solution is„ Secondly,„Thirdly，．．． Finally,„ Only in this way can people co-exist with the animals． In my opinion I agree with„ It seems to me that．．． 作业：根据上述框架，填入新的内容，克隆出一篇符合提纲要求的短文。 (III) PartB Directions：Study the following picture carefully and write an essay of 160—200 words in which you should 1) describe the change in the rate of car accidents in X city， 2) give possible reason(s)for the decline of car accidents in the city，and 3) make your prediction of what will happen next year． Months in 2003 As is shown by the graph．，the rate of car accidents in the city varied from month to month in 2003．During the period from Jan.to Mar.，the number of accidents grew sharply, reaching 32 in March．Then the rate began to decline，and there were only 26 accidents in June．However，there was a rapid increase during the summer months．the peak being 39 accidents in August.Fortunately，the rate was gradually falling in the last four months of the year． It is interesting to note that there happened to be as many accidents in Oct．as those in Apr．Generally speaking，the trend involved a downward direction There were some possible reasons for the decline of car accidents in the city. To begin with , driving with great care might have been the main reason for the decrease. Secondly, the construction of several new avenues must have brought about improvements in road conditions, which led to the reduction of accidents in 2003.Finally, I think, pedestrians paid great attention to the city’s traffic regulations，while crossing roads in dangerous places．All these factors resulted in the drop of car accidents in the city in 2003． In short，I am confident that，with the improvement in road conditions，the rate of accidents will certainly be much lower next year than that in 2003．(224 words) As is shown by the graph, „ During the period from Jan. to Mar., „ Then„ However，„ Fortunately，„ It is interesting to note that„ Generally speaking，．．． There were some possible reasons for„ To begin with, „ Secondly, „ Finally, „ All these factors„ In short，I am confident that„ 作业：根据上述框架，填入新的内容，克隆出一篇符合提纲要求的短文。 (Iv) PartB Directions：Study the following picture carefully and write an essay of 160—200 words in which you should 1)describe the picture， 2)state different views on global warming，and 3)give your own opinion． 注：养鸡场a chicken run。烤鸡店roast chicken shop。 It is known to all that global warming has become a public hazard threatening the survival of human beings．As the picture given above depicts．an old couple is standing beside the fence of a chicken run，saying“It seems that the global warming has already got out of contro1．” In addition，the picture shows that there are several chickens being roasted in the sun at the side of the road leading to the farm．The cartoon implies that the world’s temperature would be high enough to roast chickens because of greenhouse effect． The picture is really thought-provoking .People differ in their views on global warming。Voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about the rise of the world’s temperature is incomplete and that it’s OK to pour fumes into the air until we know for sure．This is a dangerous game: by the time 1 00 percent of the evidence is in，it may be too late． On the other hand，scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming．But the governments of many countries tend to turn a deaf ear to the scientists’warnings． In fact，the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and the problem is largely man—made．The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves．So the general public demand that all nations should adopt strong measures to prevent the increase of the earth’s temperature． In my opinion，to serve as responsible stewards of the planet，we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research．But research alone is inadequate．All governments are supposed to take the legislative initiative as soon as possible．Only in this way can the global warming be put under control．(273 words) It is known to a11 that„。 As the picture given above depicts„． In addition，„The cartoon implies that．．． 、 The picture is really thought—provoking．People differ in their views on global warming．Voices now come from many quarters insisting that„This is a dangerous game：„0n the other hand„． But„ In fact，„ So„ In my opinion，．．． But we should．．． Only in this way．．． US climate scientists in Colorado have recorded a big rise in the amount of carbon dioxide in the world's atmosphere．Their research indicates that 2005 saw one of the largest increases ever recorded． Carbon dioxide is seen as the key gas driving global warming so its level is monitored very closely．Samples of air are gathered all over the world and sent here to Boulder in Colorado to the US government's global monitoring project．Studies show that the level of carbon．dioxide now stands at three hundred and eighty one parts per million．That’s a record，according to the researchers．It’s the result of one of the largest annual increases for the past fifty years and it confirms a trend that the rate of increase has doubled in the 1ast thirty years．We asked the British government’s chief scientist for his reaction．Sir David King says the new figures are worrying， Today we‘re at three hundred and eighty parts per million，we’re over three eighty parts a rnillion．This is higher than the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere for at least a million years，possibly for thirty million years．So mankind is changing the climate． ! This sharp increase comes just as the Kyoto Treaty takes effect．It’s meant to bring carbon emissions down．The evidence of this new data is clear though--that efforts to curb the rise in greenhouse gases are，for the moment，failing，and the consequences that climate scientists have long warned about look far more likely． ； 作业：根据上述框架，填入新的内容，克隆出一篇符合提纲要求的短文。 V PartB Directions Study the following picture carefully and write an essay of 160—200 words in which you should 1)describe the picture， 2)state different opinions on the debate topic，and 3)give your own comment on it． ? After summer vacation，college studems return to school to face a big challenge—a dorm covered with dust．So the students who share a dorm at a university tend to hire a professional sanitary worker to do the labour．As is shown by the picture，some university students are hiring help to clean their dorm．Then a controversy arises：Should schools ban house help? People differ in their opinions on this topic． Some believe that university students are grown —ups and they have the right to spend their money in the way they like．According to them，if students don’t have to do the housework themselves，they can save time for more important things like study and social work． Others maintain that college students should be independent and that if they need other people to sweep their floors and wash their clothes，how can we expect them to shoulder greater responsibility in the future?In their eyes，it is a waste of their parents’money．The adults don’t pay for their kids to learn to be lazy In my opinion，students should clean their own rooms because it sharpens their independent living skills.Doing housework not only helps students live independently,but also cultivates good living habits. In addition,strangers coming in and out of dorms may make it hard to manage a dorm.It may also put students and their belongings at risk.(233 words) Opening sentence(s) As is shown by the picture, „ Then a controversy arises: „? People differ in their opinions on this topic. Some believe that „ According to them, „ Others maintain that„ In their eyes, „ In my opinion, „ because„ In addition„ 作业：根据上述框架，填入新的内容，克隆出一篇符合提纲要求的短文。 (VI) Part B Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay of 160-200 words in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) state different opinions on this debate topic, and 3) give your own comment on it. Should we shut the cafes down? 注：shut down 关闭，停业，查封。Internet cafe网吧。Intemet addiction网瘾。develop addictions上瘾。throwing away the apple because of its core因噎废食。teenage青少年的。blameA onB把A归罪于B。Internet abuse滥用网络。develop／cultivate healthy habits培养健康(有益)习惯。 As is depicted in the picture, recently，Internet cafes in X county were shut down by the local government．The action came as the result of an anonymous letter of students’parents to the county’s Party secretary． The adults claimed that many were spending far too much time in Intemet cafes and were suffering from“Internet addiction”．The picture also shows a boy who got very surprised at the café being shut down． People differ in their opinions on the question:Should we shut the cafes down? Some believe that teens are too young to restrict themselves.Without proper supervision，they tend to spend hours in the Internet cafés and develop addictionsAccording to them，because it is difficult to get a11 cafes to refuse teenagers，shutting them down is a practical solution．Others are opposed to shutting a11 the cafes down because it is like throwing away the apple because of its core．They argue that Internet caf6s are there for those who need easy Internet access and who don’t have access at home．Shutting down all the cafes limits the rights of these people and so the policy isn’t fair to them and to the Internet café operators． In my opinion，we can’t blame teenage Internet addiction on the Internet cafes entirely．If our kids want to enjoy network games，they can play at home，even if a11 the cafes are shut down．I think we should educate the young about the side effects of Internets abuse and help them develop healthy habits instead．(257 words) As is depicted in the picture, ．．． They claimed that．．．The picture also shows People differ in'their opinions on the question．．．．Some be1ieve that．．．． According to them, ．．． They argue that ．．． In my opinion，I think we should educate sb．About 作业：根据上述框架，填入新的内容，克隆出一篇符合提纲要求的短文。 3给出题目、提纲和起始句，考生须按题目和提纲所列要点，在起始句后续 写短文。 Directions In this part，you are to write an essay on“Competition and Cooperation”．Your essay should be based on the following outline： 1)Competition—a common phenomenon in our society 2)Relationship between competition and cooperation 3)Your opinion on competition and cooperation You should write about 1 60—200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2．(20 points) Competition and Cooperation Competition is a common phenomenon in our society. For example.we compete when we play games,we try to do better than others in our study,and there is constant competition for jobs,fame, Wealth and so forth.Therefore,we can say that,in a certain sense,competition is one of the motive forces fou the development of our modern society. It is ofen believed， however，that competition and cooperation are in opposition to each otheL Some people stress competition，without which，in their eyes，there is no responsibility,no drive，and ultimately,no progress．Others advocate cooperation whatever they do．They are of the opinion that the dependence of people on one another has increased,without which the society we live in cannot keep going smoothly．In reality,we find that in many cases competition has much to do with cooperation.Let's take a football game for example．During the game，one team is competing against the other。but each member ot the team must cooperate with his teammates．Otherwise，they would lose the game no matter how skillful each individual player might be．It is clear that competition．is closely related to cooperation． As far as I'm concerned，l don’t agree with the view that competition and cooperation are always in conflict with each other,In my opinion，while advocating competition，we should never forget cooperation．In our social life．cooperation is especial1y necessary because most work is fulfilled with or through other people.So I've come to the conclusion that competition and cooperation are equally important．(259 words) Competition is a common phenomenon in our society.For example, ．．．Therefore, ．．． It is often believed,however, that．．． Some people stress competition. In their eyes, ．．． Others advocate cooperation．．． They are of the opinion that．．．In reality, we find that．．． Let’s take a football game for example．．． Otherwise, ．．． I t is clear that．．． As far as I’m concerned, ．．．In my opinion, ．．．because．．．So I’ve come to the comclucsion that．．． 作业：根据上述框架，填入新的内容，克隆出一篇符合提纲要求的短文。 3：规定情景式短文写作，可有两种方式：一是全部用英文命题，二 是规定情景部分用中文命题 Directions：Write an essay in which you are required to state the causes of the housing problem and the demands of city-dwellers for spacious living，and give your possible suggestions to solve the problem．Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2．(20 words) The housing problem is closely related to population growth．Some of the big cities in China are now crowded with an ever increasing population.Naturally,one of the most serious problems incurred is that of housing. As far as the causes of the housing problem are concerned，many factors are involved． In the first place,with the rapid increase in population，the tack of housing 1s becoming more evident than ever before。Many old houses have been knocked down to make room for new apartment buildings，which complicates the housing problem for the time being．In the second place，despite the ever-increasing high-rise buildings，the provision of living space still falls far short of demands．Because the society is advancing，city-dwellers long for spacious living.They look forward to decent dwelling places，which can protect human dignity． All these factors result in housing shortage． Various solutions have been suggested to deal with the problem． To begin with，we should build more apartment buildings to meet the increasing needs of people。In addition，the government may provide bank loans to the residents who want to purchase dwellings of their own．Thirdly，the moving of urban residents to the suburbs may ease the housing problem in the inner city.The best solutionI think is to put the birth rate under control．But.as you know, we still have a long way to go．(232 words) Notes：know down推倒，拆掉；make room for为„腾出地方；for the time being暂时；fall short of达不到；have a long way to go有许多困难要克服。 The housing problem is closely related to Naturally,,„ As far as the causes of the housing problem are concerned, „ In the first place, „In the second place, „ A11 these factors… Various solutions have been suggested to deal with the problem To begin with, „ In addition, „ Thirdly，„The best solution I think is t„ But,as you know, we still have a long way to go 作业：根据上述框架，填入新的内容，克隆出一篇符合提纲要求的短文。 (II) Directions write an essay of 160—200 words，following the outline given below in Chinese：大多数年轻人没有经历过艰难困苦，艰难困苦其实并不完全是坏事，青年人应该有意识地培养吃苦精神。 没有苦就没有甜。(重点作文) The majority of the young people today haven't undergone hardships．The reason is that the living standard of most famlies now is much higher than ever before and the parents have only one child．She or he is the dearest of the father and mother and a spoiled favorite with grandparents．How can they have the heart to let their child experience or endure any hardship? In fact,hardship is not absolutely a bad thing. One who has experienced hard times will be steadfast and persevering in face of difficulties.He is more capable of adapting himself to new surroundings and has more resolution to cope with setbacks in life.On the contrary,one who has never been given a hard time will be frail and weak in character..He is not likely to face and tackle any barriers firmly．As a result，the former will have more chances to succeed in society,while the latter wlll not． In my opinion，young people should consciously taste hardships，try to live simply,deal with difficulties on their own and face reverses and challenges bravely.That will no doubt do them a lot of good．(193 words) Notes：spoiled favorite宠儿；have the heart to do sth．忍心做某事；steadfast坚定的，不动摇的；persevering有毅力的：resolution决心；setback挫折；frail道德上软弱的；taste体验，领略(failure)；on one’s own独自地；reverses and challenges 逆境和挑战；do sb．a lot of good对„很有好处。 ’ The majority of the young people today haven’t undergone hardships. There are two good reasons for it. In the first place，„． Secondly, „ Therefore, „ In fact, hardship is not absolutely a bad thing．．One who has experienced hard times will be„ He is．．．On the contrary ,one who has never．．． As a result, ．．． In my opininon,young people should ．．．There is no doube that．．． 作业：根据上述框架，填入新的内容，克隆出一篇符合提纲要求的短文。 三．考研短文写作段落结构中的常用句型和汉译英练习： „一“引言”段落中的常用句型： 1．As is depicted／shown／described in the cartoon／picture／table／bar chart/pie chart,„． (造句) 1）正如这张漫画中所描绘的，抽烟造成了巨大的损失和灾难。一方面，它每年浪费2000亿美元。其次，世界每年约300万人死于肺癌。 As is depicted in the cartoons.smoking brings about a lot of losses and disasters. For one thing. It wastes 200 billion dollars a year.For another, about three million people on the globe die of lung cancer every year． 2） 如这张画中所描绘的，许多森林已被砍伐，这对全球气候产生了灾难性的影响。有时山 洪爆发，淹没农田，更糟的是，沙尘暴常常席卷几乎半个国家，使空气被黄色粉末污染。 河流和湖泊中的水变得混浊不清，显然，毁坏森林使老百姓深受其害。 As is depicted in the picture, many forests have been cut down,which exerts a disastrous effect on the global climate.Sometimes mountain torrents___________,flooding farmland.What is worse,sandstorms often ______almost half of the country,making the air polluted with yellow powders. The water in rivers and lakes thus becomes unclean and impure.It is clear that the general public suffer a great deal from the destrution of forests.(74words) 2-It is shown by the graph(or in the picture) that„．如图所示，„ (造句) 曲线所示，最近5年来该国人口飞速增长。(用There be句型表达) It is shown by the graph that__________________ in the population of the country in the past five years 3．这张漫画暗示，人们对犯罪行为采取各不相同的态度。 The cartoon_______that different people take different attitudes towards criminal behavior. 4. 这幅画涉及到一个最常见的问题：如何对待财富与幸福? The picture concerns one of the most common questions：How to approach wealth and happiness? 5. Figures/Statistics indicate that„ 数字/统计数字表明„ 数字表明，加工业已机合资企业的出口在上升，机械和电子产品的出口占总出口量的百分之 47.7。 Figures indicate that the processing trade and esports of joint venture enterprises are_______________,and exports of machinery and electronic goods______________47.7per cent of total exports. 6. 有两幅图画展示了两种全然不同的情景。 一幅画展示了人们勤劳致富；而另一幅画描 绘了吸毒毁人。 There are two pictures presenting two quite different situations． One shows that people acquire wealth by means of honest labor,while the other depicts a person ruined by drug-taking． (造句) 1)从表中所给的统计数字可以看出，从1985年到1990年中国的人均收入迅速提高。 It can be seen from the statistics given in the table that the average personal income of the Chinese people increased(or grew、rose)rapidly from 1985 to 1990． 2)从曲线图可以得出结论，最近5年来中国人口的出生率已经大大下降 It can be concluded from the graph that there has been a great decline in birth rates in China in the past five years 8.现在，儿童教育已成为最热门的话题，不仅教育专家在谈论，而且各阶层人民也在谈论。 Now child education has become one of the hottest topics,which is talked about not only by educational experts．but also by people from all walks of life,(28words) 9．从上面我所提到的事我们可以清楚地看到，电视暴力对青少年行为有很大的影响。 From what I have mentioned above we can see clearly that violence on TV has a great influence on young adults’ behavior. ---“正文”段落中常用的句型： 1．分析原因： There are two／some good／possible reasons for (造句) The reason for…is that… (造句) We have two good reasons for／against (造句) The reasons for„are obvious，To begin with„。 In addition，„ Finally， (造句) There is no reason to believe that (造句) 1)人民生活状况改善的原因有两点。首先，我们一直在贯彻执行改革开放政策。其次，国民 经济正在迅速发展，而且出生率已经得到控制。 There are two reasons for the improvement in people’s living conditions。In the first place，we ______________the reform and opening-up policy．Secondly．,there has been a rapid expansion of our national economy. Furthemnore,the birth rate_______________________________. 2）生态环境破坏的原因是：人类为了开荒、建房和能源而大量地砍伐树木，对全球森林的 生存造成了威胁。 The reason for the destruction of ecological balance is that human beings,who cut down large numbers of trees to create land shelter and energy,______the most significant threat to the survival of the world-wide forests. 3)没有理由认为，对汽车的日益增长的需求是由攀比地位引起的。 There is no reason to be1ieve that the ever-increasing demand for cars is stimulated by the competition for status 2 My suggestions to deal with(solve，tackle，relieve)the problem are as follows．In the first place，．．．Secondly，Finally，．．． (造句) I Suggest that first of all we should do„． (造句) There are，I think，two possible suggestions which worth making．On the one hand，．．． On the other„． (造句) l Suggest that the Government should adopt(=resort to)strong measures to deal with the problem．For one thing„． For another„． (造句1 我对解决这个问题的建议如下。首先，迫在眉睫的是我们应该向政府呼吁建立一笔基金来奖励保护森林资源的有功人员。其次，对于任意砍伐森林树木的人必须依法严惩。最后，必须鼓励城市居民尽力绿化城市。我们盼望一个更美好，更光明的未来。 My suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows．In the first place，we should_________ to set up a fundation to reward those who do much to protect forest resources．Secondly，those who cut down(=fell)trees in a forest at random deserve to be____________________.Finally,it is necessary to encourage city-residents to plant as many trees as possible in and around the city.We_______________a much better and brighter future.(80words) 3 Different people have different opinions on this question． Some people believe that．．． Others argue that．．．Still others assert that…(造句) People differ in their views on the problem．According to some of them„． In the eyes of others„。 (造句) 人们对失败持有不同的态度。面对失败，有的人能够经得起考验，从失败中汲取有益的教 训，并努力去完成他们下定决心要做的事情。然而，另一些人却丧失信心并退却了。 People___________their attitudes towards failure．Faced with it，some of them can stand up to it ，draw useful lessons from it and try hard to fulfill what they are determined to do．Others，however，lose heart and give in． 根据他们的看法，他是一位事业心很强的人。According to them，he is a man of great enterprise. 4： 1)There is no denying the fact that„ 无可否认，„(造句) 无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。 There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem：the city authorities should________________to deal with it．(deal with的替换词：solve，tackle，cope with，relieve，ease) 2)As is known to all„． 众所周知，假冒伪劣商品损害了消费者的利益。 As is known to all，fake and inferior commodities harm the interests of consumers(=do a lot of harm to the interests of consumers)． 3)众所周知，现代技术最伟大的成就之一是计算机的发明。计算机已广泛地使用在工业和大 学中。不久的将来普通老百姓将能使用计算机。计算机能够完成科研各个领域里的极其复杂 的工作。它们能解最复杂的数学题或把数以千计的不相关数据整理好。这些机器还有各种不同的用途。例如：计算机可以用在医院里。医生给计算机输入病人的症状，就能诊断出什么 病。 It is known to all that one of the greatest advances in modern technology is the invention of computers.They are already widely used in industry and in universities and the time will soon come when ordinary people will have access to them . Computers are capable of doing extremely complicated work in all fields of scientific research.They can solve the most complex mathematical problems or put thousands of unrelated facts in order.These machines can be put to varied uses.For instance,computers can be used in hospitals.By providing a machine with a patient’s symptoms, a doctor will be able to diagnose the nature of his illness.(113words) 4)More and more people are realizing the importance of ．．． 现在越来越多的人认识到法制教育的重要性。为了维护社会治安，我们每人都应该接受法制教育。 importance of．．． Today an increasing number of people are realizing that law education is of great importaace．In order to keep law and order, every one of us is supposed to get(=receive)a law education． 5)现在越来越多的人已经认识到保护树木的重要性。这是因为所有动物的生存都是靠充足的 氧气。而遍地生长的树木提供了大部分的氧气：树木从周围空气中吸收二氧化碳，然后释放 出大量的氧气。可见，没有树木我们就无法生活。 Now increasing numbers of people have realized the importance of the protection of trees． This is because a11 animal life on the earth depends on a sufficient supply of oxygen for its day-to-day survival．The trees that we see here and there provide a large portion of this supply：trees take carbon dioxide from the surrounding air and in return they create a sizeable amount of oxygen． It is obvious that we could not live without trees．(77 words ) 6)It is important(necessary,urgent，difficult，easy,expensive，desirable，advisable，convenient，comfortable，presumptuous) for sb．to do sth． (造句) 有了汽车，在闲暇的时间你要到城里逛逛很方便。 With a car，it is convenient for you to get round in the city in your leisure time 我们希望建立更多的医院、购物中心、娱乐中心、电影院和其他公用设施来满足人民日益增长的需求 It is desirable for us to set up more hospitals, shopping centers，recreation centers，cinemas and other public facilities to__________ the growing needs of people 或者可以毫不夸张地说，缺乏淡水正威胁着地球上人类、动物与植物的生存。 It would be no exaggeration to say that lack of fresh water is threatening the survival of human beings，animals and plants on the globe。 5 As a popular saying goes“Everything has two sides．’’ (造句) We should analyze this phenomenon from two sides．On the one hand„． 0n the other，(造句) We，however，must see the problem／matter in its right perspective．(然而，我们应该正确如实地来看待这个问题。) Before we decide，we must weigh up the pros and cons．(在决定以前，我们必须权衡利弊。) 1)常言道，“事物总是一分为二的”。如今公众从科技发明中得到越来越多的好处。另一方面，科技进步也给我们带来了许多麻烦。现在许多国家的人民饱受公害之苦。 As a popular saving goes,"Evervthine has two sides．’’Now the general public are___________ more and more from scientific and technological inventions．On the other hand，the progress of science and technology is bringing us a lot of trouble。People in many countries are suffering from public hazards．(48 words) 2)我认为，我们应该从正反两面来辩论这件事。无可否认，许多工业公司为我国国民经济的 发展做出了重要贡献。但是只强调一面是不公正的。常言道，“事物总是一分为二的”。虽然 工业的发展已经创造了如电视机、洗衣机、人造卫星这样的契机，但它污染了我们的环境并 造成了许多公害。总之，工业不受控制的发展导致了严重的后果。 I think,we should debate the matter pro and con.These is no denying the fact that industrial companies have made great contributions to the development of our national economy.But it is partial to stress only one side.As a popular saying goes,‖everything has two sides,‖Though the development of industry has created such miracles as TV sets,washing machines and artificial satellites,it poilutes our environment and _______a host of public hazards.In a word,the uncontrolled industrial growth has_____________grave consequences.(83words) 6 1)For example， 2)For instance， 3)Let’s take…for example (造句) 。但是只强调一 奇迹，但它污染 就拿汽车为例。汽车不仅污染城市，而且使城市拥挤不堪。此外，汽车造成了许多交通事 故。汽车所产生的噪音使居住在街道两旁的居民日夜不得安宁。 Let’s take cars for example.They not only pollute cities，but crowd them as well．Furthermore，they cause a lot of traffic accidents．(或they are responsible for a lot of traffic accidents．) The noise made by them_____________the residents living on both sides of streets all day and night．(56 words) 或：In their eyes„．(在他们看来，„) According to them„． (按照他们的说法， „) In their opinion，„(按他们的看法，„) As is often stressed in the available literature on this subject， (正如有关这个课题的现有文献中常常强调的，„) 1)人们普遍认为，在发达国家人口增长的主要原因与其说是出生率的上升，还不如说是由于医疗保健的改善使死亡率下降了。 It is generally believed that the chief reason for the increase in population in developed countries is_______ _____the rise in birth rates___ the decline in death rates as a result of the improvement in medical care 2)正如报纸上有关这个问题常常强调的，假冒伪劣产品极其有害。它们危害人民的健康，引 发了许多伤害事故。例如，伪劣药品不汉使病人的病情恶化，而且往往会威胁病人的生命， 更糟的是，导致病人的死亡。 As is often stressed in newspapers on this problem, fake and inferior products are positively harmful，They endanger people’s health，giving rise to a lot of injury accidents． For instance，inferior-quality medicines not only aggravate a patient’s condition，but also tend to threaten his life and，what’s worse，to result in his death．(53 words) 8： „causes(or produces，brings about，leads to，results in„．．) 毫无疑问，需求的增长导致了价格的上涨。 There is no doubt that the increase in demand results in(=leads to)the rise in prices. 9： have much(something，nothing)to do with．．． be closely related to．．． be directly bound up with… (造句) 1)我们的环境污染与汽车数量的与日俱增密切相关。 The pollution of our environment___________ the increasing number of cars 2)一个国家的经济实力与其工农业的生产效率密切相关。 The strength of a country’s economy____________ the efficiency of its industry and agnculture 3)10种以上主要疾病与吸烟有关，例如：癌症与心脏病。 More than ten leading diseases_____________ smoking，such as cancer and heart trouble 10 总计为„amount to／add up to／come to／sum up to„ 占百分之几„account for／make up 占第一位rank first 全部费用合计200美元。 All the expenses(costs) add up to$2000 烟民占世界总人数的20％。 Smokers account for 20％ of the global population 数量增减： increase／decrease/rise／fall drop from„to„ (造句) 1)这个工厂生产的彩电已由1986年的5,000台增加到1990年的21，000台。 The number of color TV sets produced by the factory rose(=grew，climbed)from 5000 in 1986 to 21000 in 1990． 2)参加者的人数增加到30万。 The number ofparticipants grew up to 300，000 persons(=increased，reaching 300，000 persons) 3)这个学校的教职工人数已减少到700人。 The number of teaching staff members in this school has decreased to 700 persons 倍数表达：(be)three times as+形容词+as„ 现在我们地区的粮食量相当于1970年的3倍。 The grain production(=output) in our area now is three times as great as that of 1970 11：Compared with„„ 1)与去年相比，今年13项主要产品的产量都有大幅度增长。 Compared with that of last year．the output of 13 main products(=items)this year has increased________ 2)对照之下，他的行为举止一成不变。 By contrast，he is rather set in his ways 3)与他的兄弟相对比，他总是对别人体贴入微。 In contrast to(or with)his brother．he is always considerate in his treatment of others 12 社会风气(公德)：public morals(or morality)。有公德心：be public--spirited。向公众呼吁做某事：appeal to the public to do sth．。在„方面教育公众：educate the public in„。无视／违反公共规章：disregard／violate the public rules。遵守法纪：comply with the law。偷窃是违法的：Stealing is against the law。遵守公德：comply with public morality。守法：observe／obey the law。违法：offend against the law。违反公共规章：break／violate public regulations。她自以为可以凌驾法律之上：She acts as if she is above the 1aw．制定和严格执法：make and rigidly enforce the law。遵守交规：observe traffic regulations。按道德行事：follow the morals。改进社会风气：improve public morals。维护公共道德：safeguard public morals。损害公共道德：injure public morality。应该受到法律严惩：deserve to be punished heavily by the law。从他的行为中可以清楚看到，他不讲道德：It is obvious from his behavior that he has no morality． - 1．Inmy opinion，„2．Personally,I．．．3．In short(=In brief)„． 4．In conclusion，．5 As far as I’m concerned，6．To conclude，it seems clear that„ (造句) 1)至于说到我，我赞成前一种观点。所以。我的结论是，只要我们坚持正确的东西，改正错误的东西，我们就一定能成功。 As far as I’m concerned,I’m in favor of the former view.Therefore,my conclusion is that we are certain to succeed as long as we stick to what is right and correct what is wrong. 2)就我而言，我反对拥有私家车。为把清洁的空气、宽阔安全的道路和富饶的石油资源留给 子孙后代，我们对私家车只能说“不”。我认为最好发展公共交通来代替私家车。这样我们 可以保护环境并节省大量能源。 Personally,l am opposed to owning private cars．In order to leave clean air．wide and safe roads and abundant oil resources to our future generations，we have to say“No”to private cars．I think it is better to develop mass transit to replace them．In this way we carl_protect our environment and save massive amounts of energy resources．(60 words) 3)总之，该到专业环境专家积极努力来结束这种令人沮丧的形势的时候了。 尽管我们还有许困难要克服，但是我相信，明天将变得更美好、更光明。我们盼望一个充满希望的未来。 In short ,it is high time that professional environmentalists made intensive efforts to put an end to this discouraging situation．Although we still have a long way to go，I am sure that tomorrow will be much better and brighter．We are looking forward to promising future．(48 words) 4)情况似乎不好，但我们心中充满希望。Things seem bad，but we live in hope． „„“信件”常用的句式示例： 1．信件引言示例： (求职) (1) 尊敬的先生： 我给您写信是想询问贵公司是否有我可以担任的秘书工作。 Dear Sir, I’m writing to you to________ if there would be any position available for me to work as a secretary in your company． ．．． (求职) (2) 尊敬的先生： 现在北京大学工作的库珀教授最近告诉我关于你校拟聘请教师的情况。„ Dear Sirs， Prof．Cooper，who is now working in Beijing University,has recently furnished me with information regarding the teaching position at your institute． ．．． (投诉) (3) 尊敬的先生： 我遗憾地告诉您，上周我在贵店购买的电视机质量很差。我不知道我是否能换一台更好的电视机。 Dear Sirs， I regret to inform you that the TV set which I bought in your store last week is of inferior quality．I’m wondering if I could_______it for a better one．．．。 (投诉) (4) 尊敬的先生： 我给你写信是投诉你们一周前发来的货物，这些货物无法令人满意。我们不能接受这批货物， 因为这些货物的尺寸和形状和我们订购的完全不一致。我们不禁对你们承诺的信誉表示疑 问„． Dear Sir, Im writing to you to complain about the goods forwarded to us a week ago．They are in an unsatisfactory state．We cannot accept them because they are not the right size and shape we ordered。We couldn’t help questioning the credibility of your promise。．．． (致谢) (5) 尊敬的怀特先生： 我们非常高兴地通知您，我们已于上周六安全抵京。我的同事和我非常感谢你给予我们 的十分殷勤的接待～． Dear Mr White， We are pleased to inform you that we arrived safely in Beijing last Saturday．My colleagues and 1 wish to thank you most warmly for your excellent hospitality extended to us．．． 2．信件结尾示例： (1) 您带领我们参观了你们的新实验室，还给我们做了一些有意义的专题讲座，对于您的深情厚 意，我们甚为感激。再次感谢您的款待与合作。 We very much appreciate your kindness in showing us round the new laboratory of yours，and also in giving us very interesting lectures on some special topics Thank you once again for your hosmtality and cooperation． Yours sincerely， LiMing (2) 如蒙给以面谈机会，我将不胜感激。 I sha11 be much obliged if you accord me an opportunity for an interview Yours sincerely, Li Ming (3) 如果您能给予我访问学者的工作并提供经济资助，我将不胜感谢。我正期待您的佳音。 I should be very much obliged to you if you could grant me a visiting scholar position and provide me with financial support．I'm looking forward to your favorable reply． With best regards， Yours faithfiflly, LiMing (4) 我毫无保留向您推荐他，因为我相信，您会赏识他非凡的研究能力。如果你需要进一步的信 息，请直接给我写信。谢谢！ I recommend him without reservation，as I believe you will appreciate his exceptional ability in his studies．If you want any further information about him，please feel free to write to me directly． With thanks， Yours faithfiully, LiMing 四．考研短文写作的参考模式 图画图表作文 As is shown in the picture,„ According to the information conveyed by the picture„．The picture also implies that．．． It is clear that．． ． There are at 1east two good reasorls for„ On the one hand„．Let’s have an example to illustrate „ On the other hand，„is due to the fact that„ In addition„．is responsible for„ Maybe there are some other reasons to show„ But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly acceptable。 The suggestion as to the best way to cope with the problem is as follows．In the first place„． Moreover„． Last but not the least it is… As far as I am concerned， „„ I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded． (139 words)、 议论文(I) It is generally believed that ．．．is a hot topic which is widely talked about both at home and abroad. Now our government attaches great importance to solving this problem. Scientists in this field have put forward a number of suggestions tending to relieve it. To begin with,we should．．． Furthermore, ．．． It is clear that．．． People，however，differ in their opinions on this matter．Some people think that．．．According to them．a11 of us should．．． Others argue that„ In their opinion，nobody can．．．without There is no doubt that．．．As a consequence．．．， In short,Ifirmly support the view that„ It is because„ So my conclusion is that„(107 words) 议论文(II) There js no denying the fact that„is a popular topic which is much talked about not only by„，but also by„ It is generally thought that„ The reasons for„are as follows．To begin with„． Secondly„。 Therefore,we should attach great significance to solving the problem． There are，I think，at least two possible ways to cope with it．The first way to tackle it is to appeal to the authorities to take drastic measures to(do)…The other policy that is worth adopting is to work out new regulations to(do)… Only in this way can we succeed in dealing with the problem in the near future． To conclude，it seems obvious that„ So the prospect we are looking forward to will be both bright and encouraging．(127 words) 五．考前作文冲刺练习 (I) DirectionsWrite an essay of l60—200 words based on the following drawings．In your essay you should first describe the drawings，then interpret their meaning，and give your comment on them 注：过量饮酒excessive drinking。酗酒indulge in excessive drinking。 (II) Directions：Write an essay of 1 60—200 words based on the following drawing．In your essay you should 1)describe the drawing， 2)then interpret its meaning，and 3)give your comment on it． 注：性别歧视gender discrimination。歧视妇女discriminate against women。 (III) Directions：Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following drawing．In your essay you should first describe the drawing，then interpret its meaning，and give your comment on it． ? (以上3幅漫画引自《研究生复试英语听力及口试练习题集》) (Iv) Directions：Write all essay of 1 60—200 words，entitled“An incredible story”，in which you are required to tell us about a book that stirred your soul，changed your life or simply made you successful． (I) Writing(提纲图表式作文) Directions：Study the following pie chart carefully and write an essay of 1 60—一200 words within 30 minutes．Your essay should meet the requirements below： 1．Describe the pie chart． 2．State the possible benefits brought about by the investment． 3．Suggest measures attracting investment from outside． HongKong---44％ Japan一19．2％ U．S．A．一16％ Other 23 countries and regions--21．8％ Investment in Beijing from Different Countries and Regions 自从1979年中国对外开放以来，北京在吸引外企投资合资企业方面已取得了显著成绩。 根据图示，不同企业的投资者来自26个国家和地区。香港的投资额居第一位，占总额的44％。日本占19．2％，居第二位。美国为第三，占16％。 普遍认为，北京从外部投资中受益匪浅。首先，大量合资企业已经建立，这就大大促进 了“首都经济”的发展。其次，外资企业为北京市民提供了许多就业机会。这又缓解了北京 的下岗工人问题。最后，由于北京和沿海开放城市一样享有许多优惠政策，所以高科技产业 在首都发展迅猛。 至于吸引外资的措施，有如下几点。一方面，我们应该专门努力来改善投资环境，以便越 来越多的外资能流入北京。另一方面，我们应该抓住机遇把目前的外资企业尽可能办好。我 深信，随着改革开放政策的贯彻执行，北京将吸引大量外资。 Since China opened its door to the outside world in 1 979, Beijing has made remarkable results in attracting foreign business to invest in joint ventures .According to the pie chart, the investors in different enterprises come from 26 countries and regions．The investment of Hong Kong ranks first，accounting for 44 per cent of the total．Japan’s investment makes up 19．2 per cent，putting it in second spot．Third is the United States at 16 per cent． It is generally believed that Beijing benefits a lot from the outside investment．In the first place，a large number of joint ventures have been set upwhich contributes greatly to the development of Capital Economy．Secondly，the foreign-invested enterprises offer a lot of jobs to the residents in Beijing.This in turn relieves the problem of laid-off workers in the city. Finally,the high-tech enterprises in the capital will grow rapidly as Beijing enjoys the same preferential policies as coastal cities open to the outside world. As far as the measures to attract outside investment are concerned,they are as follows． On the one hand，we should make special efforrts to improve the investment environment so that an increasing amount of foreign capital can stream into Beijing,On the other hand,we should take advantage of this opportunity to run the present foreign-invested enterprises as efficiently as possible .I am convinced that with the reform and opening up policy being implemented,Beijing will be a great attraction for foreign investment．(247 words) (II) writing(提纲漫画式议论文) DirectionsIn this part，you are to write an essay of 160—200 words within 30 minutes．Your essay must meet the requirements below． 1)Show your understanding of the meaning of the picture below 2)State the harmful effects of fake and inferior products 3)Suggest ways to fight against fake and inferior products 假冒伪劣产品 正如所给的图画所描绘的，我国社会主义市场经济正在迅速发展，就像一辆高速行驶 的卡车。但是公众惊讶地发现，越来越多的假冒伪劣产品严重地阻碍了我国市场经济的发展。 消费者必须经常谨慎地去购买他们所需的货物或服务，否则他们会落入制假人所设的陷阱。 毫无疑问，假冒伪劣产品极其有害。首先，它们危害人民的健康，引发了许多伤害事 故。例如，伪劣药品不仅使病人的病情恶化，而且往往会威胁病人的生命。其次，假冒伪劣 产品通常廉价出售。在许多情况下，它们又干扰了我国正常的经济秩序，影响了许多高质量 产品的销路。这在很大程度上阻碍了我国社会主义市场经济的健康发展，并损害了我们国家 的利益。因此，我们可以说，假冒伪劣产品是我们健康经济中的一颗 “毒瘤”，对此必须尽快清除。 依我看，必须采取若干做事来与假冒伪劣产品斗争。一方面，制假者必须依法严惩。另一 方面，由于市场的日益复杂化消费者常会遇到欺诈行为。虽然有法律保护消费者，但是没有 足够数量的执法者来处理市场的全部流弊。所以，消费者应该学会辨别真假。只有这样，消 费者才能维护他们的合法权益。 As the picture given depicts，the socialist market-oriented economy in our country is developing rapidly,iust like a truck running at a high speed.But the general public is surprised to find that there are more and more fake and inferior products seriously hampering the expansion of our market economy．Consumers have to be very careful in purchasing goods and services they need； otherwise they will fall into the traps set by the illegal manufacturers． There is no doubt that fake and inferior products are extremely harmful．In the first place，they endanger people’s health, giving rise to a lot of injury accidents． For instance，inferior-quality medicines not only aggravate a patient’s condition．But also tend to threaten his life．Secondly，fake and inferior products are usually sold on the cheap．In many cases thev interfere with the normal economic order in our country,affecting the marketing of high-quality goods，This,in a great degree, hinders tne development of our socialist market economy and harms the interests of our state．Therefore，we can say that they are a dangerous“tumor”in our healthy economy,which must be cut away as soon as possible． In my opinion，several strong measures should be adopted to fight against fake and inferior products．On the one hand,those who make them deserved to be severely punished by the law. On the other hand，due to the growing complexity of the market ,consumers are often faced with deceptive practices．Although there are laws designed to protect consumers，there is not a sufficient number of law enforcers to cover all the abuses of the marketplace． Hence，consumers should learn to discern between true and false．Only in this way can they defend their own legal rights and interests．(296 words) (III) Writing(规定情景式作文) Directions：Wealth brings happiness.(财富带来幸福。) In this part，you are to write an essay．You can agree or disagree，completely or partially to the above statement But whatever position you take，you should give sound supporting reasons．At the end of your composition you are required to draw your own conclusion． You should write 1 60—200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2．(20 points) 财富一直是有些人所渴望的对象。确实，大多数人努力通过诚实的劳动来获取财富。他 们的努力对造福社会有好处， 同时也促进了他们财富的积累，因此也使他们更幸福。 毫无疑问，尤其是在现代社会里，财富带来幸福。各种现代化的家用电器、时装和娱乐 层出不穹、日新月异。这一切使我们的生活更为舒适、丰富多彩。因此，没有金钱，我们就 无法把羡慕变成现实。 但是，如果我们不能正确对待财富，那财富也会导致灾难。它可以促使意志薄弱者养成恶习， 如吸毒或赌博，并导致他们自身的毁灭。此外，如果一个人一心追求财富并沉溺于奢侈的生 活，他就会失去理智、误入岐途。 例如，甚至还有一些政府官员利用他们的职位向求助者 索贿。显然，如果我们不能正确对待财富的话，它也可能给我们带来灾难。 依我看，无论如何我们也不能把财富和幸福等同起来。我还认为人们永远也不应陔只依 仗财富去获得幸福。 Wealth has always been what some people long for. It is true that most of them try to acquire wealth by means of honest labor．Their efforts contribute to the welfare of the society and at the same time to the accumulation of their wealth．and hence to their happiness． There is no doube that wealth brings happiness，especially in the modern soclety.Various kinds of up—to—date household appliances，latest fashions and recreations make their appearance with each passing day．All this makes our life more comfortable and colorful． Therefore，without money we cannot turn admiration into reality Wealth,however,can also lead to disasters,if we have an inappropriate approach to it．Wealth may tempt weak-willed persons to be addicted to harmful habits， such as drug—taking and gambling，and result in their own rain．Besides,a person may lose his reason and go astray if he intends only to seek wealth and indulges himself in leading a luxurious life。For example，there are some government officials who take advantage of their positions to take bribes from the people turning to them for help．Obviously，wealth may bring us disasters if we don’t take a proper attitude to it． In my opinion，on no account can we equate happiness with wealth．I also believe that one should never reckon only on wealth to achieve happiness(224 words) (1V) Writing(图画提纲式议论文) Directions：Study the picture carefully and write an essay of 1 60—200 words in which you should 1）depict the present situation of private cars in Beijing， 2) offer reasons for or against owning private cars，and 3) give your own opinion on the issue。 北京拥有250万辆汽车。其中私家车达到170万辆。 随着生活水平的迅速提高，越来越多的北京居民拥有自己的汽车。统计数字表明，北京 有250万辆汽车，其中私家车达到170万辆。汽车数量的增加产生了一系列问题，如空气污 染、噪音、交通堵塞和汽油短缺。这样就引起了一场争论：北京是否应该鼓励私家车?人们对这个问题有不同的想法。 许多人反对拥有汽车。在他们看来，北京必须限制私家车。原因很明显。首先，汽车加 剧了空气污染。北京的空气严重污染。如果人们都要拥有私家车，已经污染的大气将变得更 脏。其次，私家车可能对北京业已拥挤的交通状况是一个可怕的威胁。如果更多的汽车开上 繁华的街道，交通堵塞将会更严重。这对我们大家来说确是公害。最后，汽车消耗大量燃料。 虽然中国拥有丰富的石油资源，但是它们正在日趋减少。所有这些事实只能有一种解决办法： 限止日益增长的汽车数量。 我的看法是北京不应该鼓励私家车。为把清洁的空气、宽阔安全的道路和富饶的石油资 源留给子孙后代，我们对私家车只能说“不”。至于对交通工具的巨大需求，我们可以发展 公交系统来代替私家车。总而言之，北京不需要私家车。 With the living standards rising rapidly,more and more Beijing residents have cars of their own.Statistics show that in Beijing alone,there are 2500,000 cars,among which private cars add up to(=number)1700.000.The increase in the number of cars brings about a lot of problems.such as air pollution,noise,traffic congestion and gas shortage.Then a controversy arises:whether private cars should be encouragee in Beijing?People differ in their opinions on it. Many residents are against owning cars. According to them,private cars have to be limited in Beijing.The reasons for it are obvious.To begin with,cars contribute to air pollution.Beijing is now plagued by serious air pollution .If people are to have cars of their own.the already contaminated atmosphere will get even dirtier.Secondly.private cars can be a terrible threat to the already heavy teaffic in the city.If more cars are allowed onto busy streets.there will be more traffic jams.which is really a public hazard to all of us.Finally,cars consume a large amount of fuel.Though China is rich in its oil resources, they are running out rapidly All these facts allow of only one solution:to limit the ever growing number of cars. In my opinion,pricate cars should be discouraged in Beijing.In order to leave clean air,.wide and safe roads and abundant energy resources to our descendants,we have to say:‖No‖ to private cars.As far as the great demand fou means of teansport is concerned,we can develop mass transit to take the place of private cars.In short,Beijing does not need private cars. (V) Directions：Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following drawing．In your essay，you should first describe the drawing，then interpret its meaning，and give your comment on it． “考试恐惧症” 通过考试来测试学生长期以来被认为是评估学生能力的可靠方法。可是不恰当的强调考 试已经产生了可怕的后果。正如这幅画所描绘的， 一个学童由于极度害怕考试躲在书桌底 下缩成一团，不肯去上学。他的父母亲正在努力安慰他，告诉他说， “孩子，出来吧，今天没有考试。” 这幅画暗示了考试对儿童心灵的有害影响。一方面，老师们往往利用各种测试来迫使学 在校努力学习。另一方面，许多家长认为学习成绩是评判孩子学习质量的惟一标准。常常发 生这样的事：儿童由于在某次考试中没考好而受到家长的严厉惩罚。因此，学生十分害怕考 试。 至于我，我认为，考试如果使用得当，是一种有效的评估形式。可是教师和家长有义务 鼓励学生把精力集中在学校里学习得好的功课上。学校的一项重要职责是力图使学生的兴趣 适合于他将来可能的工作。他们无论如何也不能把考试认为是激励学生学习知识的唯一手 段。 Testing students by examinations has long been regarded as a reliable way to assess students’competence.But disproportionate emphasis on examinations has brought about terrible results．As is depicted in the picture ,a schoolboy，frightened to death by examinations，huddles himself up under a desk,refusing to go to school．Hisparents are trying to comfort him，saying“Come out，there are no examinations today．’’ This drawing implies the harmful effect of examinations on children’Spsyche．On the one hand，teachers tend to make use of different kinds of testing to force students to work hard at sch001．On the other hand ,most parents think that school Redords are the sole criterion for judging the quality of a child’s work．It often happens that a child is punished heavily by his parents just because he does not do well in one examination or another．Therefore ,pupils are extremely afraid of taking examlnations．, As far as I’m concerned, examinations are all effective form of assessment if properly used．But teachers and parents should encourage pupils to concentrate on what they do well at sch001． And schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s interest to his possible future career．On no account should they reckon examination as the only means of stimulating pupils to pursue knowledge．(2 1 8 words) (V1) Writing(规定情景式作文) Directions：In this section，you are to write an essay of about 200 words within 40 minutes．Your essay should be based on the information given below． 现在许多人愿意乘飞机旅行。随着我国民航事业的迅速发展，全国各大城市兴建了许多 现代化的机场。乘飞机旅行有许多长处 (方便、快捷、省时、舒适等)；但是，空中旅行也有许多不足之处(机票价格贵，有的旅客不适应空中旅行，常常感到身体不适，甚至有人还 担心发生空难)。请你简单阐述上述两个方面。最后请你说明你的看法。 Your essay should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2． “ Many people prefer to travel by air. This is because air travel has some advantages. In the first place, airplane, the miracle created by man, is the fastest means of transport. It takes the least time for one to travel by air from one place to another. Secondly, traveling by air is convenient and comfortable. Friendly air hostesses are affectionate and considerate.They look after passengers all the way to their destinations． Moreover，on long distance flights there are films and music for people to entertain themselves. As a popular saying goes,"Everything has two sides．’The same is true of air travel．It has some disadvantages．too．For one thing，air travel costs a great deal The average Chinese are not rich enough to afford expensive air fares.So they prefer to take trains，which save a lot of money． For another，although passengers are assured of their safety,they are stil1 worried about it during the joumey because flying always involves more or less risk。 As far as I am concerned．the advantages mentioned above exceed the disadvantages．If I were given choice between traveling by air and traveling by train, I would certainly prefer the former.For me,time is money and it is the most important thing I have to．Take into consideration whateverI do．(216 words)