白酒酿造工艺1

白酒酿造工艺1 白酒的酿造工艺流程主要有哪些, 酿酒基本原理和过程主要包括:酒精发酵、淀粉糖化、制曲、原料处理、蒸馏取酒、老熟陈酿、勾兑调味等。 (1)酒精发酵 酒精发酵是酿酒的主要阶段,糖质原料如水果、糖蜜等,其本身含有丰富的葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖等成分,经酵母或细菌等微生物的作用可直接转变为酒精。 酒精发酵过程是一个非常复杂的生化过程,有一系列连续反应并随之产生许多中间产物,其中大约有30多种化学反应,需要一系列酶的参加。酒精是发酵过程的主要产物。除酒精之外,被酵母菌等微生物合成的其他物质及糖质原料中的固有成分如芳香化合物、有机酸、单宁、维生素、矿物质、盐、酯类等往往决定了酒的品质和风格。酒精发酵过程中会产生的二氧化碳会增加发酵温度,因此必须合理控制发酵的温度,当发酵温度高于30,34?,酵母菌就会被杀死而停止发酵。除糖质原料本身含有的酵母之外,还可以使用人工培养的酵母发酵,因此酒的品质因使用酵母等微生物的不同而各具风味和特色。 (2)淀粉糖化 糖质原料只需使用含酵母等微生物的发酵剂便可进行发酵;而含淀粉质的谷物原料等,由于酵母本身不含糖化酶，淀粉是由许多葡萄糖分子组成，所以采用含淀粉质的谷物酿酒时,还需将淀粉糊化,使之变为糊精、低聚糖和可发酵性糖的糖化剂。糖化剂中不仅含有能分解淀粉的酶类,而且含有一些能分解原料中脂肪、蛋白质、果胶等的其他酶类。曲和麦芽是酿酒常用的糖化剂，麦芽是大麦浸泡后发芽而成的制品,西方酿酒糖化剂惯用麦芽;曲是由谷类、麸皮等培养霉菌、乳酸菌等组成的制品。一些不是利用人工分离选育的微生物而自然培养的大曲和小曲等，往往具有糖化剂和发酵剂的双重功能。将糖化和酒化这两个步骤合并起来同时进行，称之为复式发酵法。 (3)制曲 酒曲亦称酒母,多以含淀粉的谷类(大麦、小麦、麸皮)、豆类、薯类和含葡萄糖的果类为原料和培养基,经粉碎加水成块或饼状,在一定温度下培育而成。酒曲中含有丰富的微生物和培养基成分,如霉菌、细菌、酵母菌、乳酸菌等,霉菌中有曲霉菌、根霉菌、毛霉菌等有益的菌种,“曲为酒之母,曲为酒之骨,曲为酒之魂”。曲是提供酿酒用各种酶的载体。中国是曲蘖的故乡,远在3000多年前,中国人不仅发明了曲蘖,而且运用曲蘖进行酿酒。酿酒质量的高低取决于制曲的工艺水平,历史久远的中国制曲工艺给世界酿酒业带来了极其广阔和深远的影响。 中国制曲的工艺各具传统和特色,即使在酿酒科技高度发展的今天,传统作坊式的制曲工艺仍保持着原先的本色,尤其是对于名酒,传统的制曲工艺奠定了酒的卓越品质。 (4)原料处理 a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel 无论是酿造酒,还是蒸馏酒,以及两者的派生酒品,制酒用的主要原料均为糖质原料或淀粉质原料。为了充分利用原料,提高糖化能力和出酒率,并形成特有的酒品风格,酿酒的原料都必须经过一系列特定工艺的处理,主要包括原料的选择配比及其状态的改变等。环境因素的控制也是关键的环节。 糖质原料以水果为主,原料处理主要包括根据成酒的特点选择品种、采摘分类、除去腐烂果品和杂质、破碎果实、榨汁去梗、澄清抗氧、杀菌等。 淀粉质原料以麦芽、米类、薯类、杂粮等为主，采用复式发酵法，先糖化、后发酵或糖化发酵同时进行。原料品种及发酵方式的不同,原料处理的过程和工艺也有差异性。中国广泛使用酒曲酿酒，其原料处理的基本工艺和程序是精碾或粉碎，润料(浸米)，蒸煮(蒸饭)，摊凉(淋水冷却)，翻料，入缸或入窖发酵等。 (5)蒸馏取酒 所谓蒸馏取酒就是通过加热,利用沸点的差异使酒精从原有的酒液中浓缩分离，冷却后获得高酒精含量酒品的工艺。在正常的大气压下,水的沸点是100?，酒精的沸点是78.3?,将酒液加热至两种温度之间时,就会产生大量的含酒精的蒸汽，将这种蒸汽收人管道并进行冷凝,就会与原[FS:PAGE]来的科液分开，从而形成高酒精含量的酒品。在蒸馏的过程中，原汁酒液中的酒精被蒸馏出来予以收集，并控制酒精的浓度。原汁酒中的味素也将一起被蒸馏，从而使蒸馏的酒品中带有独特的芳香和口味。 (6)酒的老熟和陈酿 酒是具有生命力的，糖化、发酵、蒸馏等一系列工艺的完成并不能说明酿酒全过程就已终结，新酿制成的酒品并没有完全完成体现酒品风格的物质转化，酒质粗劣淡寡，酒体欠缺丰满，固以新酒必须经过特定环境的窖藏。经过一段时间的贮存后，醇香和美的酒质才最终形成并得以深化。通常将这一新酿制成的酒品窖香贮存的过程称为老熟和陈酿。 (7)勾兑调味 勾兑调味工艺，是将不同种类、陈年和产地的原酒液半成品(白兰地、威士忌等)或选取不同档次的原酒液半成品(中国白酒、黄酒等)按照一定的比例，参照成品酒的酒质标准进行混合、调整和校对的工艺。勾兑调校能不断获得均衡协调、质量稳定、风格传统地道的酒品。 酒品的勾兑调味被视为酿酒的最高工艺，创造出酿酒活动中的一种精神境界。从工艺的角度来看，酿酒原料的种类、质量和配比存在着差异性，酿酒过程中包含着诸多工序，中间发生许多复杂的物理、化学变化，转化产生几十种甚至几百种有机成分，其中有些机理至今还未研究清楚，而勾兑师的工作便是富有技巧地将不同酒质的酒品按照一定的比例进行混合调校，在确保酒品总体风格的前提下，以得到整体均匀一致的市场品种标准。 以大曲酒的酿造为例，其具体流程可用图表解析如下: a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel (3)粉碎 五种粮食按比例准确配料后经充分粉碎拌匀(均匀度)90%)，将五种粮食粉碎。粉碎的技术要求是:高粱、大米、糯米、小麦的粉碎度为4、6、8瓣，无整粒混入。玉米的粉碎颗粒相当于前四种，五大于1/4厘的混入。五种混合粮粉能同通过20目筛的细粉不超过20%。 (4)蒸糠 糠壳是酿酒中采用的优良填充剂，也是调整酸度、水分和淀粉含量的最佳材料，但康克中含有果胶质(0.4%)和多缩戊糖(16.9%)等，在发酵和蒸煮过程中能生成甲醇和糠醛等物质。蒸糠可去除糠壳中异杂味及生糠味。所以，在酿酒工艺上规定蒸糠的时间不得低于30分钟，并且提前蒸糠，拌料时必须使用熟(冷)糠。 (5)开窖 发酵期满的窖应去掉封泥，取糟蒸酒。粮糟窖的发酵期为70天;回沙(丢糟)窖的发酵期为15天。 时，应严格区分开面糟和母糟，将起出的面糟运至堆糟场，堆成圆堆，尽量拍光、拍紧，取糟 并撒上一层熟(冷)糠，窖池上搭盖塑料膜，减少酒份挥发损失。 当起糟至有黄水时，停止起糟，并打黄水坑进行滴窖。滴窖时间24小时，前12小时每2小时以内舀一次黄水，做到滴窖勤舀。黄水可入锅底串蒸。滴窖完毕后，继续起糟，整口窖池起完糟后，及时清扫窖池。打黄水坑、舀黄水及起底糟前，应将窖内二氧化碳排出。 (6)配料、拌和、润粮 配料前，必须根据母糟、黄水鉴定情况准确配料。如上层母糟干要打入润粮水;金黄色母糟是由于糠大水大造成的，就要减糠减水;母糟残存淀粉过高就要减少投粮;母糟残糖高就要注意打量水操作等等。 上甑前1小时将粮粉倒入母糟(第一甑30分钟前)进行拌和润料;拌匀后堆成堆并立即拍光拍紧，撒上一层熟(冷)糠，减少挥发损失。工艺上成为合理润料，时间60-75分钟。上甑前5-10分钟将熟(冷)糠(按粮粉比的23-27%)计量倒于粮糟堆上进行拌和(同粮粉拌合)。 操作要点:三准确、两均匀 配粮要准确:根据冷热季投粮标准和母糟含残淀粉量配粮，冷季:20-22%，热季18-22%。 配糟要准确:根据甑的大小、起母糟量每甑应基本一致，出入控制在3%以内。 a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel 配糠要准确:按工艺标准:粮糠比为23-27%，假如熟(冷)糠，使粮糟疏松不糙。 拌粮要均匀:拌和粮粉时，必须做到无“灰包、疙瘩、白杆”出现，充分拌和均匀。 拌糠要均匀:(同拌粮标准)不能使用生糠、热糠拌料。红糟、面糟用糠量视糟醅情况确定，尽量少用。粮粉与糠不能同时倒入。拌和时要快翻快拌，次数不可过多，时间不可过长。 (7)上甑 上甑前先检查底锅水是否清洁及底锅水量是否符合要求;检查活动甑是否安稳安平。若需要回蒸黄水、酒尾，则先将黄水、酒尾倒入锅底中。随即撒薄薄一层糠壳于甑底，再上3-5厘米厚的糟醅，才开启加热蒸汽，压力为0.03-0.05兆帕。继续探汽上甑，即将满甑时关小气阀，满甑后用木刮将甑内糟醅刮成中底边高(中间略低于4-5厘米)，刮后穿气盖盘(上甑至穿气盖盘时间大于35分钟)，接上过汽弯管，注满甑沿和弯管两接头处管口的密封水。 上甑操作要点: 上甑要平，穿汽要匀，探汽上甑，不准跑汽，轻撒匀铺，切忌重倒，甑内穿汽一致，严禁起堆塌汽。上甑未满或剩余糟醅不得少于或超过15千克。 (8)蒸馏摘酒 蒸馏时要掌握缓火(汽)流酒，大火(汽)蒸粮的原则。馏酒是，入甑的蒸汽压力小于或等于0.03兆帕;蒸粮时，入甑蒸汽压力控制在0.03-0.05兆帕;盖盘至出甑时间要求大于或等于45分钟，使粮粉达到内无生心，熟而不粘的标准。 摘酒时，以感官品尝判断酒质，切实做到边尝边摘(流酒速度:2-2.5kg/分钟，流酒温:20-30?)。先摘取酒头0.5千克;然后根据酒质情况量质摘酒，凡符合调味酒的摘为调味酒，符合优级酒的摘为优级酒，依此类推，将酒按级入库。 (9)出甑、摊晾 出甑前先关汽阀，取下弯管，揭开甑盖，将糟醅运至晾糟床附近。随即进行一下操作: a、收堆:将出甑的糟醅收堆。 b、打量水:量水的温度必须在80?以上;量水用量(水粮比)75-90%;量水必须泼洒均匀，严禁打“竹筒水”。打量水完毕后经堆闷的糟醅用铁锨均匀地铺到晾床上，开启风扇，勤翻勤划2-3次，打散疙瘩，测温后摊晾结束。 c、撒曲、拌和:大曲用量(曲粮比)20%。散曲时要做到低撒匀铺，减少飞扬的损失;将大曲粉均匀翻划入糟醅中。 d、 收摊场:将曲拌匀后的糟醅运入窖池，将晾糟床及周围的糟醅清扫干净。 a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel (10)入窖 糟醅入窖前先将窖池清扫干净，撒上1-1.5千克的曲粉。糟醅入窖后要踩窖，然后找五个测温点(四角和中间)，插上温度计，检查后做好记录。入窖温度标准是:地温在20?以下时，为16-20?;地温为20?以上时，与地温持平。窖池按规定装满粮糟后必须踩紧拍光，放上竹篾，再做一甑红糟覆盖在粮糟上并踩紧拍光，将粮糟封盖好。 (11)封窖管理 入窖后的糟要在密封隔气隔热条件下进行发酵，按要求应做好以下操作: a、封窖 封窖泥的质量:老窖泥应加新黄泥，做到干稀适度，粘性好，密度良好。 用铁锨将封窖泥铲在窖池糟醅上压实拍光，厚度在12-15厘米，厚薄要均匀。 b、窖池管理 封窖后15天左右必须每天清窖，15天后1-2天清窖一次，保持窖帽表面清洁，无杂物、避 免裂口。窖帽上出现裂口必须及时清理、避免透气、跑香、烂糟。 (12)窖内酒醅温度、含酒量变化 a、窖内品温最高点:热季需5-8天，每天以0.5-4?的速度升至36-40?达到最高点;冷季需要7-9天，每天以0.5-3?的速度上升至32-36?达到最高点。实际生产中每当发酵1%的淀粉升温为1.3-1.5?。 b、升温幅度:热季8-12?(多数为10?);冷季为10-16?(多数为13-14?)。 c、窖内最高温度稳定期:一般为四天左右。 d、窖内降温情况:稳定期后，每天以0.25-1?之间缓慢下降。下降期间随时又出现稳定期，但长短不一，根据情况一般为2-8天。发酵期到30-40天，已经降至最低温;冷季22-25?，热季27-30?，就不会再降了，一直稳定到70天开窖。发酵规律可以用“前缓、中挺、后缓落”概括。 e、酒精含量:酒精含量在窖池中随升温上升，一般在稳定期后，酒精含量达到最高点，随着发酵期延长，窖内酸、酯等物质的增加，酒精略有下降。 a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel