走向叙事空间理论 佐伦Towards a Theory of Space in Narrative （word版）

标黄为每页注释部分Thepurposeofthisstudyistopresentageneralmodelofthestructuringofspacewithinthenarrativetext.Thetermspaceisusedheretomeanspecificallythespatialaspectsofthereconstructedworld.Thisseemsnaturalandratherobvious,butthetermcanbeappliedtotheliterarytextinvariouswaysandis,itself,farfromunambiguous.Itis,necessary,then,toexaminethewholerangeofproblemsarisingfromtheuseofthetermwithregardtotheliterarytext.Ifthistaskasawholeliesoutsidethescopeofthepresentstudy,wecanatleastclarifyoneessentialaspectofit:therelation-shipbetweenspaceandtimeinthenarrativetext.1.THEASYMMETRYOFTIMEANDSPACEINTHENARRATIVEIntheextra-literaryfield,therearegoodreasonstocombinespaceandtime:theyarethetwocomplementaryaspectsthattogethercoverallthedimensionsofempiricalexistence.Accordingly,itmakesnodifferencewhetheroneholdstoareparativetheorywhichconsiderstheaspectsofspaceandtimetobeparallelyetindependent一e.g.,thetheoriesofEuclid,Newton,Kant,andLeibnitz一orwhetheronesupportsatheorywhichregardstheseaspectsasinterdependent,composingtogetherasingle,four-dimensionalcomplex(chronotopos,spacetime)一asdoesEinstein.Independentorinterdependent,spaceandtimeareperceivedascomplementaryaspectsofequalstatus,belongingtoacommonfieldofdebate.*ThisisasomewhatrevisedversionofapaperpresentedatSynopsisII,"NarrativeTheoryandPoeticsofFiction."aninternationalsymposiumheldatthePorterInstituteforPoeticsandSemiotics,TelAvivUniversity,andtheVanLeerJerusalemFoundation,June16-221979.ItisbasedonpartsofathesisforthedoctoraldegreepreparedunderthesupervisionofProfessorBenjaminHrushovski.PoeticsToday,Vol.5:2(1984)309-335Thisconceptionoftherelationsbetweenspaceandtimeisoccasionallyappliedtothenarrativetext,andisacceptablefromseveralviewpoints.Fromothers,however,itisproblematic.Therelationshipbetweenspaceandtimeinthenarrativetextlacksboththeclarityandthesymmetryitpossesseswhenappliedtothefieldofreality.Literatureisbasicallyanartoftime.AlthoughnoonetodaywouldstatethisasbaldlyasLessing(1974:102一115)did,thedominanceofthetimefactorinthestructuringofthenarrativetextremainsanindisputablefact.Theexistenceofspaceispushedintoacorner,sotospeak.Itisnotaltogetherdiscarded,butneitherdoesithavearecognizedandclear-cutstatuswithinthetext.Itcanbeunderstoodinvariousways,butnoneisasclearandunambiguousasthetermtune.Thislackofsymmetryintherelationshipbetweenspaceandtimeisevidentnotonlyintheirstatusinthetext,butalsointheextentoftheprogressofresearchontheseconcepts.Althoughthesubjectofspacehasbeendealtwithmorethanonce,researchingeneralonthesubjectisquitediffuse,andtherearefewassumptionsthathavebecomegenerallyaccepted.Thedifficultyapparentlyliesinonebasicdifferencebetweenspaceandtimeinnarrative.OnemayspeakoftimeintermsoftheCorrelationbetweenthestructuringofthetextandthatoftheworld,whereasitisimpossibletospeakaboutspaceinsuchterms.Whateverspecifictermsareusedindiscussingtime,theywillalwaysbedominatedbythebasicoppositionbetweenthetimeofthetextandthatoftheworld(narratedtimeandtimeofnarration,erzahl-zeit-erzdhlteZeit,timeofpresentationandpresentedtime,andtoalargeextentalsofabulaandsujet(seeespeciallyMiiller1950;Lament1955;Tomashevsky1965;Even-Zohar1968).Thevariouspossiblerelationshipswithinthesepairsofcomponentscancreateawiderangeofcategories,basedonthemodesofcorrelation(whetheritisanegativeorapositivecorrelation(seeEven-Zohar1961】)，andonspecifictypesofdeviationfromthe"natural"structurfingoftime（suchascontraction,reversaloftemporalorder,etc.）Inprinciple,onemayalsodistinguishbetweentheapplicationofthetermspacetothereconstructedworldanditsapplicationasadimensionoftheverbaltextitself.Theconceptionoftheverbaltextasanexclusivelytemporalstructure（as,forexample,Lessing'sconception),isnotacceptabletoday,andonemaymentioninthisconnectionFrank(1963)andSegre(1975).Nevertheless,despitethepossibilityofdistinguishingbetweenthespaceofthetextandthatoftheworld,onecannotpointtoanyconstantcorrelationbetweenthem.1.1.Thespatialdimensionofthetextmaybeconceivedofasitsgraphicexistence.Therearetexts,particularlythoseofconcretepoetry,inwhichgraphicspaceisexploitedandactivatedasaninseparablepartofthegeneralstructuringofthetext.Still,thisdoesnotalterthefactthatlanguageisasystemofarbitrarysigns;inotherwords,theconnectionbetweenthesignifierandthesignifiedisnotbasedonanyrealstructuralsimilaritybetweenthem,butsimplyonconvention.Thefactthatacertainpoemmayattempttocreatestructuralsimilaritybetweenthedescribedobjectanditsgraphicorganization(forexample，LewisCarroll’spoemarrangedintheshapeofamouse’stail)doesnotsignifyanyfundamentalconnectionorconstantcorrelationbetweentheverbaltextandtheworld,butrathertheopposite—thecorrelationhereisanunexpectedthing,acuriosity.Itiscompletelydifferentfromthecorrelationwhichexistsbetweenthetwoordersoftimeinthenarrative.Thelatterisapermanentphenomenonbasedonthetemporalstructureoflanguage，existingevenwhenthereisacontradictionbetweenthetwoordersoftime(anegativecorrelationisnotthesameasalackofcorrelationaltogether).1.2.Itisamorecomplicatedmatterwhenthedimensionofspaceisattributedtothestructureofsignifiedsinatext.Herethereferenceistothestructuringofmeaningsintoapatternnotidenticaltothetemporalorderinwhichtheyappearinthetext.Aspatialpatternisanypatternperceivedsolelyonthebasisoftheconnectionbetweendiscontinuousunitsinatext,demandingthereforeaperceptionofthewholetextorpartofitasgivensimultaneouslyinspace(whichis，forexample，thecaseofanalogies).1Twoproblemsarisewhenthetermspaceisusedtodescribesuchpatterns:(a)theproblemofwhetherthetermhasthesamemeaninghereasithashadthusfar,and(b)theproblemofwhetherwecanfindakindofcorrelationbetweenspatialstructureinthissenseandthespaceoftheworld.Asfarasthefirstproblemisconcerned,Ibelievethatwehavehereacompletelydifferentusageoftheconceptofspace.Thejustificationfortheuseofthewordhereisthatwearespeakingofintemporalityandcoexistence.2Thesemay，ofcourse,beregardedasimportantaspectsofspace;however,ifweconsiderthetermasitisgenerallyused，andaswehaveuseditthusfar,itbecomesclearthattheaboveusageisnottheusualone.Foronething,spaceisnotnecessarilyanabsenceoftime;thefactthatthingsarenotarrangedinchronologicalorder,butratherinasimultaneouspattern,doesnotmakethemnecessarilyspatial,exceptinapurelymetaphoricalsense.1-Thiscommonuseoftheadjective“spatial”isinspiredmainlybythetheoryofFrank(1963)aboutthespatialforminmodernliterature.Frank,however,usedtheconceptmainlytodescribeapropertyofanhistoricalcorpusoftexts,whiletodayitisusedtodescribegeneraltextualproperties.See,forexample,Sternberg’s(1973:228-230)discussionofanalogy,aswellassomelaterarticlesofFrankhimself(e.g.，1978:275—290).2.AdefinitionbasedonsuchaconceptionistheclassicLeibnitziandefinitionofspaceas“theorderofpossiblecoexistences”(“ordredescoexistencespossibles”)，butitisnotmerechancethatLeibnitzconceivesofspaceasasubjectiverelativesystem,whileNewtonconceivesofitassomethingabsoluteandobjective,akindof“reservoir”ofreality.Again，ourperceptionofspacehastodowithconceptssuchasvolume,extension,andthree-dimensionality,andalltheseareunrelatedtotheconceptofthespatialpattern.Thispatternhasnoparticularlocation,nocontours,novolume.Itisakindofabstractorganization,butithasnothingtodowiththerealexistenceofthethingitorganizes.Astothesecondproblem—whetheronemayspeakoftheconnectionbetweenthespatialpatternandthespaceoftheworld—herethesituationismorecomplex.Itisimpossibletoreconstructthespaceoftheworldwithoutstructuringtheinformationaboutitintosomekindofa“spatial”pattern,sothereisacertainconnectionbetweenthetwo.Butthischaracteristicisnotnecessarilylimitedtoreconstructedspacealone，sincethereconstructionofeveryaspectoftheworldnecessitatesa“spatial”pointofview—psychology，characters,norms,andeven，strangeasitmayseem，plotandtime.Still,thereisnodoubtthatthereconstructionofspaceisespeciallydependentona“spatial”pointofview,3Inanycase,itisimportanttodistinguishbetweenthe“spatial”pointofviewandthespatialobjectviewed.Moreover,althoughtheconnectionbetweenthecomponentsisapermanentone，thisconnectioncancertainlynotbeperceivedasacorrelation.Thespatialpatternofthetextdoesnotstandinanykindofcorrelationwiththespaceoftheworld.Finally,whatevertheconnectionbetweenthespatialpatternandtheworldmaybe，itshouldbeemphasizedagainthatthespatialdimensionofthetexthasnoautonomousexistence.Thetextexists,andisstructuredfirstandforemostintime.Theso-called“spatialpattern’’isactuallynothingotherthanasuperstructureofasubstancewhosebasicstructureisintime.Itisthusimpossibleto“bypass”thetimefactorinthenarrative.Thenarrative,withallitscomponents，isarrangedintime,sothatinacertainsenseonemayspeakofatemporalarrangementofspace.Wemustthereforeidentifythevariousprinciplesoftransformationfromaworldexistinginspacetoamediumstructuredintime.2、THETRANSFORMATIONFROMSPATIALOBJECTSTOTHEMEDIUMOFTIME2.1.Thepossibilityofdescribingtherelationbetweentheverbaltextandtheworldintermsoftransformationisnotapeculiarityofthepoeticsofspace.2，从空间对象到时间媒介的转变2.1。在变换方面描述口头文本与世界之间关系的可能性并不是空间诗学的特殊性。3.Theimportanceofthe“spatial”pointofviewforthereconstructionoffictionalspacewillbediscussedinmoredetailinthesectiondealingwiththefieldofvision.(See4.1andespecially4.1.4.)Thereareprinciplesgoverningthetransformationofeverycomponentoftheworldintothestructuringofinformationaboutthiscomponentinthetext.Characterization,forexample，canbeconceivedofastransformationfromthephysiological-psychologicalexistenceofcharactersintheworldtotheirtextualexistence,i.e.，dialogues，descriptions,actions,etc.,allarrangedinatemporalverbalcontinuum.Needlesstosay，thetransformationisatwo-wayrelationshipfromthetexttotheworldandviceversa,anddoesnotnecessarilyreflectrealprocessesofreadingorofcreating.Thepeculiarityofthetransformationofthetimefactorinthenarrativeisthuscharacterizedbythefactofitsbeingatransitionfromonetypeoftemporalstructuretoanother.Forthisreason,onecanalsospeakofacorrelativerelationshipbetweenthem.Thistypeofrelationshipisalsopossibleforthedialogiccomponentofthetext,butformostaspectsofthereconstructedworlditmakesnosensetospeakofacorrelation.Thetransformationtakesplacebetweencompletelydifferentlevelsoforganizationwhichhavenostructuralsimilaritybetweenthem.Spaceisuniqueinthatherethetransformationfromanobjecttoasystemofsignsinvolvesalsoatransformationfromaspatialarrangementtoatemporalone.Adiscussionoftheproblemofspaceinthenarrativerequires,firstofall，aconfrontationwiththeseprinciplesoftransformation.2.2.Spaceasitappearsinthenarrativeisaverycomplexpattern,andonlyasmallpartofitsexistenceinthetextisbasedondirectdescription.Itisactuallyacombinationofvariouskindsandlevelsofreconstruction.Beforedealingwithsuchacomplexproblem,letusexaminehow，ingeneral,languageisactivatedtodescribeanobjectinspace.Aspatialobjectischaracterizedbyitsbeingcomplete,full，andexistingsimultaneously.Intheattempttogiveverbalexpressiontothestructureofsuchanobject,theobjectmustfirstlosesomeofits“completeness，”sinceitisimpossibletogiveanidenticalexpressiontoallitspartsandaspects:someofthemmaybedescribedexplicitly,someofthemimplicitly,andsomebypassedaltogether.Languagecannotgivefullexpressiontothespatialexistenceofanyobject.Second，whenthesimultaneouspartsareexpressedasunitsofinformation,theymustreceivesomekindoftemporalarrangement.Onemaybeginfromtheoverallpatternandpasstotheindividualunitsorviceversa;thevariousunitscanbearrangedindifferentways:fromuptodown，fronttoback，theimportanttothesubordinate,etc.Inanycase，thespatialaspectsarecutoff,sotospeak，fromtheirspatialandsimultaneouscontext,andarearrangedalongatemporalline.Thusfarwehavediscusseddescriptionsofcompletelystaticobjects.However,spacedoesnotinvolveonlystaticobjectsandrelationships—thingsmayalsomoveandchange.Spaceisoneaspectofspacetime(chronotopos).Languagecanexploitthissituationbyarrangingitsitemsofinformationbylinkagetoamovement.Thismovementcanbearealrouteofanobjectoratransferofthelookorthethoughtfromoneobjecttoanother.Indailyspeechthereisevenamarkedpreferenceforthespatial-temporalmethodofarrangement(i.e.,alongalineofmovement)overthestatic,map-likestructure,aswasshownbyLinde(1974).42.3.Whenwetransfertheseconsiderationsfromthediscussionofthepossibilitiesoflanguageingeneraltothediscussionofthestructuresofnarrativetexts,wemusttakeintoaccounttwoessentialdifferences.First,asfarastheusualverbalusageisconcerned,theobjectsofspaceandoftheworldingeneralconstituteanexternalfactornotdependentonlanguage，whereaswithinthenarrativetextneitherspacenortheworldhaveanindependentexistencebutratheranexistencederivedfromthelanguageitself.IntermsofBenjaminHrushovski’stexttheory(1974，1975)，thisisaninternalfieldofreference.Thus,theimportantquestiontobeposedatthispointisnotonlyhowisagivenspaceexpressedinlanguage?butalsowhatisthenatureofthisspace?Thedecisionsofthetextbearnotonlyontheverbalmaterial,butalsoontheworld.Theseconddifferencewhichmustbetakenintoaccountisthatthemovementdiscussedabove，whichcanserveindailyspeechasavehicleforacertainarrangementofinformation,canhaveinthenarrativetextamostcentralanddominantstatus.Infact,theentireplotcanberegardedassuchamovement.Aplotcanbe“spaceoriented，”servingasamotivationfortheinclusionofspaceunits;anextremeexampleofthisis“NilsHolgersson’sWonderfulJourney，”bySelmaLagerlof,whoseplotservestopresent,inseveralways，acompletegeographyofSweden.Obviously,plotisnotusuallysubordinate,especiallyinrelationtospace，butwhateverthestatusorfunctionsofplotinthetext，itmustbeseenasmorethansimplyastructureintime.Itincludesroutes，movement,directions，volume，simultaneity,etc.,andthusisanactivepartnerinthestructuringofspaceinthetext.Thetransformationofspaceintothetemporal-verbaltextmaybesketchedasshowninFigure1.Thedifferentpointsoftheverbalcontinuummayreferdirectlytopointsinspaceortopointsinthecontinuumofevents,relatingtospacethroughspacetime(thechronotopos).Thetextcanrefertospaceandspacetimeunitswhicharelargeorsmall,completeorpartial,andcanstructuretheminanyorderandmanneritchooses.4.InastudyshecarriedoutonthewaysEnglishspeakersfromagivengroupdescribeapartments,Lindediscoveredthatmostpeopleorganizetheirdescriptionasa“walk”throughtheapartmentandonlyafewdoitlikeanaerial“map.”3.THETHREELEVELSOFSTRUCTURINGFromtheabovesketch,onemaydistinguishthreedifferentlevelsofthestructuringofspaceinthetext:从上面的草图中，可以区分文本中空间结构的三个不同层次：Thetopographicallevel:spaceasastaticentity(expressedinthediagrambythebottomofthecube).地形级别：空间作为静态实体（在多维数据集底部的图中表示）。Thechronotopiclevel:thestructureimposedonspacebyeventsandmovements,i.e.，byspacetime(inthediagram，theprojectionsoftheinsideofthecubeonthelowersquare).chronotopic级别：由事件和运动强加于空间的结构，即通过时空（在图中，下方的立方体内部的投影）。Thetextuallevel:thestructureimposedonspacebythefactthatitissignifiedwithintheverbaltext.文本层面：通过在口头文本中表示的空间强加于空间的结构。Theselevelsallbelongtothereconstructedworld，andcanberegardedasthreelevelsofreconstruction.Themostimmediatelevelofreconstructionisthetextualone，inwhichtheworldstillretainsseveralofthestructuringpatternsofthetext.Inthechronotopiclevel，thereconstructedworldisalreadyindependentoftheverbalarrangementofthetext,butisstilldependentontheplot.Finally,onthehighestlevelofreconstruction,thetopographicone，theworldisperceivedasexistingforitself,withitsown“natural”structure,cutoffentirelyfromanystructureimposedbytheverbaltextandtheplot.Asmentionedinthediscussionoftransformation(section2.1),itmustberememberedthatnotemporalorderisimpliedhere;thethreelevelsofreconstructiondonotrepresentdifferentstagesinarealactofreconstructionorofcreation.Thereaderdoesnotbeginatthetextuallevelandthenpassontotheothers,orviceversa;rather,heiscontinuallymovingbackandforthamongthethreelevelsand，moreover,heperceivesthematoncewithoutbeingabletoseparatethem.Thelevelsmaybecomparedtothreediapositiveslidescoveringeachother.Thereisadifferenceinclarityamongthem:theyarenotallreceptivetothesameextent,nordotheyattractattentionequally.Fromtheobserver’spointofview，however,theyarealwaysperceivedtogether,onethroughtheother.53.1.TheLevelofTopographicalStructureAsmentioned,thisisspaceatitshighestlevelofreconstruction,perceivedasself-existentandindependentofthetemporalstructureoftheworldandsequentialarrangementofthetext.Thetextcanexpresstopographicalstructurebymeansofdirectdescriptions,e.g.，asinBalzac’swell-knownopenings，butinfacteveryunitofthetext,whethernarrative,dialogic,orevenessayistic，maycontributetothereconstructionofthetopographicalstructure.Thisstructuremaybeconceivedasakindofmapbasedonelementsfromtheentiretext,includingallitscomponents.True，amapsuchasthiscannotbeentirelyexhaustive.Someofitsareasareblank，andintherealworlditmaynotbeofmuchuseinfindingone’sway.Forthepurposeofreading，however，itprovidesasufficientlyclearpictureoftheworld.Themapisbasedonaseriesofoppositions,someofwhicharegeneralandtypical,othersofwhicharemorespecific.Itencompassesthehorizontalstructureoftheworld,relationshipssuchasinsideandoutside,farandnear,centerandperiphery,cityandvillage,etc.Itmayalsoincludecontourssignifyingtheverticalorganizationoftheworldandrepresentingtheoppositionup-down.4.Thedistinctionbetweenthethreelevelsofstructuringowesalottotwoexistingdistinctions:thatofPetsch(1942:162—189)andthatofKristeva(1970:191—197),butitdiffersfromtheseinsomeprincipalpoints.Firstofall,thesedistinctionsarebinary,notternary,andbothseemtobearesultofthetendencytodescribespaceintermsentirelysymmetricalwiththoseusedtodescribetime,andindescribingtimethebinarydistinctionsareactuallyclearcut.PetschdiscriminatesbetweenRaumandLokaLTheLokalisspacegiveninitself,andisthusmoreorlessparalleltotheleveloftopographicalstructure.Raumisspaceconnectedwithotherlevelsofthetext.Amongothers,itisconnectedwiththetimefactor,beingaspacerevealedstepbystep.Butthisimportantaspectispointedoutonlyasanaside;actuallytheRaumisconnectedwithmanyaspectsandpropertiesofthetextthathavenorealconnectionwitheachother:itisalsospaceexperiencedbythecharacters,itissymbolic,itbearsmeanings,andsoforth.Petsch’sdistinctionissomewhatimbalanced“infavor”oftheRaum.TheRaumis,inthefinalanalysis,anythingof“interest”onemaysayaboutspace,whileLokalisnothingbutaneutralmaterial,lackinganysignificanceinitself.Incontrast,thedistinctionbetweenthethreelevelsofstructureproposedherehasnothingtodowithmeanings:everylevelcanbeequallymeaningfulandfunctionwithinthetextasawhole.Kristeva’sdistinctionisclosertomyproposal.Shediscriminatesbetweenespacetextuelandespacegeographtque.Thegeographicspaceinheranalysismayparallelboththetopographicandchronotopiclevels,andtheespacetextuel，ofcourse,parallelsthetextuallevel.Butthedevelopmentofthedistinctionandthedescriptionofthelevelsarequitedifferent.Inaddition,themaphaspatternswhichrefernottothelocationofthings,butrathertotheirquality—patternsofcolors，substances,typesofobjects,etc.Unliketopographicalmapsinreality,thismapcanstructurespaceonthebasisofontologicalprinciplesaswell;thatis,spacecanbedividedupaccordingtothemodesofexistenceofitsunits.Inaddition,themaphaspatternswhichrefernottothelocationofthings,butrathertotheirquality—patternsofcolors，substances,typesofobjects,etc.These“modesofexistence”sometimesoverlapwiththefactoroftopographicallocation:forexample,theworldofthegods—up;theworldofman—down.Yettheymayrelatetooneanotherinrelationshipsinthemselvescompletelyunspatial,suchastherelationshipbetweenthespaceofadreamandthatofrealitywithinthenarrative.Again，theontologicallevelsmaybecompletelydifferentiatedfromoneanother,ortheymaybemingled，appearingtogetherinonecontinuousspace，suchasinfantastictales.Itisdifficulttodefinebeforehandallthedifferentpossibilitiesofpatternsinthetopographicalworld,forthesearenotdependentonthelogicoftheverbaltext—onthecontrary,asfaraslanguageisconcerned，everystructureispossible.Thepossibilitiesopentothewriterare，instead,dependentonhispersonaloutlook,tradition,culture，individualqualities,etc.Onlyoneaspectofthestructureoftopographicalspaceisdependentonthelogicofthenarrativetext:thespecialspatialexistenceofthecharacters.Thecharactersaregenerallyperceived