欧洲文化入门复习材料

《欧洲文化入门》复习资料重庆交通大学外国语学院英语系2013年5月I.Choosethemostappropriateoneforthefollowingblanks.1.TwomajorelementsinEuropeancultureare____.A.GreeksandRomansB.theJudaismandChristianityC.theGreco-RomancultureD.BandC2.____dealswiththeTrojanWar(theGreekstatesledbyAgamemnonintheirwaragainstthecityofTroy).A.TheOdysseyB.TheIliadC.PrometheusBoundD.Persians3.TheplayPrometheusBoundwaswrittenby_____.A.AeschylusB.AristophanesC.EuripidesD.Sophocles4.ThebestwriterofcomedyoftheancientGreecewas____,whoisFatherofComedy.A.EuripidesB.AristophanesC.SophoclesD.Aeschylus5.____wasoneoftheearliestexponentsoftheatomictheory.A.HomerB.HeracleitueC.DemocritusD.Socrates6.____byPlatoisabookabouttheidealstateruledbyaphilosopherbutbarringpoets.A.DialoguesB.TheApologyC.TheRepublicD.Symposium7.Dantecalled____themasterofthosewhoknow”.A.AristotleB.PlatoC.SocratesD.Archimedes8.Euclidisevennowwell-knownforhis____.A.ElementsB.PoeticsC.EthicsD.Politics9.____hasbeenabigsubjectfordiscussionamongwritersandartists.A.DiscusThrowerB.VenusdeMiloC.LaocoongroupD.Parthenon10.Herodotus,FatherofHistory,wroteaboutthewarbetween____.A.AthensandSpartaB.AthensandSyracuseC.AthensandPersiansD.GreeksandPersians11.Itis_____whowasthefounderofscientificmathematics.A.HeracleitusB.AristotleC.SocratesD.Pythagoras12.Octaviustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetitleof____in27B.C..A.RomeB.AugustusC.TheRomanEmpireD.PaxRomana13.Thegreatepic,TheAeneid,waswrittenby_____.A.LucretiusB.VirgilC.JuliusCaesarD.Cicero14.TheoldestandmostimportantoftheOldTestamentof39booksarethefirstfivebooks,called____.A.DeuteronomyB.ExodusC.thePentateuchD.Genesis15.In____theJewswerecarriedawayintotheBabylonianCaptivity(巴比伦之囚).A.169B.C.B.586B.C.C.536B.C.D,721B.C.16.ThemostimportantandinfluentialofEnglishBibleis____,firstpublishedin1611.A.TheSeptuagintB.TheVulgateC.Wycliff’sversionD.Authorizedversion17.____istheoldestextantGreektranslationoftheOldTestament.A.TheSeptuagintB.TheVulgateC.Wycliff’sversionD.Authorizedversion18.Itisgenerallyacceptedthat____andShakespearearetwogreatreserviorsofModernEnglish.A.theBibleB.theEnglishBibleC.theNewTestamentD.theOldTestament19.TheMiddleAgesisaperiodinwhich_____,_____andGothicheritagesmerged.A.Greco-Roman,ChristianityB.classical,ChristianC.Greek,RomanD.classical,Hebrew20.Thecentreofmedievallifeunderfeudalismwas_____.A.knighthoodB.themanorC.theChurchD.polis21.In1054,theChristianChurchwasdividedinto____andtheEasternOrthodoxChurch.A.ChristianityB.theRomanChurchC.theRomanCatholicChurchD.theWesternCatholic22._____byAquinasformsanenormoussystemandsumsupalltheknowledgeofmedievaltheology.A.SummaTheologicaB.SummaContraGentilesC.OpusmaiusD.Beowulf23.TheAnglo-Saxonepic____originatedfromthecollectiveeffortoforalliterature.A.SongofRolandB.TheAnglo-SaxonChroniclesC.BeowulfD.TheDivineComedy24.Generallyspeaking,Renaissancereferstotheperiodbetween____.centuries《欧洲文化入门》串讲资料绪论1.civilization名词解释Primarily,thetermhasbeenusedtorefertothematerialandinstrumentalsideofhumanculturesthatarecomplexintermsoftechnology,science,anddivisionoflabor.Suchcivilizationsaregenerallyhierarchicalandurbanized.Inaclassicalcontext,peoplewerecalled"civilized"tosetthemapartfrombarbarians,savages,andprimitivepeopleswhileinamodern-daycontext,"civilizedpeoples"havebeencontrastedwithindigenouspeoplesortribalsocieties.2.cultureCulture...isthatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.3.Mesopotamia,Egypt,IndusValley,Shang(YellowRiverValley),andMesoamericaandAndeanSouthAmericaarecradlesofancientcivilizations.4.Mesopotamia(美索不达米亚文明)WidelyconsideredtobethecradleofcivilizationintheWest,MesopotamianCivilizationbeganwiththebeginningofwrittenhistoryin3100BCtothefallofBabylonin539BC,whenitwasconqueredbytheAchaemenidEmpire.5.TheearliestlanguagewritteninMesopotamiawasSumerian(闪族语),anagglutinativelanguage(粘着语).6.Mesopotamianmathematicsandsciencewasbasedonasexagesimal(base60)numeralsystem.Thisisthesourceofthe60-minutehour,the24-hourday,andthe360-degreecircle.7.Mesopotamiansbelievedthattheworldwasaflatdisc,surroundedbyahuge,holedspace,andabovethat,heaven.Theyalsobelievedthatwaterwaseverywhere,thetop,bottomandsides,andthattheuniversewasbornfromthisenormoussea.Inaddition,Mesopotamianreligionwaspolytheistic.8.AnoldSumerianproverbaverredthat"hewhowouldexcelintheschoolofthescribesmustrisewiththedawn."9.ManyBabylonianliteraryworksarestillstudiedtoday.OneofthemostfamousofthesewastheEpicofGilgamesh(《吉尔伽美什》),intwelvebooks.10.theCodeofHammurabi名词解释TheCodeofHammurabi(《汉莫拉比法典》)isawell-preservedBabylonianlawcode,datingbacktoabout1772BC.Itisoneoftheoldestdecipheredwritingsofsignificantlengthintheworld.ThesixthBabylonianking,Hammurabi,enactedthecode,andpartialcopiesexistonahuman-sizedstonesteleandvariousclaytablets.TheCodeconsistsof282laws,withscaledpunishments,adjusting"aneyeforaneye,atoothforatooth"asgradeddependingonsocialstatus,ofslaveversusfreeman.Nearlyone-halfoftheCodedealswithmattersofcontract,establishing,forexample,thewagestobepaidtoanoxdriverorasurgeon.Otherprovisionssetthetermsofatransaction,establishingtheliabilityofabuilderforahousethatcollapses,forexample,orpropertythatisdamagedwhileleftinthecareofanother.Athirdofthecodeaddressesissuesconcerninghouseholdandfamilyrelationshipssuchasinheritance,divorce,paternityandsexualbehavior.Onlyoneprovisionappearstoimposeobligationsonanofficial;thisprovisionestablishesthatajudgewhoreachesanincorrectdecisionistobefinedandremovedfromthebenchpermanently.Ahandfulofprovisionsaddressissuesrelatedtomilitaryservice.11.TheSumerians(苏尔美人)alsoposedphilosophicalquestions,suchas:Whoarewe?Wherearewe?Howdidwegethere?Theyattributedanswerstothesequestionstoexplanationsprovidedbytheirgods.12.BabylonianthoughthadaconsiderableinfluenceonearlyGreekandHellenisticphilosophy.13.AncientEgyptwasanancientcivilizationofNortheasternAfrica,concentratedalongthelowerreachesoftheNileRiverinwhatisnowthemoderncountryofEgypt.14.Egyptiancivilizationcoalescedaround3150BC(accordingtoconventionalEgyptianchronology)withthepoliticalunificationofUpperandLowerEgyptunderthefirstpharaoh.15.ThesuccessofancientEgyptiancivilizationcamepartlyfromitsabilitytoadapttotheconditionsoftheNileRiverValley.Thepredictablefloodingandcontrolledirrigationofthefertilevalleyproducedsurpluscrops,whichfueledsocialdevelopmentandculture.16.ThemanyachievementsoftheancientEgyptiansincludethequarrying(采石),surveying(测量)andconstructiontechniquesthatfacilitated(促进)thebuildingofmonumentalpyramids(金字塔),temples,andobelisks(方尖碑).17.Thepharaoh(法老)wastheabsolutemonarchofthecountryand,atleastintheory,wieldedcompletecontrolofthelandanditsresources.Thekingwasthesuprememilitarycommanderandheadofthegovernment.18.TheancientEgyptiansviewedmenandwomen,includingpeoplefromallsocialclassesexceptslaves,asessentiallyequalunderthelaw.19.TheEgyptiansbelievedthateveryhumanbeingwascomposedofphysicalandspiritualpartsoraspects(人由肉体和精神两部分构成).20.ThewrittensystemofEgyptianlanguagesiscalledhieroglyphs(象形文字).21.TheChineselanguagebelongstotheSino-TibetanLanguageFamily(汉藏语系).22.EuropeanlanguagesbelongtotheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily(印欧语系),includingEnglish,German,FrenchandSpanishetc.23.TheGreco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christian elementarethetwomajorelementswhichconstitutethecoreofEuropeanCulture(希腊罗马成分及犹太基督教成分构成了欧洲文化的核心内容).第一章1.The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.2.TheeconomyofAthensrestedon(依赖)animmense(无限的)amountofslavelabour.3.TheAncientOlympicGameswerereligiousandathleticfestivalsheldeveryfouryearsatthesanctuaryofZeusinOlympia,Greece(宗教、体育盛会，在希腊奥林比亚山，宙斯圣殿举行),whichwererevivedin1896(当代奥运会).4.HomerwroteepicsIliadandOdyssey,aroundtheTrojanWar(特洛伊战争)thatwasfoughtbetweenCreeksandTrojansabout1200-1100B.C.8.Agamemnon,Hector,AchillesareimportantcharactersinIliad.9.OdysseusandPenelopeareimportantcharactersinOdyssey.10.Odyssey(对其它作品的影响)—→JamesJoyce’sUlyssesinthe20thcentury.11.DramasinAncientGreeceflouredinthe5thcenturyB.C.11.threegreattragedian三大悲剧大师  ①Aeschylus(埃斯库罗斯)PrometheusBound(《被缚的普罗米修斯》)—→模仿式作品Shelly’sPrometheusUnbound(《被解放了的普罗米修斯》)②Sophocles(索福克勒斯)OedipustheKing(《俄狄浦斯王》)—→fromwhichFreud(弗洛伊德)developedhistheoryof“theOedipuscomplex”(恋母情结)whichwasappliedbyDavidHerbertLawrence(劳伦斯)tohisnovelSonsandlovers(《儿子与情人》)p.447③Euripides’(欧力庇得斯)majorwork:TrojanWomen(《特洛伊妇女》).Heisthefirstwriterof“problemplays”(社会问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 剧).Realismcanbetracedback(追溯到)totheAncientGreece,tobespecific(具体来说),Euripides.12.TheonlyrepresentativeofGreekcomedyisAristophanes,whowritesaboutnatureandfolliesofhumanbeings.p.18.13.History(Historicalwriting)史学创作a.Herodotus(希罗多德),the"FatherofHistory",andwasthefirsthistorianknowntocollecthismaterialssystematically,testtheiraccuracytoacertainextentandarrangetheminawell-constructedandvividnarrative.TheHistories(《历史》)isaninvestigationoftheoriginsoftheGreco-PersianWarsandincludingawealthofgeographicalandethnographicalinformation.Althoughsomeofhisstorieswerefanciful,heclaimedhewasreportingonlywhathadbeentoldtohim.b.Thucydides,thegreatesthistorianthateverlived.HisHistoryofthePeloponnesianWar(《博罗奔泥撒战争》)recountsthe5thcenturyBCwarbetweenSpartaandAthenstotheyear411BC.Thucydideshasbeendubbedthefatherof"scientifichistory",becauseofhisstrictstandardsofevidence-gatheringandanalysisintermsofcauseandeffectwithoutreferencetointerventionbythegods.14.TherepresentativeformofGreekDemocracyisthecitizen-assemblyinapolis(古希腊民主的 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 现形式为城邦的公民大会).15.GreekScience①Euclid’s(欧几里得)Elements(《几何原本》)wasinuseinEnglishschoolsuntiltheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.②Archimedes(阿基米德)said,“Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld.”16.Architecture古希腊建筑三大风格    temple—→Parthenon帕特农神庙①TheDoricstyle(多利斯式)whichisalsocalledthemasculinestyle(阳刚的)，buttheDoricstyleismonotonousandunadorned(单调)issturdy(坚强的),powerful,severelooking(庄严肃穆)andshowingagoodsenseofproportionsandnumbers.②TheIonicstyle(爱奥尼亚式)whichisalsocalledthefemininestyle(阴柔的)，beinggraceful(优雅的)andelegant(优美的). TheIonicstyleoftenshowsawealthofornament.(装饰性)③TheCorinthianstyle(科林斯式)isknownforitsornamentalluxury(奢侈).17.Thefamoustemples:  TheAcrpolis(卫城)atAthensandtheParthenon(帕特农神庙).18.TheburningofCorinth(科林斯)in146B.C.,  markedtheRomanconquestofGreeceandthebeginningofthefusionoftheRomanCultureandGreekCulture.19.BothLatinandGreekbelongtotheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily(印欧语系).20.TheRomanwriterHoracesaid“CaptiveGreecetookherrudeconquerorcaptive.”(被征服的希腊反将其未开化的征服者征服)21.Thedividingrange(分水岭)intheRomanhistorywas27B.C.,beforewhichitwastheRomeRepublic(509BC–27BC),andafterwhichitwastheRomanEmpire(theWesternRomanEmpire(286–476)thewesternhalfoftheRomanEmpire,theotherhalfbeingtheEasternRomanEmpireorByzantineEmpire.EasternRomanEmpire(330–1453),alsoknownastheByzantineEmpire(拜占庭帝国).22.Theideaofrepubliccanbetracedbacktothepolisincit-statesofancientGreeceandPlato’sTheRepublic(《理想国》).23.TheterritoriesoftheRomanEmpirereacheditsclimaxinthe2ndand3rdcenturies,north:England;  east:ArmeniaandMesopotamia;south:NorthAfrica.24.IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteed(保证)bytheRomanlegions(罗马军团).25.IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasknownasPaxRomana(罗马帝国统治下的和平时期).26.theLawoftheTwelveTables名词解释TheLawoftheTwelveTables(十二铜表法)wastheancientlegislationthatstoodatthefoundationofRomanlaw.TheLawoftheTwelveTablesformedthecentrepieceoftheconstitutionoftheRomanRepublic(罗马共和国宪法的中心)andthecoreofthecustomoftheancestors(祖先习俗的核心).Theywerelargelyprocedural,combiningstrictandrigorouspenaltieswithequallystrictandrigorousproceduralforms(该法典以程序为主，以严格严厉的惩罚与严格严厉的程序相结合).27.theCodeofJustinianTheCodeofJustinianacollectionoffundamentalworksinjurisprudence,issuedfrom529to534byorderofJustinianI,EasternRomanEmperoritwasnotingeneraluseduringtheEarlyMiddleAges.AftertheEarlyMiddleAges,interestinitrevived.Itwas"received"orimitatedasprivatelawanditspublic-lawcontentwasquarriedforargumentsbybothsecularandecclesiasticalauthorities.ThisrevivedRomanlaw,inturn,becamethefoundationoflawinallcivillawjurisdictions.TheprovisionsoftheCorpusJurisCivilisalsoinfluencedtheCanonLawofthechurch.Influenceonthecommon-lawsystemshasbeenmuchsmaller.TheCorpuscontinuestohaveamajorinfluenceonpublicinternationallaw.ItsfourpartsthusconstitutethefoundationdocumentsoftheWesternlegaltradition.26.TheRomanLawprotected(保护)therightsofplebeians(平民).27.TheimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstotheEuropeanculturewastheRomanLaw.28.After395,theempirewasdividedintoEast(theByzantineEmpire)andWest.29.Cicero(西赛罗)whoselegalandpoliticalspeechesaremodelsofLatindiction(拉丁遣词)describedasCiceronian(西赛罗式的),whichshedanenormousinfluence(巨大影响)onthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose.(散文)30.JuliusCaesarwrote  Commentaries(《高卢战争评传 》) andsaid,“Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.”31.VirgilwrotetheepicAeneid(《伊尼德》又《埃涅伊德》).32.Thepantheonwhichwasbuiltin27B.C.wastheworld’sfirstvastinteriorspace(世界上第一所最大的室内场所).33.TheColosseum(竞技场)wasenormousinsize.34.ThefamousRomansculpture(雕塑)  istheShe-wolf(母狼).论述简答(名词解释,简答)I.Whatisthelimitationof“democracy”inancientGreece?(Howdoyouunderstand“democracy”inancientGreece?Whatisthedifferencebetweenthe“democracy”inancientGreeceandthemoderndemocracy?Answer:  ①Democracymeans“theexerciseofpowerbythewholepeople”,butinGreeceby“thewholepeople”theGreeksmeantonlytheadultmalecitizens.  ②Women,children,foreignersandslaveswereexcludedfromdemocracy.II.HowdidtheGreekcultureoriginateanddevelop?Answer:①Probablyaround1200B.C.,awarwasfoughtbetweenGreeceandTroy.ThisisthewarthatHomerreferstoinhistwoepics.②Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcenturyB.C.  a.ThesuccessfulrepulseofthePersianinvasion(击退波斯入侵)earlyinthe5thcentury.  b.Theestablishmentofdemocracy.  c.Theflourishing(蒸蒸日上的)ofscience,philosophy,literature,artandhistoricalwritingsinAthens.③The5thcenturyclosedwiththecivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.④Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.,GreecewasconqueredbyAlexander,kingofMacedon.Wheneverhewentandconquered,wheneverGreekculturewasfound.⑤BlendoftheGreekcultureandRomancultureafter146B.C.,whentheRomansconqueredGreece.III.HowdidtheAncientGreekphilosophydevelop?Answer: 1.Threefounders    A.Pythagoras(毕达哥拉斯)whoiscreditedwith      ①Allthingswerenumbers;      ②Scientificmathematics;      ③Theoryofproportion(比例的理论).    B.Heracleitue(赫拉克利特)whoiscreditedwith①Fireistheprimary(主要的)elementsoftheuniverse(火是万物之源);.      ②Thetheoryoftheminglingofoppositesproducedharmony(矛盾的对立统一).    C.Democrituswhoiscreditedwith      ①Theatomictheory(原子理论);      ②Materialism(唯物主义)2.Threephilosophers    A.Socrates(苏格拉底)①Hedidnotwriteanything.WecanknowhimfromPlato’sDialogues.②Thedialecticalmethod(辩证法)wasestablishedbySocrates.B.Plato(柏拉图)isoneofthemostimportantfoundingfiguresinWesternphilosophy.Plato'sDialogueshavebeenusedtoteacharangeofsubjects,includingphilosophy,logic,ethics,rhetoric,andmathematics.①HeestablishedtheAcademy(学园),thefirstschoolintheworld.②Hisworksareintheformofdialogues,includingApology,SymposiumandTheRepublic.    ③HewasthefounderofthephilosophyofidealismintheWest(西方唯心主义哲学创立者).C.Aristotle(亚里斯多德)isoneofthemostimportantfoundingfiguresinWesternphilosophy.Aristotle'swritingswerethefirsttocreateacomprehensivesystemofWesternphilosophy,encompassingethics,aesthetics,logic,science,politics,andmetaphysics.①AristotleestablishedtheLyceum(学园),thesecondschoolintheworld.②Heclaimsthat“Thestateiscreationofnature,andthatmanisbynatureapoliticalanimal.”(国家由自然而兴，人本质上是政治动物)③Hesaid,“ThenativesofAsiaareintelligentandinventive,buttheyarewantinginspirit,andtherefore,theyarealwaysinastateofsubjectionandslavery.”(亚洲人聪明、善长发明，但缺乏精神，因此总处于臣服，甚至奴隶的地步)④AccordingtoAristotle,happinessconsistsofvirtue,wisdomandhealth(幸福之基本素为：美德，智慧，健康).3.Fivecontendingschools  A.TheSophists(诡辩派)①UndertheleadershipofProtagoras.②TherepresentativeofworkisOntheGods(《诸神论》).③Thedoctrine(教义)oftheSophistsis“manisthemeasureofallthings”(人乃衡量万物之 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).B.TheCynics(犬儒派)①UndertheleadershipofDiogenes.②Theword‘cynic’means‘dog’inEnglish.③Heproclaimed(宣扬)hisbrotherhood.Andhehadnopatiencewiththerichandpowerful(有钱有势的人).  C.TheSceptics(怀疑学派)①UndertheleadershipofPyrrhon(皮朗).②Histhoughtisthatnotallknowledgewasattainable(可获得的),andhedoubtedthetruthofwhatothersacceptedastrue.  D.TheEpicureans(享乐派，伊壁鸠鲁派)①UndertheleadershipofEpicurus.  ②Pleasuretobethehighestgoodinlifebutnotsensualenjoyment(感官享乐).Pleasurecouldbeattainedbythepracticeofvirtue(通过实行道德获得).   Epicuruswasamaterialist.Hebelievedthattheworldconsistedofatoms.E.TheStoics(斯多哥派)①UndertheleadershipofZeno.②Histhoughtisthatdutyisthemostimportantthinginlife.Oneshouldendure(忍受)hardship(艰难)andmisfortune(不幸)withcourage(勇气).IV.WhatphilosophysystemdidPlatoestablished?(WhydowesayPlato’sphilosophysystemwasidealistic?DoyouthinkPlatobuiltupacomprehensive(综合的)systemofphilosophy?)Answer:1.Itdealtwith,amongotherthings,theproblemofhow,inthecomplex,ever-changingworld,menweretoattain(获得)knowledge.2.Thephysical(自然)worldshouldtakethesecondarycase.3.HisphilosophyisIdealisticinnature(其哲学是唯心论). 4.ManyofPlato’sideaswerelaterabsorbedintoChristianthought(吸收到基督教的思想中).V.What’sthedifferencebetweenPlatoandAristotleintermsoftheirphilosophicalideas(systems)？Answer:  1.Foronething,Aristotleemphasized(强调)directobservationofnatureinsteadofthattheoryshouldfollowfact(理论联系实际).ThisisdifferentfromPlato’sreliance(依赖)onsubjectivethinking(依赖主观思维).2.Foranother,hethoughtthat“form”and“matter”togethermadeupconcreteindividualrealities(形式与物质共同构成具体个别现实).Here,too,hedifferedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadahigherrealitythanthephysicalworld(理念高于物质世界).3.Aristotlethoughthappinesswasmen’saiminlife.Butnothappinessinthevulgar(庸俗的)sense,butsomethingthatcouldonlybeachievedbyleadingalifeofreason,goodnessandcontemplation(理性、善良和沉思的生活).Questiontobeansweredinonesentence(一句话简答题):  Question:Whatshouldbeman’saiminlife? Answer:AccordingtoAristotleman’saiminlifeishappiness.VI.WhatisthegreatsignificanceofGreekCultureonthelater-onculturaldevelopment?(WhatpositiveinfluencedidtheGreekCultureexert(产生)ontheworldcivilization?)Answer:Therehasbeenanenduringexcitement(兴奋)aboutclassical(古典的)GreekcultureinEuropeandelsewhere.RediscoveryofGreekcultureplayedavital(有生命力的)partintheRenaissanceinItalyandotherEuropeancountries.  1.Spiritofinnovation(创新精神) TheGreekpeopleinventedmathematicsandscienceandphilosophy;theyfirstwrotehistoryasopposed(反对)tomereannals(纯粹的历史记载);Theyspeculated(思索)freelyaboutthenatureoftheworldandtheendsoflife(生命的目的),withoutbeingboundinthefetters(束缚)ofanyinheritedorthodoxy(继承的习俗).2.Supremeachievements(至高无上的成就)  TheGreeksachievedsupremeachievementsinnearlyallfieldsofhumanendeavour(努力):philosophy,science,literatury(epic,poetry,tragedy,comedy,historicalwritings,architecture,etc. 3.Lastingeffect(持续的影响)①Countless(无数的)writershavequoted(引用),borrowedfromandotherwiseusedHomer’sepics,thetragediesofAeschylus,SophoclesandEuripides,andAristophanes’scomedies,Plato’sDialogues,ect.②Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury,inEnglandalone,threeyoungRomanticpoetsexpressedtheiradmirationofGreekcultureinworkswhichhavethemselvesbecomeclassics(经典之作):Byron’s(拜伦)IslesofGreece(《哀希腊》),Shelley’s(雪莱)Hellas(《希腊》)andPrometheusUnboundandK