现代英语词汇学概论2

现代英语词汇学概论LexicologyChapter2MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords英语词汇的形态结构2.1Morphemes词素/语素/形位2.2ClassificationofMorphemes词素分类HowisanEnglishwordformed?E.g.disagreeabledisagreeable(byletter)dis·a·gree·a·ble(bysyllable)dis+agree+able(bymorpheme)Whatisthedifferencebetween“morpheme”and“syllable”?Syllable:hasnothingtodowithmeaningMorpheme:two-facet→bothsoundandmeaning2.1Morphemes词素/语素/形位1.TheDefinitionof“Morphemes”词素的概念2.Allomorphs词素变体back2.1.1TheDefinitionof“Morphemes”词素的概念Questions:1.Whatis“Morpheme”?Whatistherelationbetween“morpheme”and“word”?*2.Whatare“Allomorphs”*Morpheme=morph+emeform+thesmallestunitMorpheme:thesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguagesmallest:notdivisibleintosmallerformsmeaningful:carrymeaning(lexicalandgrammatical)e.g.denationalizationdenationalization=de+nation+al+iz+ationAmorphemeisatwo-facetlanguageunit:soundandmeaningbackAllomorphs:variousshapesorformsofamorphemedonotdifferinmeaningorfunctionconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsoundsbackE.g.book→books/-s/pig→pigs/-z/horse→horses/-iz/E.g.perfect,responsible,logical,flexibleperfect→imperfectresponsible→irresponsiblelogical→illogicalflexible→inflexibleE.g.invent→inventiondescribe→descriptionjustify→justificationmodernize→modernizationexpand→expansiondecide→decisionomit→omissionback2.2ClassificationofMorphemes词素分类1.FreeMorphemesandBoundMorphemes自由词素与粘着词素2.RootsandAffixes词根与词缀2.2.1FreeMorphemesandBoundMorphemes自由词素与粘着词素Questions:1.Whatis“freemorpheme”?2.Whatis“boundmorpheme”?3.Howdoesafreemorphemeoraboundmorphemeformaword?Whatis“freemorpheme”?Freemorpheme:onethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaningAfreemorphemeisaword.E.g.green,red,write,faithWhatis“boundmorpheme”?Boundmorpheme:cannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutteranceappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,freeorboundE.g.receivere-ceivebackHowdoesafreemorphemeoraboundmorphemeformaword?E.g.green,greenhouse,greenness,disagreeable,receive,encyclopediagreen(free)green-house(free+free)green-ness(free+bound)dis-agree-able(bound+free+bound)re-ceive(bound+bound)en-cyclo-pedia(bound+bound+bound)Note:Afreemorphemeisaword.back2.2.2RootsandAffixes词根与词缀Questions:1.Whatis“root”?Theclassificationof“root”?2.Whatis“affix”?Theclassificationof“affix”?Whatarethedifferencesbetween“inflectionalaffixes”and“derivationalaffixes”?3.Inwhattwowaysarederivationalaffixesclassified?backWhatis“root”?Root:thebasicunchangeablepartofaword,conveyingthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.Theclassificationof“root”?1.Freeroot(自由词根)2.Boundroot（粘着词根）E.g.1)work,workable,worker,worked,working2)contain,detain,retain3)conceive,deceive,receive4)revive,vitamin,vital,vivacious,vivid1)work,workable,worker,worked,working(free)2)contain,detain,retaintain=tenere(L)=tohold(bound)3)conceive,deceive,receiveceive=capere(L)=totake(bound)4)revive,vitamin,vital,vivacious,vividvit,viv=life/tolive(bound)backVital:necessaryinordertostayalive-al:pertainingto=haveaconnectionwithvital=havingaconnectionwithlifeVivacous:adj.apprec.fulloflifeandhighspirits;lively-ous:fullofvivacous=fulloflife(energy)Vivid:producingsharpclearpicturesinthemind;lifelike-id:havingacertainqualityvivid=havingacertainqualityoflifeWhatis“affix”?Affix:acollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedwhenaddedtoanothermorphemeTheclassificationof“affix”1.Inflectionalaffixes(屈折词缀)2.Derivationalaffixes（派生词缀）Inflectionalaffixes(屈折词缀):toexpresssuchmeaningsasplurality,tense,andthecomparativeorsuperlativedegree.特点：1.nottoformanewwordwithnewlexicalmeaning2.havingonlyparticulargrammaticalmeaning3.onlytobeaffixedtowordsofthesameword-class(nottochangetheword-class)E.g.Pluralmarker:pens,oxen,feetGenitivecase:Jame’sVerbalendings:works,working,worked,bought,saidComparativeandsuperlativedegree:slower,slowestDerivationalaffixes（派生词缀）:tobeaddedtoanothermorphemetoderiveanewword特点：1.toderiveanewword2.havingaspecificlexicalmeaning(somealsoaffectivemeaning)3.sometobeattachedtowordsofdifferentwordclassese.g.Mini-carmean-nessModern-izeSocial-ismPro-communistDe-codeDe-valueWash-ableHavingpejorativeorderogatorymeaningmis-mal-absorptionpseudo-democratichire-lingweak-lingchild-ish派生词缀分类（derivationalmorphemes）:Prefixesandsuffixes1)Bylinguisticorigin:NativeaffixesForeignaffixes2)Byproductivity:Productive/livingaffixesUnproductive/deadaffixesReview2.MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords英语词汇的形态结构2.1Morphemes词素1.TheDefinitionof“Morphemes”词素的概念2.Allomorphs词素变体2.2ClassificationofMorphemes词素分类1.FreeMorphemesandBoundMorphemes自由词素与粘着词素2.RootsandAffixes词根与词缀freerootandboundrootinflectionalaffixesandderivationalaffixes1.Afreemorphemeisaword.2.Awordisafreemorpheme.3.Afreemorphemeisaroot.4.Arootisafreemorpheme.5.Aboundmorphemeisanaffix.6.Anaffixisaboundmorpheme.TFTFFT1.Amonomorphemicwordisawordthatconsistsofasingle_____morpheme.A.affixB.root　C.freeD.bound2.Allofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor_____.A.lexemeB.phonemeC.morphemeD.allomorph3.Structurallya_____isthesmallestmeaningfulunitofalanguage.A.morphemeB.stemC.wordD.compound4.Unlikeaffixes,_____areoftenfreemorphemes.A.suffixesB.prefixesC.inflectionalmorphemesD.rootsCBAD7.Analysesthemorphologicalstructures(howthewordisformed)ofthefollowingwordsandpointoutthetypesofthemorphemes.denationalization,receive,pens,worker 1)denationalization(de+nation+al+iz+ation),receive(re+ceive),pens(pen+s)worker(work+er)2)Oftheelevenmorphemes,onlynation,penandworkarefreemorphemesastheycanexistbythemselves.3)Alltherestde-,-al,-iz,-ation,re-,-ceive,-sand-erareboundasnoneofthemcanstandaloneaswords.