自由党与戴季陶

TheTzu-yutangandTaiChit'ao,1912-1913Author(s):MartinBernalSource:ModernAsianStudies,Vol.1,No.2(1967),pp.133-154Publishedby:CambridgeUniversityPressStableURL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/311971Accessed:26-11-201706:13UTCJSTORisanot-for-profitservicethathelpsscholars,researchers,andstudentsdiscover,use,andbuilduponawiderangeofcontentinatrusteddigitalarchive.Weuseinformationtechnologyandtoolstoincreaseproductivityandfacilitatenewformsofscholarship.FormoreinformationaboutJSTOR,pleasecontactsupport@jstor.org.YouruseoftheJSTORarchiveindicatesyouracceptanceoftheTerms&ConditionsofUse,availableathttp://about.jstor.org/termsCambridgeUniversityPressiscollaboratingwithJSTORtodigitize,preserveandextendaccesstoModernAsianStudiesThiscontentdownloadedfrom219.228.146.241onSun,26Nov201706:13:55UTCAllusesubjecttohttp://about.jstor.org/termsModernAsianStudies,1,2(1967),pp.133-154TheTzu-yutangandTaiChit'ao,1912-I913BYMARTINBERNALTHEORIGINSOFTHETZU-YUTANGTHEChung-huamin-kuotzu-yutangortzu-yutang(f]E)wasnamedaftertheJapaneseJiyfit6(P~EA)whichwasconventionallyknownasthe'LiberalParty'.However,inbothJapaneseandChinesethewordJiyfi/tzu-yuretainedstrongconnotationsof'liberty'whichhavebeenlostbytheword'Liberal'.1Itseemsbestthereforetoleavethetitleuntranslated.TheTzu-yutangwasoneofmanyminorpartiesactiveintheshortperiodofpoliticalfreedomfromDecember191ItoAugust1913.Thereareatleastthreejustificationsforitsstudy.Itwasconsideredimportantatthetime;SunYat-sen,HuangHsing,HuHan-min,WangChing-weiandCh'enCh'i-meiallassociatedthemselveswiththeParty.2ThroughitswidespreadmembershipanditsnewspaperMin-ch'iianpaothePartyhadapowerfulpoliticalinfluenceinmanycitiesandtowns.Furthermore,studyoftheParty'spoliciesandorganizationgivesaninsightintoradicalthoughtandactionduringacrucialperiodinthedevelopmentofmodernChina.ThePartywaslaunchedonoraboutIJanuary1912.sTheleadingfigureatthistimewasLiHuai-shuang(.1$%).LiseemstohavebeenborninKwangtungin1875.Heheldanofficialpostbutresignedfromit.4HejoinedtheT'ung-mengHuiandin191oor1911becameinvolvedintherevolutionarymovementinShanghai.HeworkedasajournalistfortheleadingradicalpaperMin-lipao,andinI9'IbecameaneditorofthejournalTien-tuopaowhichhadjustbecome1SeeR.A.Scalapino,DemocracyandthePartyMovementinPrewarJapan,Berkeley,1953,p.65.2Seethelistofsupportersattachedtothe'simpleconstitutionoftheTzu-yutang'includedbyCh'enMing-tung(qFti')in'Tzu-yutangts'ai-liaohsuan-chi',Chin-tai-shihTz'u-liao,No.17,1957;No.6,p.143.3Min-lipao,12Jan.1912,p.6.'TheactivitiesoftheTzu-yutang'andMin-lipao,21Jan.1912,p.8.Ch'enMing-tung'sdeductionthatthePartywasfoundedinApril(p.140)maycomefromareferencetothedateofaformalinauguralmeetingwhichtookplaceinthatmonth.However,thePartyhadbeenactiveforatleastthreemonthsbeforethat.*Shinagendaijinmyokan,Tokyo,1924.Thiscontentdownloadedfrom219.228.146.241onSun,26Nov201706:13:55UTCAllusesubjecttohttp://about.jstor.org/terms134MARTINBERNALrevolutionary.5HerehecollaboratedwiththeotherleadingfigureoftheTzu-yutang,Taichi-t'ao(P18J)**W)mingchuan-hsien(46j%).6Tai,knownatthetimebyhispen-name,T'ien-ch'ou(WfI),wasbornintoafamilyofprosperouscraftsmenandtraditionaldoctorsatKuanghaninSzechwanin1890.Afteratraditionaleducation,hewentattheageoftwelvetoa'preparatoryschoolforstudyinJapan'.In1905athisfamily'sexpensehewenttostudylawandpoliticsatNihonDaigakuinTokyo.HestudiedwellandbecameexceptionallyfluentinJapanese,atthesametimetakinganactivepartinChinesestudentpolitics.InI9o9heranoutofmoneyandreturnedtoChinawithouthavinggraduated.7ForashorttimeheheldapostinSoochowatthe'ResearchCentreforLocalSelfGovernment'.HethenwenttoShanghaitoworkforT'ien-tuopao,wherehisabilitysoimpressedhissuperiorsthatwithinafewweekshebecameaneditor.Inthispositionhequicklygainedawidereputationandwasparticularlyrenownedforhisstatement:'Itisabadpaperthatisnotclosedandabadeditorthatisnotinprison.'8Infact,Taiwasthreatenedwitharrestforhiscriticismoftheregime,butheescapedtoMalaya.Earlyin1911hemarriedanemancipatedwoman,NiuYu-heng(W4E4),whoseemstohavesupportedhimfinancially.TaireturnedtoChinaduringtherevolutionandtookpartintheaffairsinthenorth-eastwith.LanT'ien-wei(~.-~).HereturnedtoShanghailateinDecember,andalthoughhewasthenonly21hewasalreadyfamousasaneditorandrevolutionary.ThecoreoftheTzu-yutangwasthegroupofjournalistsworkingforT'ien-tuopaoandinJanuary1912theypreparedtolaunchanewandlargerpaperMin-ch'iianpao.9Thiswastobe'connectedtotheTzu-yutangbutnotdependentonit',andthetwosharedthesameoffices.10UnderTai'seditorshipMin-ch'iianpaoquicklybecamefamous5FengTzu-yu(4,6dti),Chung-kuoke-mingyun-tunger-shih-liunientsu-chihshihquotedinChung-huamin-kuok'ai-kuowu-shihnienwen-hsien(K'ai-kuowen-hsien),SeriesI,vol.xI,Taipei,1964,p.593;Feng,She-huichu-iyiichung-kuo,Hongkong,1920,p.5,referstothepaperaspopularandvulgarlysocialist.6Ch'enT'ien-hsi(I~0),TaiChi-t'aohsien-shengpien-niench'uan-chi,Taipei,1958,p.14-7Ibid.,pp.I-I38Min-kuoming-jent'u-chien,Nanking,1937,ch'uanXIV,p.75.9AthirdfigurewasChoushao-heng(WQ'J)ChouHao(.uM).HsiehPin(~~t)Min-kuocheng-tang-shih1927re-issuedTaipei,1962,p.43.Tien-tuopaoandMin-ch'iianpaomayhaveoverlappedforatime.SeeMin-lipao,20March1912,p.I.10Min-lipao,rFebruary1912,p.I,and3March1912,p.5.Thiscontentdownloadedfrom219.228.146.241onSun,26Nov201706:13:55UTCAllusesubjecttohttp://about.jstor.org/termsTHETZU-YUTANGANDTAICHIT'AO,1912-1913135asthemostradicaldailyinShanghai,andappearstohavehadagreatliteraryandpoliticalinfluence."1LikemanyothersocietiesofallpoliticalviewsatthistimetheTzu-yutangexpandedrapidly.12Theparty'sprogrammewaspopularifvague;itstsung-chih(principles)were'tomaintainsocialfreedom,andtoeliminateobstaclestotheRepublic',itschu-i(aims)were'thepromo-tionofmaleandfemalefreedom,thesupervisionoftheRepublicanGovernmentandtheurgingofindustrialdevelopmentinordertoenrichthenationaleconomyandthepeople'slivelihood'.13ThepartywasalsohelpedbymessagesfromSunYat-senandHuangHsing,bothofwhomagreedtoacceptpartyoffices'afterthepresenttaskisfinished'.14AlthoughSunwaspromiscuouswithhispatronageandgavesupporttootherorganizations,encouragementfromtheProvi-sionalPresidentandtheMinisterofWargavethepartyconsiderablepublicity.AtameetinginAprilattendedbySunandhistwosecretaries,Machtin-wu(,WR)andHuHan-min(tjJXt(),thepartywasformallyinaugurated.Sunwhohadbythenresignedthepresidency,becameChengchu-ts'ai(iE~Ct)(Moderator),andLiHuai-shuangFuchu-ts'ai(Vice-Moderator).15ThepartyhaditsheadquartersinShanghai,branchesincitiesandsub-branchesinsmallertowns.16Allofthesewererunbylocallyelectedofficers.Twice.ayeareachbranchwastosendarepresentativetoageneralmeetinginShanghai.Thefactthat'Tzu-yutang'containsthewordtang(party)doesnotmeanthatitwasapoliticalpartyinterestedinelectionseventhoughthewordwasusedbyJapaneseandChinesetotranslatethisnewWesternconcept.SunYat-seninhisspeechtothepartyreferredtoCheng-tang(politicalparties)andMin-tang(popularparties)'tosuper-visetheGovernment',anditisquiteclearthathethoughtoftheTzu-yutangasoneofthelatter.7ThisdistinctioncamefromChina'ssituationin1912withafranchisestrictlylimitedbywealthandage.ThusatnostagewasthereanysuggestionthattheTzu-yutangshouldbecomeaparliamentaryparty.Furthermore,itsmembersfeltno11YenTu-hou(MtR4M).'Hsin-haike-mingshih-ch'iShanghaihsin-wen-chiehtung-t'ai'inHsin-haike-minghui-ilu,vol.Iv,Peking,1963,p.8o0.12Min-lipao,21January1912,p.6.13Ch'enMing-tung,p.141.14Min-lipao,17January1912,p.6.15Ibid.,20April1912,p.IO.16Ch'enMing-tung,p.141.17Min-lipao,20April1912,p.IO.Chengtangcouldbeusedinthesense'Govern-mentParty'andMintangas'oppositionparty',butherethemeaningisquiteclear.Thiscontentdownloadedfrom219.228.146.241onSun,26Nov201706:13:55UTCAllusesubjecttohttp://about.jstor.org/terms136MARTINBERNALexclusiveloyaltytoit,andTaiChi-t'aoheldimportantpositionsintheKuomintangwhileeditingMin-ch'iianpao.18Asa'popularparty'theTzu-yutanghadthreeformsofactivity:political,educationalandeconomic.Itspoliticalfunctionwas'tohelpthegovernmentwhenitiscompetentandtosuperviseitwhenitisincompetent'.Forinstance,partybranchespublishedreportsofofficialoppressionbeforetheelectionsofI9I2-I3.19Theeducationalandeconomicactivitieswere'tolaunchjournals,holdfreelectures...foundschoolsandencourageindustry'.20AuxiliarygroupswereformedandtheShanghaiofficehadpropa-ganda,legal,investigating,activist,selfrule,industrialandmedicalgroups.21Unfortunatelythereisverylittleinformationaboutbranchorgroupactivities.Therewas,forinstance,ameetingatChenchianginKiangsuwheresixorsevenhundredpeoplelistenedtoalectureonliberalisminEngland.22AtChangchowtherewasanaddressbythefounderofthelocalsocialistpartyonsocialism,andatShanghai'youngliberals'weretoldabouttheblessingsof'singletax'.23Weknownothingabouttheindustrialenterprisesandschoolsestablishedbytheparty.AstatementinJuly1912claimed70branchesand80,000members.24Thenumberofbranchesisentirelycrediblebuttheestimateofover,000ooomembersperbranchseemsunlikely,asthePekingbranch-surelyoneofthelargerones-hadonly200.25ItwouldseemmorereasonabletoestimatethenumberperbranchatIoo00makingatotalofsome8,000,asthenumberofbranchesalmostcertainlyincreasedbeyond70.Thefigureof80,000couldjustifiablybegivenasthenumberofpeoplewhotookpartinoneorotheroftheparty'sactivities.Unfortunatelythereisnocompletelistofbranches,buttheindicationsarethatmostwereintheShanghaicommercialregion,thoughtherewerealsomanyinChekiangandKiangsu,andsomeinAnhwei,Hupei,FukienandprobablyalsoinKiangsiHunanandSzechwan.TherewasalsoaminorareaofactivitycentredinPeking.2618ShinaGendaijinmyokan,p.504.19Ch'enMing-tung,p.I46.soIbid.,p.I42.21Min-lipao,15January1912,p.6,and17March1912,p.1622Ibid.,9AprilI912,p.8.23Ibid.,iiMarchI912,p.8,andTheChinaRepublican,21February1913,p.4.24Ch'enMing-tung,p.143.25Ibid.,p.154.26ThebranchessofaridentifiedwereShanghai,Nanking,Soochow,Chenchiang,Wuchiang,Yangchow,ChangchowandChiht'anginKiangsu,Hangchow,NingpoandHsiaoshaninChekiangandFoochowinFukien.TherewerebranchesatWuchang,HankowShasi,WuhsuehandChianglinginHupei.However,thisisdisproportionateasCh'enMing-tunghaspublisheddocumentsconcerningtheThiscontentdownloadedfrom219.228.146.241onSun,26Nov201706:13:55UTCAllusesubjecttohttp://about.jstor.org/termsTHETZU-YUTANGANDTAICHIT'AO,1912-1913137Accordingtothepartyconstitutionmembershipwasopentoanyoneoverfifteenyearsofage,regardlessofrace,professionorsex.27Policereportsreferredtopartymembersas'menfromthebottomranksofsociety'and'actors'.28Suchstatementsareintendedtosmeartheparty,butanobjectivereportdescribedapartymeetingwhichwasrowdybecause'unworthypeoplewereletin'.29Ontheotherhand,itisclearthatatleastthehardcorecamefromtheintelligentsia.Thefoundersofthepartydescribedthemselvesas'graduatesfromeverydisciplinewhohavestudiedinJapan,theWestorthiscountry'.30Thequalificationformembership,namely'thosewhocanunderstandourparty'sprinciples'requiredsomesophistication.ThepeasantsinAhQ'svillagethoughtthatTzu-yutangmeantssu-yutang(persimmonoilparty).31Furthermore,theentrancefeeandannualfeecametoonedollar,which,thoughlessthanthatofmostotherparties,wasprobablyexcessiveformostworkersinShanghaiwhoweresubsistingon30to40centsperday.32Duringhistimeaseffectivepartyleader,LiHuai-shuangtookpartinseveralotheractivities.InFebruary1912,togetherwithChiangK'ang-hu,theleaderoftheSocialistparty,hewaselectedoneoftherepresentativesofanadhocSocietyfortheRectificationofthePeaceTalks.Thiswasformedtoprotestagainstthefavourabletreatmentwhichwastobeaccordedtotheimperialfamilyaftertheabdication.33InMarchLiwaselected'adviser'tothe'SocietypromotingtheLabourPartyoftheChineseRepublic'.Thisparty,whichalsohadbranchesthroughoutthecountry,becameacentreoftradeunionisminShanghai.34InJanuary1913Li,ChiangK'ang-hu,thefamousmissionaryTimothyRichard,andothersformedtheChina-America-EnglandAssociationtopromotefriendshipbetweenthethreecountries.35IfLiwasaleadingfigureintheradicalworldofShanghai,TaiTzu-yutanginthatprovince(pp.145-154).TherewereprobablynootherbranchesinHupei.TherewerealsobranchesatPeking,Ts'unhuaandTunglinginChihli.LiYuan-hungreportedthatthePartywasflourishing'particularlyinKiangsuandChekiang'.ThereisalsotheanalogyoftheareaofinfluenceoftheChung-kuoshe-huitang.SeemySocialisminChinato1913,unpublishedthesis,Cambridge,1966.27Ch'enMing-tung,p.141.28Ibid.,pp.147and154.29Min-lipao,16March1912,p.8.30Ibid.,21January1912,p.6.31LuHsunhsuan-chi,Peking,959,vol.I,p.78.32MaCh'ao-chun(AAf),Chung-kuolao-kungyun-tungshih,Taipei,1959,vol.I,p.64.33ChiangK'ang-hu,Hung-shuichi,SanFrancisco,1914,p.58b.34SeeMaCh'ao-chun,vol.1,pp.73-79.35TheRepublicanAdvocateofChina,18January1913,p.1642.Thiscontentdownloadedfrom219.228.146.241onSun,26Nov201706:13:55UTCAllusesubjecttohttp://about.jstor.org/terms138MARTINBERNALChi-t'aowasequallysignificantonthenationalstage.InFebruary1912asanunofficialobserverheaccompaniedtheeminentdelegationsenttoPekingunderT'angShao-itoescortYuanShih-k'aitothesouth.Taileftthenorthonthe28thbeforethemutinythatgaveYuananexcusetoremaininPekingtomaintainorder.36AtaboutthistimehealsobecameinvolvedintheextremelyinfluentialChin-tehui(SocietyforthePromotionofVirtue).3'Thiswasasortofanarchistmoralrearmament,planningtoreformsocietythroughpersonalexample.Themembersofitsfivegradeshadtoabstainfromvariouspersonalvicesandpoliticalactivitieswhichwereconsideredequallyheinous.Forinstance,Tai,asanAclassspecialmember,hadtoforswearprostitutes,gambling,concubinesandserviceasagovern-mentofficial.38WhenSunYat-senwasappointedManageroftheNationalRail-ways,Taibecamehisconfidentialsecretary.39In1913Tai,whohadlongbeeninterestedindrama,helpedintheproductionofpatrioticplaysatShanghai's'newtheatre'.InFebruary1913hewentasSun'ssecretaryandinterpreteronhistourofJapan.ThroughoutthewholeperiodTaiwrotevoluminouslyforMin-ch'iianpaoandremained-atleastnominally-itschiefeditor.40TaiwasoneofthefirstrevolutionariestoopposeYuanShin-k'ai,andhisdiatribesagainstthePekingGovernmentbeganinJuly1912.BythefollowingspringhewasoneoftheleadersofthemovementthatbecametheabortiveSecondRevolution.OnMayDay,1913,hewasthechiefspeakeratameetingsponsoredbytheTzu-yutang,theKungtangandtheCh'un-tsuishe-huitang(PureSocialistParty),againstthePekingGovernment.Themeeting,whichwasextremelyemotional,wasattendedby'over30,000people'.41InthefightingoftheSecondRevolutionTaitookanactivepartinthedefenceofNankingunderHoHai-ming,afterHuangHsingretiredfromthescenelateinJuly.InlateAugustorearlySeptemberheescapedtoMan-churiawherehetriedunsuccessfullytostartanotherrising.HethenfledtoJapanwherehejoinedSunYat-seninNovember.4236Ch'enT'ien-hsi,p.17.37TaiChi-t'ao,TaiT'ien-ch'ouwen-chi,publishedasrii-fuT'ien-ch'ouwen-chi,Shanghai,1913,reprintedTaipei,1962,SectionII,p.i.38R.A.ScalapinoandG.Yii,TheChineseAnarchistMovement,Berkeley,I961,P.37,andMin-lipao,27February1912,p.8.39Ch'enT'ien-hsi,p.17.40Ibid.,p.17.41Min-lipao,2May1913,P.io,andChiangk'ang-hu,p.I12.ThepuresocialistswereananarchistinfluencedbreakawayfromtheChineseSocialistParty.SeeSocialisminChinato1913,pp.328-330.42Ch'enT'ien-hsi,p.i8.Thiscontentdownloadedfrom219.228.146.241onSun,26Nov201706:13:55UTCAllusesubjecttohttp://about.jstor.org/termsTHETZU-YUTANGANDTAICHIT'AO,1912-1913139ThesuppressionoftheTzu-yutanghadnodirectconnexionwiththeactivitiesofitsleaders.ItbeganbeforetheSecondRevolution,andinfactthePartyhadhaddifficultieswiththeauthoritiesthrough-outitsexistence.InApril1912theSoochowbranchwasclosedbycourtorder,butafterproteststhedecisionwasoverruled.43Neverthe-lessifapartybranchcouldbeharassedinamajorcentreontheShanghaiNankingRailway,branchesinbackwardareasmusthavehadconsiderablymoredifficulty.44TheinitiativeforbanningthePartycamefromLiYuan-hung,theVice-PresidentandGovernorofHupei.InJuneI913hebegantosuppressallpossiblesourcesofsubversion.45InJuly,ontheflimsiestofpretexts,heclosedallbranchesinHupei.InthemiddleofAugustactingoninformationfromHupei,theMinistryoftheInteriorissuedanorderbanningthePartythroughoutChina,onthegroundsthat'itcollectspartisans...fromthelowerranksofsociety.Atpresentmen'smindsareuneasy.Wearereallyafraidthatbanditswillbearousedandthiswillbeacausefortrouble.'46TheorderwasquicklycarriedoutwithinYuan'ssphereofinfluence,andwiththedefeatoftheRevolutioninSeptemberthePartywastotallydestroyed.Min-ch'iianpao,alongwiththerestoftheradicalpress,wasclosedunderpressurefromYuanafternortherntroopsconqueredShanghai.ThePartydisappearedwithouttrace,andtherearenorecordsofanyattempttoreviveit.LiHuai-shuangfadedoutofthepicture.Taichi-t'aobecameanationalfigurebutseemstohavewantedtoforgetthisandothersectionsofhisearlylife.THEPARTY'SBELIEFSANDTHECONCEPTOFFREEDOMItmayseemstrangetoattempttodealseparatelywiththethoughtofagroupsointimatelyconnectedwithSunYat-senandtheT'ung-menghui.However,theeffortisworthwhilefor,owingtothemanydifferentideaswithintheT'ung-menghui,theKuomintangwhichsucceededitinAugust1912wasacompletelynondescriptamalgam,andinordertounravelthetangleonehastobeginbyanalysingwhatappeartobedistinctthreads.TherearetwosourcesfromwhichonecanattempttoreconstructtheParty'sideas.OneisacollectionofPartydocuments.47Theseare43Min-lipao,2oAprilI912,p.8.44SeetheattitudeoftheauthoritiesinTs'un-hua,Ch'enMing-tung,pp.143-144.45SeehisexecutionoffiftystrikersattheHanYangarsenal.ChinaRepublican,4July1913,pp.13-16.46Ch'enMing-tung,p.154.47Ibid.Thiscontentdownloadedfrom219.228.146.241onSun,26Nov201706:13:55UTCAllusesubjecttohttp://about.jstor.org/terms140MARTINBERNALverygeneralbutitispossibletogainfromthemsomeunderstandingoftheParty'stheoreticalbasis,eventhoughthereisadangerofreadingtoomuchintowhatmaysimplybeemptyrhetoric.Theothersourceisacollectionofarticles"writtenforMin-ch'iianpaobyTaiChi-t'aoin1912-13.AlthoughtheTzu-yutangisnotmentionedinthiscollection,itseemsfairtoconsiderTai'sideasatthetimeasthoseoftheParty,sincehewasitsmostinfluentialspokesman.Moreover,asmostofhisarticlesareconcernedwithcurrentevents,andproposepracticalpolicies,theynicelycomplementthepuretheoryofthePartydocuments.ThepreambletotheParty's'simpleconstitution'startedwithaparaphraseoftheopeningofsocialcontract:Itisanaturalhumanrightthatfrombirthoneshouldbegiventhehappi-nessofcompletefreedom...allhavesoulsthatcanthinkandbodiesthatcanact.Whyisitthateverywheretheyareboundandcannotenjoythishappiness?48ThispassageisasvagueandmeaninglessasRousseau's'Manisbornfree,yeteverywhereheisinchains'.ButitdoesexpressabeliefcurrentthroughoutthePartydocumentsthatthereisanaturalfreedomwhichmanhasarighttoownandadutytokeep:'AsheavengivesushumanrightsourPartyshouldcherishandpreservethem'.49ThislastwasalsotheopeningstatementoftheprospectusoftheJiyfit6.50RousseauwasanidealwriterformanyChineseinthisperiod.HewasthesymbolofEuropeanenlightenment,freedomandprogress.AsLiangCh'i-ch'aowrote:Heintroducedtherightsofman..whenhisdoctrinewasonceabroadinEuropeanintellectualcirclesitwaslike...arayoflightinthedark-ness...JustsometenyearslatertheFrenchRevolutioncamelaunchingthewholenineteenthcenturyonitscourse.WhatimplicationsRousseauhadfortheworld.51Rousseau'sallegedfatherhoodoftheFrenchRevolutiongavehimimpeccablecredentialsasachampionofliberty.Buttheplatonic48Ch'enMing-tung,pp.140-141.49Ibid.,p.i41.YenFu(~$),inhistranslationofOnLiberty,acceptedtheUtilitarianandSocialDarwinistrejectionofnaturalrights.B.I.Schwartz,InSearchofWealthandPower,TenFuandtheWest,Cambridge,Mass.,1964,p.145.50HayashidaKametaro(gJElimlri4),NihonSeitishi,Tokyo,1927.QuotedinR.A.Scalapino,DemocracyandthePartyMovementinPrewarJapan,Berkeley,1953,p.69.51'Lunhsueh-shuchihshih-litso-yushih-chieh'inTin-ping-shiwen-chi,reprintedTaipei,196o,vol.iii,ch.6,pp.112-113,quotedinJ.R.Levenson,Liangch'i-ch&#