物理专业英语复习题库

物理专业英语复习题库专业应试题库一，专业词汇 翻译 阿房宫赋翻译下载德汉翻译pdf阿房宫赋翻译下载阿房宫赋翻译下载翻译理论.doc Asphericalsystemofcoordinates球坐标系Absolutescale绝对温标Absolutetemperature绝对温度Absolutezero绝对零度Acuteangle锐角Adiabaticprocess绝热过程Adjacent邻近的Amountofheat热量Amplitude振幅Analyticalexpression解析式Angularmomentum角动量Angularvelocity角速度Annihilate湮灭Appreciable相当多的Approximatesolution近似解Arbitrarily任意的变换莫测的Assumethat假设Atconstantpressure定压Atrest静止的，Axialsymmetry轴对称Axisofrotation转轴Beindependentof独立的，Beproportionalto与……成正比Bend使弯曲的Capacitor电容器Centerofmass质心Centripetalforce向心力Cgs厘米-克-秒制（Centimeter-Gram-Second）Changeinjumps突变Chaotic无序的Chargebyconduct接触起电Chargebyinduction感应起电Circulationmotion圆周运动Classicalmechanics经典力学Coefficient系数Coherent相干性Combustionengine内燃机Comparison参照物Compensate补偿，抵消Conductor导体Consecutive连贯的Entropy熵Equilibrium平衡Equipartitionprinciple均分定理Ether以太Exposure曝光Externalforce外力Factor因素Firstlawofthermodynamics热力学第一定律Focalplane焦平面Fraunhoferdiffraction夫琅和费衍射Freefall自由落体Friction摩擦力Gammaphoton伽马射线Generaltheoryrelativity广义相对论Geometrical几何的Gradient梯度Gravity重力，地心引力Growproportionallyto正比增长Harmonicfunction调和函数Harmonicoscillator谐振子Heat热Heatcapacity热容Heatengine热机Heattransfer热传递Hence因此Histogram直方图Hologram全息图Holography全系照相Homogeneous（反应堆）燃烧和减速剂均匀调和的Huygens’Principle惠更斯原理Hypotheticalmedium假设介质Idealgass理想气体Identical同一的，完全相同的Illuminate说明Impart给予Impulse冲量Inalienable不可分割的Incidentlight入射光Inclination倾角Incoherene非相干的Increase增加Increment增量Inertia惯性Inertialreferenceframe惯性参考系Infraredradiation红外辐射Initialmoment初始时刻Instantaneous瞬间的Insulator绝缘体Integral积分Interference干涉Internalenergy内能Internalforce内力Intra-molecularenergy分子内能Isotropic各向同性的Kinematics运动学Lawofcosinesquare余弦定理Lengthcontraction长度收缩Macroscopic宏观的Mass质量Mass-energyconversion质能转换Meandistance平均距离Mechanicalequivalentofheat热功当量Mechanics力学Medium介质Microscopic微观的Molarheatgascapacity气体摩尔热容Mole摩尔Molecularphysics分子物理学Momentum动量Monatomic单原子Monochromaticlight单色光Motion运动Multiply乘以Neutron中子Newton’sfirstlaw牛顿第一定律Non-equilibriumstate非平衡态Normalacceleration法向加速度Normalto垂直于Nuclei原子核Nucleon核子Numerator分子Objectbeam物体光束Obtuseangle钝角Operator算符Overlap重叠Polarization两极分化极化Parallelaxistheorem平行轴定理Parallelbeams平行光束Parallelrays平行光Parallelogrammethod平行四边形法则Parameterofstate状态参数Perfectlyrigidbody刚体Perpendicular垂直的Phasedifference相位差Phenomena现象Piston活塞Pointcharge点电荷Pointparticle质点Power功率Preference优先权Principleofrelativity相对性原理Probability可能性Probabilitydistributionfunction概率分布函数Projection投影Propagate传播Proton质子Pseudoscopic幻视镜的Quantitativeconclusion定量结论Quasi-static准静态的Radian弧度Radius半径Rarefaction稀薄的Realimage实像Rectilinearmotion直线运动Redistribution重新分配Referenceframe参考系Referencewave参考波Relativeatomicmassofanelement相对原子质量Relativemolecularmassofsubstance相对分子质量Relaxationprocess弛豫过程Relaxationtime弛豫时间Reversible(process)可逆过程Rotationalinertia转动惯量Scalar标量Scalarfield标量场Semiconductor半导体Semitransparent半透明的Solidangle立体角Spatialcoherence空间相干性Specialtheoryofrelativity狭义相对论Specificheatcapacity比热容Speed速度速率Stationary固定的Subscript下标Superpose重叠的Superposition叠加Symmetry对称的Temperature温度Temporalcoherence时间相干性Terminalvelocity末速度Testcharge检验电荷Thedifferenceonopticalpath光程差Theequationofstateofanidealgass理想气体物态方程Themagnitudeofavector向量的大小Thenumberofdegreeoffreedom自由度数量Thereciprocalof倒数Therefractiveindex折射率Theright-handscrewrule右手螺旋定则Thesecondderivativeof二阶导数Thesquareofdistance距离的平方Thetangentialacceleration切向加速度Thermodynamictemperaturescale热力学温标Threedimensional三维的Timeaveragedvalue时间均值Timedilation时间膨胀Timepiece计时器Torque力矩Torsionbalance扭秤Translationmotion平动Triatomic三原子的Tuningfork音叉Twinparadox孪生佯谬Ultravioletlight紫外线Undeformablebody不可形变体，刚体Uniformcircularmotion匀速圆周运动Unittime单位时间Vectorfield矢量场Vectors矢量Velocity速度,矢量Virtualimage虚像Wavelength波长Wavenumber波数Weight重量二、段落翻译翻译()Forastationaryfield,theworkdoneonaparticlebytheforcesofthefieldmaydependontheinitialandfinalpositionoftheparticleandnotdependonthepathalongwhichtheparticlemoved.Forceshavingsuchapropertyarecalledconservative.对于固定的场,力作用在质点上的公取决于初始位置和末位置,而与路径无关,具有这个性质的力叫保守力.Acombinationofbodiesthatarestationaryrelativetooneanotherwithrespecttowhichmotionisbeingconsideredanatimepieceindicatingthetimeformsareferenceframe.由运动上相对静止的物体所组成的复合体，外加显示（记录）时间的仪器，一起构成了参考系统。Theconceptsofanequilibrium,stateandareversibleprocessplayagreatpartinthermodynamics.Allthequantitativeconclusionsofthermodynamicsarestrictlyapplicable(适用)onlytoequilibriumstatesandreversibleprocesses.可逆过程和平衡态是热力学里重要的部分,所有的热力学定量结论都严格适合于平衡态和可逆过程.Ifagasisinequilibrium,itsmoleculesmoveabsolutelywithoutorder,chaotically.Allthedirectionsofmotionareequallyprobable,andnoneofthemcanbegivenpreferenceoverothers.如果气体处于平衡态,那么气体分子运动就没有规律,无序的,分子朝各个方向上的运动的概率相等,没有比其他的更具有优势.Huygens’principle:Thetheorybywhichlightwavesspreadingoutfromapointsourcecanberegardedasthesuperpositionoftinysecondarywavelets.惠更斯原理,点光源发出的光可以看成是次级微小光波的叠加.Ifweimagineaseparateisolatedbodyinaspacewherenootherbodiesarepresent,thenwecannotspeakofthemotionofthebodybecausethereisnothingwithrespecttowhichthebodycouldchangeitsposition.如果我们假设一个物体所处的空间中没有其他物体,我们不能说明这个物体的运动形式因为我们没有可以观测这个物体位置改变的参考物.Translationalmotionisdefinedasmotioninwhichanystraightlineassociatedwiththemovingbodyremainsparalleltoitself.平动可以定义为平动的物体上两点的连线在运动过程中保持平行.Dynamicsstudiesthemotionofbodieswithaviewtowhatcausesthismotiontohavethenatureitdoes,i.e.withaviewtotheinteractionsbetweenbodies.动力学研究的是物体运动的原因,即物体之间的相互作用.10,Vectorsaredefinedasquantitiescharacterizedbyanumericalvalueandadirectionand,also,asonesthatareaddedaccordingtothetriangleorparallelogrammethod.矢量具有大小和方向,而且还可以用矢量三角形和平行四边形法则合成.11,Weshalldefineinternalforcesastheforceswithwhichgivenbodyisacteduponbytheotherbodiesofthesystemandexternalforcesasthoseproducedbytheactionofbodiesnotbelongtothesystem.我们可以定义内力是由系统中其他物体产生的,外力是不属于系统的物体产生并导致物体运动的原因12,Conservativeforcescanbedefinedintwoways:(1)asforceswhoseworkdoesnotdependonthepathalongwhichaparticlepassesfromonepointtotheanother,and(2)asforceswhoseworkalonganyclosedpathequalszero.保守力具有两种性质:保守力所做的功只与位置有关,与路径无关,闭合路径的功为零14,Wecanthususethefunctiontodeterminetheworkdoneonaparticlebyconservativeforcesalonganypathbeginningatarbitrarypoint1andterminatingatarbitrarypoint2.我们可以用来ep表示保守力对质点从任意点1道任意点2所做的功15,Assumingthatthereferenceframerelativetowhichweareconsideringthecomplexmotionofarigidbodyisstationary,themotionofthebodycanberepresentedasrotationwiththeangularvelocityinareferenceframemovingtranslationallywiththevelocityrelativetothestationaryframe.假设参考系相对我们要研究的刚体是静止的,那么物体的运动可以看成是以w为角速度的转动和以速度为v的平动.16,Allthequantitativeconclusionsofthethermodynamicsarestrictlyapplicableonlytoequilibriumstatesandreversibleprocesses.热力学中所有的定量结论都严格遵守平衡态和可逆过程.17,Theabsolutetemperatureisproportionaltothemeankineticenergyoftranslationalmotionofthemoleculesofasubstance.绝对温度与物质的平均平动动能成正比.18,TheheatcapacityofabodyisdefinedasthequantityequaltotheamountofheatthatmustbeimpartedtothebodytoraiseitstemperaturebyoneKelvin.物体的热容为物体升高每开尔文所需要的热量.19,Temperature:Ameasureoftheaveragekineticenergypermoleculeinasubstance,measureindegreesCelsiusorFahrenheitorinKelvin..温度,分子平均动能的量度,单位为摄氏度,华氏度和开尔文.20,Absolutezero:thelowestpossibletemperaturethatasubstancemayhave-thetemperatureatwhichmoleculesofasubstancehavetheirminimumkineticenergy.绝对零度:物体温度最低的可能值.此时,分子具有最小动能21,Multiplicationtheoremofprobabilities:theprobabilityofthesimultaneousoccurrenceofstatisticallyindependenteventsequalstheproductoftheprobabilitiesofeachofthemoccurringseparately.概率相乘定理:独立事件同时发生的概率等于每个事件单独发生概率的乘积.22,Entropy:ameasureofthedisorderofasystem.Wheneverenergyfreelytransformsfromoneformtotheanother,thedirectionoftransformationistowardastateofgreaterdisorderandthereforetowardoneofgreaterentropy.熵:系统的无序程度,能量总是向着熵增加的方向进行转化.23,Bycoherenceismeantthecoordinatedproceedingofseveraloscillatoryorwaveprocesses.相干性是振荡和波动过程的协调性24,Thesuperpositionofwavesproducingregionsofreinforcementandregionsofcancellation.Constructiveinterferencereferstoregionsofreinforcement;destructiveinterferencereferstoregionsofcancellation.光的叠加形成了加强区和减弱区,干涉相长形成加强区,干涉相消形成减弱区25,Thereisnoappreciablephysicaldifferencebetweeninterferenceanddiffraction.Bothphenomenaconsistintheredistributionofthelightfluxasaresultofsuperpositionofthewaves.干涉和衍射没有明显的区别,两者都包含光通量的重新分配和两者都是光的叠加引起的26,Likechargesrepeleachother,unlikechargesattracteachother.同种电荷相互排斥，异种电荷相互吸引27,Thearrangementofthechargessettingupthefieldbeingstudiedmaychangeundertheactionofthetestcharge.电荷形成的场会随检验电荷的移动而改变