考研英语真题及答案详解含答案译文词汇讲解

2004年考研英语真 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 及 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 详解-(含答案-译文-词汇讲解)PAGE2004年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency(crimescommittedbyyoungpeople)focuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories1ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior2theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough3withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin4totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus,5asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues.Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies,_6thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes7lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheories,however,aretentativeandare8tocriticism.Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly9juvenilecrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythat10tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment11makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin12leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior.Familieshavealso13changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;14，childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome15wascommoninthetraditionalfamily16.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other__17_causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschool,theincreased__18_ofdrugsandalcohol,andthegrowing19ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,20adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.1.[A]acting[B]relying[C]centering[D]commenting2.[A]before[B]unless[C]until[D]because3.[A]interaction[B]assimilation[C]cooperation[D]consultation4.[A]return[B]reply[C]reference[D]response5.[A]or[B]butrather[C]but[D]orelse6.[A]considering[B]ignoring[C]highlighting[D]discarding7.[A]on[B]in[C]for[D]with8.[A]immune[B]resistant[C]sensitive[D]subject9.[A]affect[B]reduce[C]chock[D]reflect10.[A]point[B]lead[C]come[D]amount11.[A]ingeneral[B]onaverage[C]bycontrast[D]atlength12.[A]case[B]short[C]turn[D]essence13.[A]survived[B]noticed[C]undertaken[D]experienced14.[A]contrarily[B]consequently[C]similarly[D]simultaneously15.[A]than[B]that[C]which[D]as16.[A]system[B]structure[C]concept[D]heritage17.[A]assessable[B]identifiable[C]negligible[D]incredible18.[A]expense[B]restriction[C]allocation[D]availability19.[A]incidence[B]awareness[C]exposure[D]popularity20.[A]provided[B]since[C]although[D]supposingSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Huntingforajoblatelastyear,lawyerGantRedmonstumbledacrossCareerBuilder,ajobdatabaseontheInternet.Hesearcheditwithnosuccessbutwasattractedbythesite’s“personalsearchagent”.It’saninteractivefeaturethatletsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocation,title,andsalary,thenE-mailsthemwhenamatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.Redmonchosethekeywordslegal,intellectualpropertyandWashington,D.C.Threeweekslater,hegothisfirstnotificationofanopening.“Istruckgold,”saysRedmon,whoE-mailedhisresumetotheemployerandwonapositionasin-housecounselforacompany.Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet,findingpromisingopeningscanhetime-consumingandinefficient.Searchagentsreducetheneedforrepeatedvisitstothedatabases.ButalthoughasearchagentworkedforRedmon,careerexpertsseedrawbacks.Narrowingyourcriteria,forexample,mayworkagainstyou:“Everytimeyouansweraquestionyoueliminateapossibility,”saysoneexpert.Foranyjobsearch,youshouldstartwithanarrowconcept—whatyouthinkyouwanttodo—thenbroadenit.“Noneoftheseprogramsdothat,”saysanotherexpert.“There’snocareercounselingimplicitinallofthis.”Instead,thebeststrategyistousetheagentasakindoftipservicetokeepabreastofjobsinaparticulardatabase;whenyougetE-mail,consideritaremindertocheckthedatabaseagain.“Iwouldnotrelyonagentsforfindingeverythingthatisaddedtoadatabasethatmightinterestme,”saystheauthorofajob-searchingguide.Somesitesdesigntheiragentstotemptjobhunterstoreturn.WhenCareerSite’sagentsendsoutmessagestothosewhohavesignedupforitsservice,forexample,itincludesonlythreepotentialjobs—thoseitconsidersthebestmatches.Theremaybemorematchesinthedatabase;jobhunterswillhavetovisitthesiteagaintofindthem—andtheydo.“Onthedayafterwesendourmessages,weseeasharpincreaseinourtraffic,”saysSethPeets,vicepresidentofmarketingforCareerSite.Eventhosewhoaren’thuntingforjobsmayfindsearchagentsworthwhile.Someusethemtokeepaclosewatchonthedemandfortheirlineofworkorgatherinformationoncompensationtoarmthemselveswhennegotiatingforaraise.Althoughhappilyemployed,RedmonmaintainshisagentatCareerBuilder.“Youalwayskeepyoureyesopen,”hesays.Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.21.HowdidRedmonfindhisjob?[A]Bysearchingopeningsinajobdatabase.[B]Bypostingamatchingpositioninadatabase.[C]Byusingaspecialserviceofadatabase.[D]ByE-mailinghisresumetoadatabase.22.Whichofthefollowingcanbeadisadvantageofsearchagents?[A]Lackofcounseling.[B]Limitednumberofvisits.[C]Lowerefficiency.[D]Fewersuccessfulmatches.23.Theexpression“tipservice”(Line4,Paragraph3)mostprobablymeans.[A]advisory.[B]compensation.[C]interaction.[D]reminder.24.WhydoesCareerSite’sagentoffereachjobhunteronlythreejoboptions?[A]Tofocusonbetterjobmatches.[B]Toattractmorereturningvisits.[C]Toreservespaceformoremessages.[D]Toincreasetherateofsuccess.25.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?[A]Personalsearchagentsareindispensabletojob-hunters.[B]SomesiteskeepE-mailingjobseekerstotracetheirdemands.[C]Personalsearchagentsarealsohelpfultothosealreadyemployed.[D]Someagentsstopsendinginformationtopeopleoncetheyareemployed.Text2Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoëZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush’spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChrétienandKoizumi).Theworld’sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld'sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.26.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?[A]Akindofoverlookedinequality.[B]Atypeofconspicuousbias.[C]Atypeofpersonalprejudice.[D]Akindofbranddiscrimination.27.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?[A]InbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtosuccess.[B]ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoëZysman.[C]Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies’names.[D]Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize.28.The4thparagraphsuggeststhat.[A]questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudents[B]alphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromclass[C]teachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudents[D]studentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesight29.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“mostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ”(Lines2-3,Paragraph5)?[A]Theyaregettingimpatient.[B]Theyarenoisilydozingoff.[C]Theyarefeelinghumiliated.[D]Theyarebusywithwordpuzzles.30.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?[A]PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-treated.[B]VIPsintheWesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabetism.[C]Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabetismstillhasalongwaytogo.[D]Puttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalbias.Text3Whenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn'tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn'tcutting,filingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe'dliketo,either.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weekly,butlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.“I'magoodeconomicindicator,”shesays.“Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey'reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.”SoSperoisdownscaling,shoppingatmiddle-browDillard'sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus.“Idon'tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonme,too,”shesays.EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan'sadmissionthatAmerica'sred-hoteconomyiscooling,lotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutlets,saleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailers,wholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmas,thecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Already,expertssay,holidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear'space.Butdon'tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcerned,notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy'slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.Consumerssaythey'renotindespairbecause,despitethedreadfulheadlines,theirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattan,“there'sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrange,predominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses,”saysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFrancisco,pricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.“Insteadof20to30offers,nowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthree,"saysJohnTealdi,aBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob.Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn'tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupside,too.GettingatableatManhattan'shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.Forthat,Greenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting.31.By“EllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet”(Line1,Paragraph1),theauthormeans_____.[A]Sperocanhardlymaintainherbusiness.[B]Speroistoomuchengagedinherwork.[C]Sperohasgrownoutofherbadhabit.[D]Speroisnotinadesperatesituation.32.Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation?[A]Optimistic.[B]Confused.[C]Carefree.[D]Panicked.33.Whenmentioning“the$4millionto$10millionrange”(Lines3,Paragraph3),theauthoristalkingabout_______[A]goldmarket.[B]realestate.[C]stockexchange.[D]ventureinvestment.34.Whycanmanypeoplesee“silverlinings”totheeconomicslowdown?[A]Theywouldbenefitincertainways.[B]Thestockmarketshowssignsofrecovery.[C]Suchaslowdownusuallyprecedesaboom.[D]Thepurchasingpowerwouldbeenhanced.35.Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree?[A]Anewboom,onthehorizon.[B]Tightenthebelt,thesingleremedy.[C]Cautionallright,panicnot.[D]Themoreventures,themorechances.Text4Americanstodaydon'tplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.Ourheroesareathletes,entertainers,andentrepreneurs,notscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation—nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualisminourschoolsaren'tdifficulttofind.“Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectual,”sayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.“Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance.”Ravitch'slatestbook.LeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReforms,tracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschools,concludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits.Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcritically,todefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofothers,theycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.Continuingalongthispath,sayswriterEarlShorris,“Wewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety.”“Intellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilege,”writeshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-intellectualisminAmericanLife,aPulitzer-Prizewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminUSpolitics,religion,andeducation.Fromthebeginningofourhistory,saysHofstadter,ourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.Practicality,commonsense,andnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook.RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:“Weareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsfor10or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing.”MarkTwain'sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized—goingtoschoolandlearningtoread—sohecanpreservehisinnategoodness.Intellect,accordingtoHofstadter,isdifferentfromnativeintelligence,aqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthecritical,creative,andcontemplativesideofthemind.Intelligenceseekstograsp,manipulate,re-order,andadjust,whileintellectexamines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizes,andimagines.Schoolremainsaplacewhereintellectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountry'seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewho“joyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytointellectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastintellectualpromise.”36.WhatdoAmericanparentsexpecttheirchildrentoacquireinschool?[A]Thehabitofthinkingindependently.[B]Profoundknowledgeoftheworld.[C]Practicalabilitiesforfuturecareer.[D]Theconfidenceinintellectualpursuits.37.WecanlearnfromthetextthatAmericanshaveahistoryof________.[A]undervaluingintellect.[B]favoringintellectualism.[C]supportingschoolreform.[D]suppressingnativeintelligence.38.TheviewsofRavitehandEmersononschoolingare______.[A]identical.[B]similar.[C]complementary.[D]opposite.39.Emerson,accordingtothetext,isprobably_________.[A]apioneerofeducationreform.[B]anopponentofintellectualism.[C]ascholarinfavorofintellect.[D]anadvocateofregularschooling.40.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofintellect?[A]Itissecondtointelligence.[B]Itevolvesfromcommonsense.[C]Itistobepursued.[D]ItunderliespowerPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Therelationoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophersformanycenturies.(41)TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.Twoanthropologist-linguists,FranzBoasandEdwardSapir,werepioneersindescribingmanynativelanguagesofNorthandSouthAmericaduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.(42)Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.Otherlinguistsintheearlierpartofthiscentury,however,whowerelesseagertodealwithbizarredatafrom“exotic”language,werenotalwayssograteful.(43)ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.NativeAmericanlanguagesareindeeddifferent,somuchsoinfactthatNavajocouldbeusedbytheUSmilitaryasacodeduringWorldWarIItosendsecretmessages.Sapir’spupil,BenjaminLeeWhorf,continuedthestudyofAmericanIndianlanguages.(44)Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.Hereasonedthatbecauseitiseasiertoformulatecertainconceptsandnotothersinagivenlanguage,thespeakersofthatlanguagethinkalongonetrackandnotalonganother.(45)Whorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhich,initsstrongestform,statesthatlanguageimprisonsthemind,andthatthegrammaticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefar-reachingconsequencesforthecultureofasociety.Later,thisideabecametobeknownastheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,butthistermissomewhatinappropriate.AlthoughbothSapirandWhorfemphasizedthediversityoflanguages,Sapirhimselfneverexplicitlysupportedthenotionoflinguisticdeterminism.SectionIIIWriting46.Directions：Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1.describethedrawing，2.interpretitsmeaning,and3.supportyourviewwithexamples.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2(20points)答案解析SectionIUseofEnglish1.完形填空翻译：许多研究青少年犯罪(即低龄人群犯罪)的理论要么强调个人要么强调社会是导致犯罪的主要因素。强调个人因素的理论认为，儿童从事犯罪活动，是因为他们以前的不良行为没有及时受到惩处，或者由于他们受别人影响而学会了犯罪。强调社会因素的理论认为，儿童犯罪，是因为他们未能如愿地提高自己的社会经济地位，或者是因为排斥中产阶级的价值观。大部分研究青少年犯罪的理论都集中在来自贫困家庭的儿童身上，而忽略了出身富裕家庭的儿童也会犯罪这一事实。这些儿童可能由于缺乏父母管教而犯罪。当然，所有这些理论都不是定论，并且经常遭到批判。社会结构的变化可能会间接地影响青少年犯罪率。比如，某些经济变化导致了年轻人就业机会减少和失业率上升，通常在这种情况下，想找到薪水丰厚的工作就愈加困难。由此产生的不满反过来可能导致更多的年轻人犯罪。这些年来家庭也在经历着变化。单亲家庭和双职工家庭越来越多。这样，儿童在家里所受到的监管就可能比过去传统家庭要少。人们认为缺乏父母管教是影响青少年犯罪率的因素之一。其他已知的原因还包括：青少年在学校里形成的挫败感或学习不及格，年轻人越来越容易接触毒品和酒精，以及儿童受虐待和得不到关怀的事件日益增多。所有上述情况都会增加青少年犯罪的可能性，虽然其中的直接因果关系还没有被证实。2.完形题目详解：1.[A]acting(on)对……起作用[B]relying(on)依靠，指望[C]centering(on)以……为中心，围绕；集中于……[D]commenting(on)对……做出评论[答案]C[解析]本题考核的知识点是：平行句子结构+分词短语辨析。本题要求考生判断空格处应填入什么分词与on搭配，构成分词短语。从结构上看，文章第一段由三个平行结构的长句子构成，其主要结构为Manytheoriesconcerning…focuson；Theories1ontheindividualsuggestthat；Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthat。三个句子的主语都是theories，并都接有分词作定语。因此空格处填入的分词应和前一句中的concerning、后一句中的focusingon遥相呼应，都表示“关于…的理论”的含义，从文意方面看，第一句话总述到，关于（concerning）青少年犯罪原由的理论集中研究两个方面，即个人因素和社会因素。第二句强调个人因素的理论。第三句强调(focusingon)社会因素的理论。能表达出“集中强调”含义的分词短语只有centeringon。例句补充：Alcoholactsonthebrain.（酒精对大脑起作用）；Shereliesonherparentsfortuition.（她的学费依赖于父母）；Hernovelscenteredontheproblemsofadolescence.（她的小说以青少年问题为中心）；Hecommentedonthebadweatherhere.（他对这里糟糕的天气发表评论）。2.[A]before在……之前，表时间[B]unless如果不，除非，表条件[C]until直到……才，表时间[D]because因为，表因果[答案]D[解析]本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。本题要求考生判断空格处应填入什么连词。首先，从结构上看，本题的空格在一个由that引导的宾语从句中：Theoriessuggestthat…。该从句含有两个完整的分句：childrenengageincriminalbehavior和theywerenotsufficientlypenalized。考生关键要判断出这两个在空格前后的分句之间是什么逻辑关系。其次，根据文意，强调个人因素的理论把犯罪归结于个人原因，按照其观点，“儿童以前的不良行为没有及时地受到惩处”就是“儿童犯罪”的原因之一，两者之间是因果关系。选项中只有连词because表因果，因此是正确答案。3.[A]interaction（with）与……的互相作用，互相影响[B]assimilation（into）适应、同化、融入……[C]cooperation（with）与……的合作[D]consultation（with）和……的商议[答案]A[解析]本题考核的知识点是：名词短语辨析。本题要求考生判断空格处应填入什么名词，与withothers搭配构成名词短语，来做through的介词宾语。首先排除assimilation，它不能与with搭配。空格所在的分句是theyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough__3withothers，其中介词through表明“和其他人的……”是“孩子们学会犯罪”的途径或方式。考生接下来要判断选项中哪个名词短语可以表示出一种学会犯罪的途径或方式。显然，只有interactionwithothers符合，意为“和他人的相互影响，即受到坏人的影响（而学会了犯罪）”。注意cooperationwith多为褒义，而且也不能说是“通过合作”来学会犯罪。词汇补充：interaction可表示“（人的）交往，影响”，其构词法是inter-（在…之间）+action（作用）；assimilation表示“（文化、风俗等的）同化”，词根为similar(相同的)，assimilate是动词形式；cooperation意为“合作”，其构词法是co-（共同）+operation（操作）；consultation意为“咨询，磋商”，con-（共同的，相同的），consult为动词形式。4.[A](in)return(for)作为对……的报答，交换[B](in)reply(to)作为对……的答复[C](in)reference(to)关于[D](in)response(to)作为对……的反应/答复[答案]D[解析]本题考核的知识点是：固定搭配。本题要求考生判断选项中哪个能与in…to构成短语并符合文意。首先排除return，因为它只与介词for搭配，构成短语inreturnfor；其次，空格所在长句意为“（强调社会角色的）理论认为，孩子们犯罪是他们自己没有成功地超越现有的社会经济地位的__4__”，根据句意，可先排除C选项inreferenceto，因为它表示“关于……，就……而言”，填入空格后明显语义明显不通；最后对inreplyto和