英语报刊新闻标题专讲

nullnullHeadlinesenullThe Significance of Newspaper Reading Good learning Resources for English learners for the rich vocabulary, which includes various idioms, common sayings and diverse phrases. 2. Enable the learners to enhance their reading ability by providing authentic English learning material. 3. To broaden the readers’ horizon and be familiar with the American & British cultures. 4. Good helper for the learners to improve their writing skill, due to the expert use of various writing techniques like personification, irony etc. in features . null1.《美英报刊文章(精选本)》        周学艺    庞广廉    马忠    牛健编著        北京大学出版社 2.《报刊英语-如何读英语报刊》        李自强主编    吴世忠    王铁民    朱伟容编写    外语教学与研究出版社 3.《美英报刊的阅读与理解》        潘维洛等编著    中国对外翻译出版公司 4. 《英语报刊阅读教程》 张健主编 外语教学与研究出版社nullPart I: Grammatical Features Part II: Wording Features Part III: Rhetorical Featuresnull1. Omission 2. Tense 3. Voice 4. Punctuationnull1. Omission Omission of function words, such as articles, possessive pronouns, ‘be’ verbs, auxiliary verbs, etc. 省略冠词、物主代词、系动词、助动词,等等 null 37 Killed in Italian Plane Crash => 37 (are) Killed in an Italian Plane Crash Bush’s Approval Rating Plunges to New Low => Bush’s Approval Rating Plunges to a New Low Police Rush to Shut Down Performance by Underdressed Actresses(演员衣着过于暴露，警方及时勒令停演） => The Police Rush to Shut Down the Performance by the Underdressed Actresses null Laurel, Aquino Cut Ties Laurel and Aquino Cut (their) Ties (劳雷尔和阿基诺夫人分道扬镳） 　 Gunfire, Explosions Rock Mumbai Hotel => Gunfire and Explosions Rock (a) Mumbai Hotel 　 nullMother, Daughter Share Fulbright Year => (A) Mother (and) Her Daughter Share (a) Fulbright Year 母女同享富布莱特访学年nullHeadless bodies Dumped in Mexico Headless bodies are dumped in Mexico. Political Efforts Vital to Reform- Party Leader(党的领导人说：改革一定要讲政治） Political Efforts Are Vital to Reform- Party Leader null Financier Killed By Burglars （窃贼夜行窃，金融家遇害） (A) Financier Is Killed By Burglars 　　 Moscow’s Food Prices Soaring => Moscow’s Food Prices Are Soaring null有时保留冠词、连词和系动词等虚词：顾全某些习语或词组的完整性 e.g: 1) Combat on the Web 网络之战 2）TB on the Rise Again in London 伦敦地区结核病卷土重来ExercisesExercisesGlobal Poll: Fashion Models “Too Thin” A Global Poll: Fashion Models are “Too Thin” What Decling Registration Rate for Post-Grad Exam Mean? What Does the Decling Registration Rate for the Post-Grad Exam Mean? 3 in 10 mid-Life Couples Abandon Sex for Stress from Life 3 in 10 mid-Life Couples Abandon Their Sex for the Stress from Life Great Wall at Top of “World’s New Seven Wonders” The Great Wall is at the Top of the “World’s New Seven Wonders” nullBoth Ends of Films to be Shortened Both Ends of Films Are to be Shortened Lots of Fruit in Childhood Cuts Adult Cancer Risk Lots of Fruit in One’s Childhood Cuts an Adult Cancer Risk US, Russia Warned of Repeat of Cold War The US and Russia Are Warned of a Repeat of the Cold War nullKing's Speech seeks Oscars crown Irish opposition claims poll win Headless bodies dumped in Mexico Three killed in Tunisia protests Egypt backs constitution changes N Korea issues threat on leaflets China's Wen in online Q&A session null 新闻标题中一般不用过去时态，而采用现在时态，使读者阅报时一如置身于这条新闻事件中，这叫做“新闻现在时”(Journalistic Present Tense)，与文学写作中的“历史现在时”(Historical Present Tense)实际上完全一样。 null英语新闻标题中常用的动词时态主要有三种：一般现在时、现在进行时和一般将来时。现分述如下： null新闻用了过去时态，容易给人一种陈旧感，被认为新闻不“新”。 e.g: Heavy Rain Lashed City vs Heavy Rain Lashes City 一般现在时从形式上来增强报道的 新鲜感(Freshness) 现实感(Reality) 直接感(Immediacy) 此外，标题采用动词的一般现在时还可省去动词过去式构成中常见的“ed”两个字母，节省标题字数。 nullRussian Leader Meets Fidel Castro In Cuba (Russian Leader Meets (Met) Fidel Castro In King’s Speech seeks Oscars Crown Egypt Backs Constitution Changes 注意：当标题中出现时间状语时，动词用过去时。例如： Unemployment in U.K. Increased in October 十月份英国失业率上升 null对于正在发生的事态或动作,英语新闻标题采用“Be＋现在分词”这一形式，但其中“Be”又通常省略。因此，剩下的ing分词便在新闻标题中直接表示正在进行的动作或正在发展的事态。例如： nullBBC Considering Starting Global Television Service (BBC is Considering Starting (the) Global Television Service） 　　 UK stopping aid to 16 countries UK is stopping aid to 16 countries null标题中动词的将来时： 1）will+动词原形 Next Century will Challenge Law of Land 2）更多采用“be＋动词不定式”，其中be通常省略，以节省标题字数。即动词不定式在英语新闻标题中可直接表示未来动作。例如： nullRomania to Buy Iran Oil at $35 a Barrel =>Romania is to Buy Iran Oil at $35 a Barrel Largest Chinese Trade Delegation to Visit US in Nov. Largest Chinese Trade Delegation is to Visit US in Nov. Kaymer to become world number one Kaymer is to become world number one null1. Global Poll: Fashion Models “Too Thin” 2. What Declining Registration Rate for Post-Grad Exam Mean? 3. Bush’s Approval Rating Plunges to New Low 4. Great Wall at Top of “World’s New Seven Wonders” 5. Both Ends of Films to Be Shortened 6. Lots of Fruit in Childhood Cuts Adult Cancer Risk 7. US, Russia Warned of Repeat of Cold War null1. A Global Poll Shows Fashion Models are “Too Thin”(全球调查：时装模特“太瘦”） 2. What Does the Declining Registration Rate for the Post-Grad Exam Mean?(考研热为何降温？） 3. Bush’s Approval Rating Plunges to a New Low(布什支持率跌至历史新低） 4. The Great Wall is at the Top of the “World’s New Seven Wonders”(长城跻身“世界新七大奇迹”之首） 5. Both Ends of Films are to Be Shortened(片头片尾将“减肥”） 6. Lots of Fruit in one’s Childhood Cuts an Adult Cancer Risk(孩提时水果摄入多 成年后癌症风险低） 7. The US and Russia are Warned of a Repeat of the Cold War (俄美受到警告，谨防冷战重现） null英语新闻标题中,动词表示被动语态时，被动语态结构“be＋过去分词”中的助动词“be”通常被省略。即，用过去分词直接表示被动语态。同时，“by”和它引出的动作的执行者也经常省略。如： Journalist Fired in Spy Debate A Journalist is Fired in a Spy Debate (涉嫌间谍案纠纷 一记者被炒鱿鱼） Three killed in Tunisia protest Three are killed in Tunisia protestnull13 crimes removed from death penalty list 13 crimes are removed from death penalty list China's newly revised Criminal Law eliminated the death penalty for 13 economy-related crimes, as the country moved to restructure its penalty system and better protect human rights.nullEurope Tested by Financial Crisis (Europe is Tested by Financial Crisis) 33 Killed in Northeast India Fighting (33 are Killed in Northeast India Fighting) nullNote:其实，英文新闻标题使用动词的主动语态的频率远远超过被动语态。因为从修辞角度而言，主动语态比被动语态更加丰富多彩且发乎自然，读之朗朗上口。只有在事件或动作的接受者比执行者更重要时才使用被动语态，突出强调宾语部分，引起读者注意。null 英语新闻标题一贯注重结构精练，不使用标点的情况占了绝大多数。例如，使用陈述句的标题都省略句号。即便使用某个标点符号，其主要目的不外乎两种: 1. 区分表示各句子成分或意群之间的关系； 2. 进一步节省标题字数。 null(1)、逗号(comma)常被用来代替连词“and”，表示并列成分之间的停顿。例如： Guangzhou Fair Closes, Trade Booms =》The Guangzhou Fair Closes And The Trade Booms （广交会闭幕 交易量火爆） null(2)、冒号(colon)除了用在引语之前表示“说”外，还经常被用来代替联系动词“Be”。例如： Health Survey: New Yorker Fitter, Slimmer =》Health Survey says (that) New Yorker is Fitter and Slimmer （健康调查称纽约人更加健康和苗条) Shanghai: Resplendent Pearl Of New China. =》Shanghai Is A Resplendent Pearl Of New China （上海：新中国的璀璨明珠） null (3)、破折号(dash) 主要用于在引进某一说法时交代说话者身份，既可以表示引语本身可能比说话人更重要，又可使标题内容更加直接、真实。例如： Political Efforts Vital to Reform--- Party Leader => Party Leader says that Political Efforts Are Vital to Reform 　　 World Unity Against Terrorism Needed--- Brown Brown says that World Unity Against Terrorism is Needed (布朗表示：全世界需联手反恐） null(4)、用分号(semicolon) 表示两层意思 （书） The Gay-Marriage Flap; The Government is out of Step (also Rhyme) （同性婚姻遭抨击；政府背离公众舆论） (5)、用单引号代替双引号(single/double quotation marks) Iran’s nuclear threat ‘hyped’, says UN watchdog （联合国观察机构表示：伊朗核威胁被“夸大”）null英语新闻标题大都喜欢选用：字形短小、音节不多而意义又比较广泛的词 优势： 不但可节省、美化版面，还可增强新闻的简洁性和可读性 这些小词均为带有新闻体特色的词汇，并且词义范畴很宽，新闻英语称这类词为“万能同义词”(synonyms of all work)。null1. Allowance to be cut in 200,000 families (政府消减津贴波及二十万家庭） 比较：reduced 2. Reshuffle axes France’s cabinet (法国政府改组 阁员人数锐减） 比较：reduce drastically 3. Ethiopia Jails Jews Escaping to Israel (逃往以色列未果 埃犹太人险囹圄） 比较：put into prisonnull体会： US Refuses to Back Environment Fund Europe Hold Talks to End Tension in Yugoslavia World Eyes Mid-East Peace Talknullaid＝assist; help air=publicize; express alter＝change or modify ask＝inquire axe=dismiss; reduce assail= denounce back= support ban＝prohibit or forbid Bar= prevent Bare=expose; reveal; disclose blast＝explode Block; balk= obstruct; impede begin＝commence boost＝increase check＝examine claim＝cause the death of ... clash＝disagree strongly curb＝control or restrict dip＝decline or decrease Begin= commence ease＝lessen bid= attempt end＝terminate Bilk= cheat Bolt= desert; abandon Boost= increase Buy= purchase Cite= mention Curb=control; restrict Ease= lessen; alleviate End= terminate Due=schedule flay＝criticize flout＝insult foil＝prevent from grill＝investigate gut＝destroy head＝direct hold＝arrest nullmap＝work out（制订） mark＝celebrate（庆祝） name＝appoint or nominate opt＝choose peril＝endanger pledge＝determine（发誓） plot＝conspire（预谋，密谋策划） poise＝ready for action（作好准备） probe＝investigate raid＝attack（进攻） rap＝criticize rebuke＝criticize slay＝murder（谋杀）　　 soar＝skyrocket（急剧上升） swap＝exchange（交流，交换） sway＝influence（影响） trim＝reduce（削减） vow＝determine（决心，发誓） weigh＝consider（考虑） nullaccord=agreement(协议） aid＝assistance（帮助） aim=purpose(目的） arms= weapons (武器） blast＝explosion（爆炸） body＝committee, commission（委员会） clash＝controversy; dispute（冲突） crash＝collision（碰撞，坠毁） 　　deal＝agreement, transaction（协议，交易） envoy＝ambassador（大使） fake＝counterfeit（赝品，骗局） fete＝celebration（庆祝（活动）） feud＝strong dispute（严重分歧） flop＝failure（失败） 　　 freeze＝stabilization（（物价、工资等）冻结） 　　 nullgems＝ jewels (珠宝；首饰） nod＝approval（许可，批准） 　　 pact＝agreement, treaty（条约，协议） 　　 poll＝election, public opinion poll（投票选举，民意测验） 　　 probe＝investigation（调查） 　　 pullout＝withdrawal（撤退，撤离） 　　 rift＝separation（隔离，分离） 　　 set＝ready（准备） 　　　 step＝progress（进程，进步） 　　 strife＝conflict（冲突，矛盾） talk=negotiation(谈判） 　　 ties＝(diplomatic) relations（（外交）关系） K:\newspaper reading\Twin Bombings Rock Central Baghdad.docnulle.g.: 1. Xi Jinping appointed Vice-chairman of CMC （习近平当选中央军委副主席） CMC：Central Military Commission G20 FM meeting closes with agreement on IMF reform, exchange rates (20国集团财长会议闭幕，就国际货币基金组织改革及汇率问题达成一致） G20: the Group of 20 FM: Finance Minister IMF: International Monetary Fund null作用&特点： 既可节省版面标题词数，又能更好地提示新闻内容，使人读来颇感简洁易记，还可使版面编排减少沉闷之感。 无论是常见的还是陌生的，其全称一般均能在消息正文的第一段即导语（lead)中找到，不解之处便可迎刃而解了。 英语新闻标题中经常出现的缩略词主要分为三类： null1、组织机构等专有名称 CPPCC=Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference UNESCO＝United Nations Educational, Scientific And Cultural Organization　　 IMF＝International Monetary Fund 　　 ASEAN＝Association Of Southeast Asian Nations WTO＝World Trade Organization 　　 OPEC＝Organization Of Petroleum Exporting Countries 　　 　IOC＝International Olympic Committee　　 NASA＝National Aeronautics And Space Administration WHO＝World Health Organization 　　 IAEA= International Atomic Energy Agencynull2、常见事物名称： Aids（艾滋病）【获得性免疫功能丧失综合症】(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome UFO＝Unidentified Flying Object DJI＝Dow-Jones Index CPI=Consumer Price Index 　　 PR＝Public Relations　　 SALT＝Strategic Arms Limitation Talks（限制战略武器会谈） 　　 SDI＝Strategic Defense Initiative（战略防御措施） 　 GMT＝Greenwich Mean Time JV=Joint Venture IPR=Intellectual Property Rightsnull3、职业、职务或职称的简称，如MP（议员）。 又如： PM＝Prime Minister（总理；首相） FM= Foreign Minister 外长; Finance Minister 财长 DM= Defense Minister 国防部长 　　 GM＝General Manager总经理 CEO= Chief Executive Officer 首席执行官 CFO= Chief Financial Officer 首席财务官 　　CMO= Chief Market Officer 首席市场总监 CTO= Chief Technology Office首席技术官 COO= Chief Operating Officer 首席运营官 VIP＝Very Important Person贵宾；要人 　　 TP＝Traffic Policeman交通警察 　　 PA＝Personal Assistant私人助理 null留头去尾： Auto = automobile 汽车 biz＝business商业 celeb = celebrity 名人，名流 champ = champion 冠军 doc = doctor 医生 dorm= dormitory 宿舍 expo＝exposition 博览会 gym= gymnasium 体育馆 homo = homosexual 同性恋 info = information 信息 lib＝liberation解放 pro＝professional专业的，职业的 rep＝representative 代表 Russ＝Russia 俄罗斯 sec＝secretary秘书 tech＝technology技术 2) 截头留尾： chute＝parachute降落伞 copter= helicopter 直升机 Quake= earthquake 地震 3） 截取首尾，保留中间 flu=influenza流感 frige= refrigerator 冰箱 Tec = detective 侦探 Vic = convict 罪犯 or victory胜利 null4） 截去中间，保留首尾 c‘tee＝committee委员会 C‘wealth＝Commonwealth英联邦 com‘l＝commercial（商业的，广告） gov’t= government 政府 motel= motor hotel 汽车旅馆 nat‘l＝national全国的 telecast=television broadcast 电视广播 5） 不规则裁剪词 Aussie＝Australian澳大利亚人 telly＝television（电视机） Brunch=breakfast + lunch 早中餐ecopolitics=economic politics 政治经济 N-test= Nuclear test 核试验 pix＝pictures（电影） L. America=Latin America 拉丁美洲 N. Ireland=North Ireland 北爱尔兰 S．Africa= South Africa 南非 Journalistic coinageJournalistic coinageSmog=烟雾 Newscast=新闻广播 Atobomb=原子弹 Blacketeer=black marketeer黑市商人 Cinemanufacturer=电影制片商 fruice=果汁 slanguage= 俚语 Euromart=欧洲市场 Stagflation=stagnation and inflation 经济滞涨nullDating and Mating for Over-35s (rhyme: 尾韵） 标题修辞的作用： 生动有力、鲜明形象、引人注目null头韵（Alliteration/Initial Rhyme/Head Rhyme）[The sun sank slowly]、尾(押)韵（Rhyme）[witty/pretty; love/above] 1）头韵 a. Protestants Protest ( The Sunday Times, July 9, 2000) 新教徒示威抗议。 b. Serena Sinks Sister for Success小威战胜 大威赢得胜利 (每个单词的第一个字母都是“S”, 使用的是头韵手法。声调的铿锵有力渲染了气氛, 引起读者注意。) null2）尾韵：尾韵, 又称押韵。利用词尾读音相同, 意义相辅或相悖的词组成标题, 达到音韵和谐, 表意鲜明, 突出的效果。如: a. Construction in Scenic spot: Protection or Destruction( Beijing Review Oct.17, 2002 P.26) 景点建筑: 是保护还是破坏。 b. The lost, the best ( Shanghai Star, March27- April 2, 2003)失去的是最好的。描写人们的怀旧心理。 c. After The Boom, Everything Is Gloom (押韵)繁华好景不再, 萧条接踵而来null2) 比喻：标题中运用比喻, 使新闻中的人物和事件更为鲜明突出。标题通常使用暗喻（Metaphor） a: Children Under Parents' Wing( China Daily, Oct.8, 2002)文章讲述美国中学发生枪击事件后, 许多家长亲自送孩子上学。原文标题中形象地用翅膀来比喻父母的保护, 读者接受这种喻体, 可直译为: 父母“翅膀”底下的孩子。 b: Catching the Asian Flu 华尔街患上亚洲流感 (In 1998, Asian Financial Crisis spread to Wall Street.) c: Middle East：A Cradle of Terror　中东——恐怖主义的摇篮 nulla. No OPEL, No Hope? （失去欧宝，无宝可压？） b. Tiny Islands, big dispute (小岛屿，大争端) c. Ordinary Folks, Heroic Acts (寻常百姓，非凡作为) nullYao Ming: NBA Giant is Big in U.S., Bigger in China (姚明：NBA巨人在美国受欢迎，在中国更受欢迎)[big: 美语中口语意为大受欢迎popular, 与giant相呼应，很容易使人联想起与语境关系密切的“大个子”“大人物”等含义，使整个标题活泼有趣，效果远胜普通的popular] Microsoft to Open a New Window null Liberty: Mother of Invention A Tale of Two Hearts Earthquake Pets: To save or not to Save 3D or not 3D: That’s a Question Grammatical features of page space Grammatical features of page spaceOmission 灵活采用省略句式 1. Omitting Preposition “on” before “week” or “date”. China calls for immediate end to violence in Libya (Xinhua) Updated: 2011-02-27 11:52 UNITED NATIONS - China Saturday called for efforts to put an immediate end to violence in Libya, to restore stability and normal order in the country as soon as possible and to resolve the current crisis through peaceful means. null2. omitting the conjunctive “that” leading objective clause Official: China to subsidize seniors over 80 (Xinhua) Updated: 2011-02-26 17:39 KUNMING - Chinese over 80 years old would be eligible for receiving a special monthly allowance from local governments, China's civil affairs minister said Saturday. 酌情镶嵌插入语 酌情镶嵌插入语简化句式，使整个句式主次分明，重点突出 插入语在语义上有相对的独立性，既可以提供更多的背景材料，对所叙述的新闻事件加以补充说明，又可以反应有关人员在新闻事件后的意见，观点。 Li, deputy director of China's National Committee on Ageing, added that the government should also subsidize low-income and other disadvantaged elders in obtaining nursing services in institutions, communities or at home. According to the industry paper, Academy voters - who have an average age of 57 - are more likely to identify with its middle-aged heroes than The Social Network's youthful, fast-talking cast. 交待人物的身份、职业、年龄等，组织机构的地点、性质以及城市的位置、特点等的词语，表达相对次要的信息，常用同位语等形式插入主句中。null巧用时态， 不拘呼应 Chinese Premier Wen chats online with Internet users (Xinhua) Updated: 2011-02-27 09:51 BEIJING - Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao began his online chat with netizens here at 9 am Sunday jointly hosted by the central government website (www.gov.cn) and Xinhua News Agency website (www.news.cn). He also said that the government is striving to ensure that the people live a comfortable life with security and confidence in the period of 2011-2015. China's development blueprint for the coming five years will place high emphasis on the efforts to improve the people's livelihood, Wen said. null一般句型结构简短，主次分明。 但有时句型复杂而松散，富有弹性。 Andrew P.O’ Rourke, the Republican candidate for governor, said yesterday that he would withdraw from a televised debate with Governor Cuomo if the candidate of the New Alliance Party, which he accused of extremist views, participates. null灵活使用多重前置定语（heavy use of attributes), 即同时使用两个或两个以上的单词甚至一个句子来修饰某个词。 Adv+v.ed Highly-sophisticated technology Richly-paid job Sparsely-populated area Well-informed circles Heavily- guarded government complex Hard-won resultsnulln+n Arms-reduction talks north-south dialog Supply-demand imbalance The latter film has eight nominations in all, as does Christopher Nolan's sci-fi epic Inception Science-fiction epic N+ v.ing Cancer-causing drugs peace-keeping force Energy-saving device oil-producing country N+ adj Interest-free loan oil-poor country War-weary soldier vehicle-free promenade Hand-free phone earthquake-prone areanullN+v.ed Man-made lake disaster-hit area Examination-directed education State-owned enterprise Knowledge-based economy N+to+n. Belly-to back buses dusk-to dawn curfew Door-to door investigation ground-to-air missile eyeball-to-eyeball tension Rags-to-riches businessman No.+N. 100-meter dash 2-day summit 21-gun salute One-way traffic one-man government nullAdj+v.ed Deep-rooted social and economic problems Quick-frozen food short-lived coup Foreign-owned enterprise Adj+n Top-level talk red-carpet welcome long-term, low-interest loan Adj+v.ing High-ranking official long-standing issue Wide-ranging report wide-spreading mad cow disease “and” Hit-and run case up-and-down relation Off-and-on war touch-and-go tension Stay-at-home mothers 消息来源 消息来源1.concrete source attribution 以示报道的真实、客观、可信，说明记者没有掺进个人观点或态度 含蓄不露的消息来源 含蓄不露的消息来源Analyst 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 家 military sources 军方人士 Authoritative sources 权威人士 Neutral sources 中立人士 authorities Observers 观察家 circles/quarters 方面阶层 Official commercial quarters 商界方面 Diplomatic sources police sources Official sources reliable sources消息可靠人士 document released by 由…发布的文件 Educational circles 教育界 Sources close to … 接近...来源的人士 spokesman./woman发言人 Foreign ministry spokesman外交部发言人 The quarters concerned 有关方面 Theatrical circles government statement政府声明 highly-placed sources 高层消息灵通人士nullIn-circle/group sources圈内人士 Unconfirmed report 未经证实的消息 Unimpeachable sources 消息可靠人士 Well-wired/well-placed sources 重要消息灵通人士 well-informed sources 消息灵通人士 Witnesses 证人；目击者 judicial circles 司法界 informative sources 消息灵通人士 Industrial quarters 产业界方面 似真非真的消息来源 似真非真的消息来源1. 一方面可表示报道是公正，客观的 另一方面，万一消息不符合事实，记者则可以此搪塞或推卸责任，逃避文责自负。 According to a source who asked not to be identified…据不愿透露姓名的消息灵通人士说 According to an anonymous source Foreign radios announced…据外电报道 Foreign wire services were quoted as saying…援引外国通讯社的消息说 It can be safely said that… 可以有把握地说 It can not be denied that….无可否认 It has been calculated that …据估计 nullIt has been found that…已经发现 It has been illustrated that…据说明，据图示 It has been proved…经证实 It is alleged /announced / asserted /authoritatively learned自权威方面获悉/believed /claimed /considered /declared/demonstrated /established可以认可 、estimated/ expected / found/ universally/generally agreed/recognized/ held 有人认为/ hoped / incontestable 无可质疑的是 / learned据悉/ maintained 有人主张 / noted /noticed /outlined 可以概括地说/ pointed out 人们指出 / predicted /reported/reputed有人认为/ said /sometimes asked /stated 据说，有人说/stressed/ striking to note 尤为令人注意的是/ suggested 有人提议/ supposed /taken 人们认为/ thought 人们认为 /understood/ usually considered /well-kown/admitted … that…… Reports say that ….据报道 Rumors say that …..据谣传 用词简洁具体 用词简洁具体用词简明扼要，准确清晰，尽可能地少用形容词或副词 Brutal murder angry mob final outcome As a general rule visible to the eye Totally destroyed controversial issue About—approximately show—demonstrated Fear---apprehension star—silver sphere null1. The tower was totally destroyed in the earthquake. 2. He is working hard to improve his Eng