西藏百姓钟爱的珊瑚宝串

西藏百姓钟爱的珊瑚宝串 来源:西藏人文地理 作者:芥 子 从古代西藏到现在，珠佩也被视为财富，这不是象征的价值，而是实实在在的商品价值。在历史的每个时代，珠子与牛羊、粮食、日用品之间，都有等价的交换值。游牧民(或农耕人群)在需要时，都可以用珠子来交换生活必需品。在藏地人看来，珠子比货币更值得信任，这种普遍的价值观，在习惯了货币交易的内地人看来，有些不可思议。藏民族的珠饰多是外来品，而非本土产出，很长的时间里，珠子甚至替代了货币。 loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 在广袤的青藏高原，人们喜爱佩戴红珊瑚为装饰品，从康区一直到阿里，色彩浓艳的珊瑚配饰款式各异，多姿多彩。西藏的珊瑚饰品，让热爱西藏的我们惊艳于其生命般鲜艳的红色。那些珊瑚项链，珊瑚头饰，还有耳环与戒指，从海洋来到世界的屋脊，最后得到了藏人的万般宠爱。 “芝玛”入藏 珊瑚的英文名称为Coral来自拉丁语，藏人称为“芝玛”。 古代的西藏是欧亚大陆的聚宝盆。盛产黄金，麝香，羊绒的西藏，用无尽的财富换来了欧亚大陆的各色珠宝，西藏的珊瑚来源是多方位的，克什米尔，亚美尼亚，俄罗斯、尼泊尔„„等。商人们穿越喜马 -service card-e year month day to year month day year contract number selfn datform 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiratio e to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of recordCredit loan principal repayment, agre-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. I-tiono open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellaened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed ter of years in the loan contract are the top line oploan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum numb-ord form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum noReviewed by: date of rec、ntract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the co2Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature:-agree to write off loans. unused credit lines, -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. 拉雅，把产自地中海的珊瑚运输至日喀则、西宁的贸易中心，再分散至西藏各地。 而更高级的珊瑚则多来自中央政府的赐予。蒙古也有珊瑚输入西藏，有史料记载，西蒙古的卡尔梅克人曾将珊瑚运输到西藏，蒙古贵族藩王对西藏寺庙的供奉里，珊瑚也占了很大的比例。 藏民族佩戴红珊瑚的历史可追溯到吐蕃时期。藏人认为珊瑚具有防止灾祸、给人智慧、止血和驱热的功能，所以常把红珊瑚枝挂在小孩的脖子上，使红珊瑚蒙上一层神秘的神话色彩。珊瑚也是战士的护身符。藏民族崇尚红色，把珊瑚火红的颜色与太阳相联系。 红珊瑚在藏民生活中具有举足轻重的地位，他们对红珊瑚的喜爱不但是出于审美的需要，世俗生活的财富，更重要的是它体现了藏族人民豪放的文化精神和宗教信仰。同时，红珊瑚在藏族服饰的重要地位在一定程度上反映出汉、藏民族具有深远的宗教和文化联系。 藏族女子的珊瑚配饰，由桶型珊瑚珠串成，间隔绿松石，玛瑙，杂色为串，色彩搭配浓烈，再配上装有佛像，佛经的小银噶屋，华丽高贵，女子平时戴一串(约有30颗珠宝)，节日盛装时戴2至8串，男子则喜戴大珊瑚珠子，环绕胸前，英雄气十足。 红珊瑚还是是唐卡绘制中价格昂贵的颜料，将珊瑚磨制成粉末再用胶融合，便成了绘画唐卡不可或缺的红色颜料。 used credit lines, agree to write off loans. un-Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -e: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellationgnaturk opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager siy to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your banloan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month da-Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no、ct, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;ntraloan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the co3Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature:-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -ur bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: dateCredit loan principal repayment, yo-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -service card-ontract number selfellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year cLoan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancCredit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. - 在西藏还有山珊瑚的说法，特指一种在牧区出土的，红艳多虫眼的古代珊瑚，相传产自西藏的喜马拉雅山脉，是远古时期的珊瑚化石。事实上，西藏并不存在山珊瑚，这只是一个误传，西藏所有的珊瑚都来自深海，没有使用远古珊瑚化石的现象。西藏有世间所有的珍宝都会回归地下的传说，而山珊瑚的说法，可能来自这种传说吧。 珊瑚的佩戴 西藏的珊瑚珠子多出自明清两代，形状为圆筒形，尺寸从几毫米到五六厘米不等。不同于现代的珊瑚珠子，古代珊瑚珠子的孔道大，由于长时间绳子的摩擦，孔道呈现水滴形状。那种色泽粉红的珊瑚，是明清两代的流行色，从北京的皇室到蒙藏牧民，都喜欢这种柔和的珊瑚，俗称为孩儿面。 历史上，西藏贵族的珊瑚饰品都是用高级别的红珊瑚制成，色彩纯正，形状工整，尺寸大，没有虫眼和白斑。这种高级别的珊瑚，在哪个时代就是价格惊人的奇珍异宝，多由中央政府，蒙古藩王赐予，世代在大家族中流传，很少出现在民间。作为西藏古代珊瑚的收藏者，能收集到旧时贵族的珊瑚珠，珊瑚枝饰品，也很不容易。 康藏地区的康巴服饰与配饰中，男装饰品有金银镶边的红珊瑚大耳环，珊瑚、玛瑙、琥珀等珠宝项链;康巴女装则是佩戴由银和金铸造中间镶嵌红珊瑚的“梅朵”头饰，都体现出藏民偏爱红珊瑚的强烈民族情感。 Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. I-tiono open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellaened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed ter of years in the loan contract are the top line oploan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum numb-ord form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum noReviewed by: date of rec、ntract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the co4Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature:-agree to write off loans. unused credit lines, -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -service card-e year month day to year month day year contract number selfn datform 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiratio e to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of recordCredit loan principal repayment, agre-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. - 历史上，红珊瑚与佛教关系密切，珊瑚与金、银、珍珠、玛瑙、琥珀、琉璃并列称为“佛教七宝”。印度和西藏人视珊瑚为如来佛的化身，会用珊瑚用来做佛珠，但普通的修行者无法使用这种价格昂贵的佛珠，只有喇嘛高僧才会持有红珊瑚所制的念珠。珊瑚佛珠是藏地佛教的珍惜法物，在清宫旧藏里，有馈赠与西藏大喇嘛的珊瑚佛珠，皆由正圆的珊瑚珠串成，色泽纯美，工整漂亮，藏人与信仰的虔诚，赋予老珊瑚佛珠温润的光泽，数辈大德恳切的吟念真言，让珠子有了奇妙的灵气，修持或者禅定中，老珊瑚佛珠有如良师，在默化里引导菩提慧根。 400多年前，医药大师李时珍先生在经典名著《本草纲目》中记载珊瑚有:“去翳明目，安神镇惊。目生翳障，惊痫，鼻巾丑”等功效。珊瑚石有止呕吐、止泻、止血、治腰痛、小儿惊风、清热解毒、化痰止咳、排汗利尿等作用。 珊瑚的医用价值是其自身魅力之一，在汉藏地区，人们都用珊瑚来配治疗疾病的药物，在藏医里有珊瑚七十味丸，二十五味珊瑚丸等珍贵藏药。 五世达赖对西藏贵族服饰的改革与制定，规定了贵族佩戴珊瑚珠的款式，如，清代《西藏图考》记载，右耳垂珊瑚坠，用大珊瑚两颗，上下金镶，名，工工。在贵族服饰珠饰里珊瑚与蜜蜡等珠子被誉为神珠宝。 -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -e: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellationgnaturk opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager siy to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your banloan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month da-Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no、ct, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;ntraloan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the co5Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature:-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -ur bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: dateCredit loan principal repayment, yo-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -service card-ontract number selfellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year cLoan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancCredit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. -used credit lines, agree to write off loans. un 十七世纪，噶厦政府正式规定了官员贵族穿戴的宝饰装款式，这种在大法会，藏历新年初二的庆典中穿着的高贵服饰中，硕大红润的珊瑚项链极为醒目。今天我们在藏地牧区节日里看到的，牧民们穿戴的耀眼珠饰，就是对旧时贵族宝饰装的模仿。 古代西藏民间的珊瑚饰品，要简单很多，就是几颗小珊瑚珠儿随意地串在绳子上，然而就这几颗珊瑚，也是牧民几辈子的积攒，嫁自家女儿时，作为隆重的陪嫁，万分珍惜，但在需要供奉菩萨时，却也会毫不犹豫的将自己的珊瑚奉献出去，让它成为寺庙里菩萨佛像的璎珞挂饰。 珊瑚的鉴别 在西藏，真伪珊瑚的辨别方法很简单，藏人会用珊瑚轻轻敲击牙齿，从细微的硬度来区分珊瑚和塑料仿品，这是感觉上的辨别方式，对珊瑚缺乏了解的人会很难理解，如何用牙齿辨认真伪。 在城市的我们只需要将珊瑚送至专门的地质矿场部门鉴定就可以了。 仿制珊瑚与真珊瑚价格差距很大，低仿的塑料制品，很容易分辨。最难分辨的是十八世纪的料器(赛璐璐)仿珊瑚，那时制作的假珊瑚，色泽逼真，纹理自然，还有人为的虫眼，为了重量会在料器(赛璐璐)里填充铅，极难分辨，对西藏古代珠子经验丰富的康巴商人有时都会买错。还有一种，就是残破珊瑚的再次拼贴，也要注意。 Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. I-tiono open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellaened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed ter of years in the loan contract are the top line oploan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum numb-ord form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum noReviewed by: date of rec、ntract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the co6Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature:-agree to write off loans. unused credit lines, -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -service card-e year month day to year month day year contract number selfn datform 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiratio e to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of recordCredit loan principal repayment, agre-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. - 对真伪的鉴别，只有多看真的，多摸真的，自然就会对假的有排斥。流传的一些鉴别方式都不是绝对的，还是要告诫喜爱珊瑚的朋友们，多看真的，才会认知假的。 海竹有的也称为象牙珊瑚，以有竹节状为特征，通常为白色、土黄色等。树枝状，沿树枝常有纵向纹理，横截面有同心环和放射状纹理，分布于西太平洋海域。市场上销售通常都进行染色，多为红色，仅附着在 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 面，切磨后露出本色。大多作为项链、念珠、摆件等。 海竹染色是近来常见的假冒珊瑚，它和珊瑚的区别在于海竹染色有明显的纵纹理、颜色均匀，给人以呆死涩的感觉，没有珊瑚细腻的纹理的特征，海竹被普遍的用于替代真品珊瑚，但容易分辨。 白珊瑚的染色，也很普遍，商家将价格比较低的白珊瑚进行再次的染色，冒充红珊瑚，染色的珊瑚，色泽不自然，呈现一种干枯的红色，但这种染过色的珊瑚，若是久经佩戴，便几乎无法分辨。 有时，价格是辨别珊瑚真伪的最有效的方法，珊瑚作为一种价格贵重的有机宝石，绝不会很便宜的出现在市场上。 Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -e: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellationgnaturk opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager siy to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your banloan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month da-Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no、ct, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;ntraloan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the co7Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature:-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -ur bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: dateCredit loan principal repayment, yo-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -service card-ontract number selfellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year cLoan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancCredit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. -used credit lines, agree to write off loans. un-