项目二 国际贸易基础知识

项目二 国际贸易基础知识 项目二 国际贸易基础知识 知识目标: 掌握国际贸易合同的主要内容 掌握国际贸易术语的责任划分 了解国际货物运输保险 掌握国际货款的收付流程 能力目标 具有国际进出口贸易业务认知的能力 会识别和判断国际贸易责任划分 会进行国际货款的收付 引入案例 2007年7月，我国某公司应某英商请求，报出某初级产品150公吨，每吨CIP伦敦人民币3850元，即期装运的要约。英商接到发盘后，没有明示承诺，只请求我方增加数量，降低价格，延长有效期。我方将数量增至250公吨，价格为每吨CIF伦敦人民币3770元，有效期延至8月15日。英商于8月12日来电表示接受该盘，但附加条件“需提供良好适合海洋运输的袋装”。我方在接到该承诺时，发现国际市场价格正猛涨，为此我方拒绝成交，并复电:“由于世界市场的变化，货物在接到承诺电报前已售出。”但对方认为，承诺是在有效期^作出的，因而是有效的，坚持我方按要约的条件履行，并提出要么执行合同，要么赔偿对方差价损失35万元。双方经过多次争执，最后我方承认合同成立而结束。此案中，将我方发盘的价格与当时市场价格相比较，其差价为30多万元。试对此案例进行 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 。 模块一 国际货物买卖合同模块 一、国际货物买卖合同成立的条件 交易一方的发盘一经对方有效接受，合同即告成立。但合同是否具有法律效力，还要视其是否具备了一定的条件。不具备法律效力的合同是不受法律保护的。因此，了解和掌握合同有效成立的条件非常重要。概括起来，合同应具备下述条件才算有效成立: (一)当事人必须在自愿和真实的基础上达成 协议 离婚协议模板下载合伙人协议 下载渠道分销协议免费下载敬业协议下载授课协议下载 “契约自由”是合同法的基本原则。合同成立必须是在双方当事人自愿基础上进行。一方自愿发价，另一方明确表示愿意承诺，双方自愿表示达成协议的诚意，承诺履行合同责任与义务。这种合同不是单方面的行为，而是一种在双方意思一致的基础上产生的行为。这样accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and 的合同是合法的，受法律保护的。如果一方采取强制、威胁、暴力、诈骗手段迫使对方就范，订立的合同在法律上是无效的。 (二)买卖双方当事人应具有法律行为的资格和能力 1(自然人订立合同的资格和能力 各国法律对于哪些人具有订立合同的资格和能力，哪些人没有订立合同的资格和能力，都有具体的规定。我国《民法通则》把公民的民事能力分为三类:(1)有完全民事行为能力的人。18周岁以上的公民是成年人，具有完全民事行为能力，可以独立进行民事活动，包括订立各种合同。(2)限制民事行为能力的人。包括两种人，即l0周以上的未成年人和不能完全辨认自己行为的精神病人，他们签订的合同由其法定代理人代理，或者征得法定代理人的同意。(3)无民事行为能力的人。包括不满10周岁的未成年人和不能辨认自己行为的精神病人，他们签订的合同是无效的。 2(法人的行为能力 法人是拥有独立的财产、能够以自己的名义享受民事权利和承担民事义务并且依照法定程序成立的法律实体。法人是由自然人组织起来的，它必须通过自然人才能进行活动和订立合同。 (三)合同必须以双方互惠有偿为原则 国际货物买卖是互为有偿的交换，英美法系称此有偿交换为“对价”，法国法称之为“约因”。其含义是:在合同中一方所享有的权利，以另一方所负有的义务为基础，双方应互有权利与义务，卖方负有交付约定的实物，买方必须受领货物并支付价金，如其中任何一方不按合同履行责任与义务，都负有向对方赔偿损失的责任。 (四)合同的标的和内容必须合法 英美法国家和大陆法国家都承认，“契约自由”和“意思自主”是合同法的基本原则。契约自由是指任何有订约能力的人，都可以按照他们的意愿自由地订立合同，即可自由地决定是否订立合同，自由地选择订约对象，自由地同订约方商定合同的内容，但同时各国也都对契约自由加以一定的限制。各国法律都要求当事人所订立的合同必须合法，并规定凡是违反法律、违反善良风俗与公共秩序的合同一律无效。 (五)合同的形式必须符合法律规定的要求 合国法律对合同成立的形式要求不同。联合国《国际货物销售合同公约》对国际货物买卖合同的形式，原则上不加以限制，无论采用书面方式还是口头方式，均不影响合同的效力。《中华人民共和国合同法》也有类似的规定，其第十条规定:“当事人订立合同，有书accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and 面形式、口头形式和其他形式。法规、行政法规规定采用书面形式的，应当采用书面形式。当事人约定采用书面形式的，应当采用书面形式。” 二、国际货物买卖书面合同的签订 买卖双方经过磋商，一方的发盘被另一方有效接受，交易即达成，合同即告成立。但在实际业务当中，按照一般习惯做法，买卖双方达成协议后，通常还要制作书面合同将各自的权利和义务用书面方式加以明确，即签订合同。 (一)书面合同的类型 在国际贸易中，书面合同的 格式 pdf格式笔记格式下载页码格式下载公文格式下载简报格式下载 和名称不尽相同，形式很多，均无特定的限制。一般常用的有销售合同、购货合同、成交确认书、协议、备忘录、意向书、订单等。我国对外贸易业务中，主要采用的书面合同是销售合同、销售确认书两种。 1(正式合同(contract) 它是带有“合同”字样的法律契约。包括销售合同和购货合同。合同的文字解释要清楚，经济责任要明确，并对双方要有约束性，签订手续完备。 2(确认书(confirmation) 确认书较正式合同简单些，是买卖双方在通过交易磋商达成交易后，寄给双方加以确认的列明达成交易条件的书面证明。经买卖双方签署的确认书，是法律上有效的文件，对买卖双方具有同等的约束力。确认书包括销售确认书和购货确认书。 3(协议(agreement) 协议在法律上是合同的同义词。只要协议对买卖双方的权利和义务作出明确、具体和肯定的规定，即使书面文件上被冠以“协议”或“ 协议书 婚内约定的财产协议书家庭养老协议书pdf意向性划转协议书商业银行关联方授信摔伤一次性补偿协议书 ”的名称，一经双方签署确认，即与合同一样对买卖双方具有约束力。 (二)书面合同的作用 1(作为合同成立的证据 在法律上，当双方当事人在交易(合同)的履行过程中发生争端或纠纷时，提供以书面形式签订的合同是证明双方存在合同关系的一种最有效、最简便的方法，也可作为仲裁员和法官进行仲裁和作出判断的一个有力的证据。因此，签订书面合同，为将来争议的解决提供了一种法律的依据 2(作为履行合同的依据 无论是口头还是书面达成的协议，如果没有一份包括各项条款的合同，则会给履行带来许多不便。所以在业务中，双方都要求将各自应享受的权力和应承担的义务用文字规定下accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and 来，作为正确履行合同的依据。 3(作为合同生效的条件 在国际贸易实务中，有时合同的生效是以书面签订合同作为条件的。买卖双方达成协议所交换的信件、电报、电传也常常可构成书面合同。特别是在一方当事人要求签订确认书时，只有当签订确认书后，合同才告成立。否则在此之前，即使双方已对交易条件全部取得了满意的结果，也不存在法律卜有效的合同。 (三)书面合同的格式 书面合同的格式一般由下列三部分组成: 1(约首 约首是指合同的序言部分，其中包括合同的名称、订约双方当事人的名称和地址(要求写明全称)。除此之外，在合同序言部分常常写明双方订立合同的意愿和执行合同的保证。该序言对双方均具约束力。因此，在规定该序言时，应慎加考虑。 2(本文 本文是合同的主体部分，具体列明各项交易的条件或条款，如品名、品质规格、数量、单价、包装、交货时间与地点、运输与保险条件、支付方式以及检验、索赔、不可抗力和仲裁条款等。这些条款体现了双方当事人的权利和义务。 3(约尾 约尾一般列明合同的份数、使用的文字及其效力、订约的时间和地点及生效的时间。合同的订约地点往往要涉及合同准据法的问题，因此要慎重对待。我国的出口合同的订约地点一般都写在我国。有时，有的合同将“订约时间和地点”在约首写明。 二、国际货物买卖合同基本内容 国际货物销售合同，是营业地处在不同国家的当事人双方买卖一定货物达成的协议，是当事人各自履行约定义务的依据;也是一旦发生违约行为时，进行补救、处理争议的依据。为此，一项有效的国际货物销售合同，必须具备必要的内容，否则就会使当事人在履行义务、进行违约补救或处理争议时产生困难。一般说来，国际货物销售合同应包括以下7个方面的基本内容: (一)品质条款(Quality Clause) 商品的品质(Quality of Goods)是指商品的内在素质和外观形态的综合。前者包括商品的物理性能、机械性能、化学成分和生物的特性等自然属性;后者包括商品的外形、色泽、款式或透明度等。商品品质是决定商品价格高低的重要因素。品质的优劣，直接影响到商品accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and 的使用价值，而使用价值的高低，也决定了商品价格的高低。 商品品质的表示方法有用实物表示商品品质和用文字说明表示商品品质两种。 1、以实物表示商品品质 。以实物表示品质包括凭成交商品的实际品质和凭样品。 (,)现货成交 当买卖双方采用看现货成交时，则买方或其代理人通常在卖方存放货物的场所验看货 物，一旦达成交易，卖方就应按对方验看过的商品交货。只要卖方交付的是验看过的货物，买方就不得对品质提出异议。这种做法，多用于寄售、拍卖和展卖业务中。 (,)凭样品成交 样品通常是指从一批商品中抽出来的或由生产、使用部门设计、加工出来的，足以反映和代表整批商品品质的少量实物。 在国际贸易中，按样品提供者的不同，可分为卖方样品(Seller’s Sample)、买方样品(Buyer’s Sample) 、对等样品(Counter Sample)，又称"确认样品"。三种 2、凭说明表示品质 所谓凭说明表示品质，即指用文字、图表、相片等方式来说明成交商品的品质。在这及类表示品质方法中，可细分为凭规格买卖(Sale by Specification) 、凭等级买卖(Sale by Grade) 、凭标准买卖(Sale by Standard) 、凭说明书和图样买卖(Sale by Descriptions and Illustrations) 、凭商标(Trade Mark)或品牌(Brand Mark)买卖 、凭产地名称(Name of Origin)买卖等。 品质条款的基本内容是所交易商品的品名、等级、标准、规格、商标或牌号等项内容，如果凭样品买卖，则要列明样品的编号或者寄送日期。另外必要的时候还要规定品质机动幅度和品质公差， 品质机动幅度(Quality Latitude)是指经交易双方商定，允许卖方交货的品质与合同要求的品质略有不同，只要没有超出机动幅度的范围，买方就无权拒收。 品质公差(Quality Tolerance)是指国际性工商组织所规定的或各国同行业所公认的产品品质的误差。 品质的增减价条款依附于品质条款，是卖方交付货物的品质与合同中品质条款的要求出现差异时，对货物价格所做相应调整方面的规定。 (二) 数量条款(Quantity Clause) 商品的数量条款是国际货物买卖合同主要条款之一，数量的多寡决定合同金额的大小以及双方交货的最后依据，数量的多少直接影响市场销售以及价格高低，数量的多少页涉及包accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and 装、运输、检验等环节的成本，同时商品的数量还受一国生产、消费、市场、政策等一系列因素的制约。 数量条款的基本内容是规定交货的数量和使用的计量单位。如果是按重量计算的货物，还要规定计算重量的方法，如毛重、净重、以毛作净、公量等。 对于一些成交量大的散装商品，如粮食、矿砂、化肥等，由于商品自身的特点或自然条件，包装方式或装运工具受限，买方往往难以准确按照合同规定的数量交货。为了顺利完成合同，避免纠纷，买卖双方在签订数量条款时通常还要加订数量机动幅度条款，又叫溢短装条款。 ,(按品种确定计量单位 国际贸易中的不同商品，需要采用不同的计量单位。通常使用的 有下列几种: (,)按重量:克、公斤、公吨、长吨、短吨、磅、克拉 (,)按个数:件、双、套、打、罗、令、卷 (,)按长度:米、英尺、码 (,)按面积:平方米、平方英尺、平方码 (,)按体积:立方米、立方英尺、立方码 (,)按容积:公升、加仑、夸特 ,(因各国度量衡 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 不同而导致计量单位上的差异 由于世界各国的度量衡制度不同，以致造成同一计量单位所表示的数量不一。在国际贸易中，通常采用公制(The Metric System )、英制(The Britain System)、美制(The U. S. System)和国际标准计量组织在公制基础上颁布的国际单位制(The International of Unit)。根据《中华人民共和国计量法》规定:"国家采用国际单位制。国际单位制计量单位和国家选定的其它计量单位，为国家法定计量单位。"目前，除个别特殊领域外，一般不许再使用非法定计量单位。我国出口商品，除照顾对方国家贸易习惯约定采用公制、英制或美制计量单位外，应使用我国法定计量单位。我国进口的机器设备和仪器等应要求使用法定计量单位。否则，一般不许进口。如确有特殊需要，也必须经有关标准计量管理部门批准。 上述不同的度量衡制度导致同一计量单位所表示的数量有差异。例如，就表示重量的吨而言，实行公制的国家一般采用公吨，每公吨为,,,,公斤;实行英制的国家一般采用长吨，每长吨为，,,,公斤;实行美制的国家一般采用短吨，每短吨为,,,公斤。此外，有些国家对某些商品还规定有自己习惯使用的或法定的计量单位。 3(常用的计算重量的方法 在国际贸易中，按重量计量的商品很多。根据一般商业习惯，通常计算重量的方法有下accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and 列几种: (,)毛重(Gross Weight) 毛重是指商品本身的重量加包装物的重量。这种计重办法一般适用于低值商品。 (,)净重(Net Weight) 重是指商品本身的重量，即除去包装物后的商品实际重量。净重是国际贸易中最常见 净 的计重办法。不过，有些价值较低的农产品或其它商品，有时也采用"以毛作?quot;(Gross for Net)的办法计重。 在采用净重计重时，对于如何计算包装重量，国际上有下列几种做法: 按实际皮重(Actual Tare or Real Tare)计算; 按平均皮重(Average Tare)计算; 按习惯皮重(Customary Tare)计算; 按约定皮重(Computed Weight)计算。 (,)公量(Conditioned Weight) 有些商品，如棉花、羊毛、生丝等有比较强的吸湿性，所含的水分受客观环境的影响较大，其重量也就很不稳定。为了准确计算这类商品的重量，国际上通常采用按公量计算，其计算方法是以商品的干净重(即烘去商品水分后的重量)加上国际公定回潮率与干净重的乘积所得出的重量，即为公量。 (,)理论重量(Theoretical Weight) 对于一些按固定规格生产和买卖的商品，只要其重量一致，或每件重量大体是相同的，一般即可从其件数推算出总量。 (,)法定重量(Legal Weight)和实物净重(Net Weight) 按照一些国家海关法的规定，在征收从量税时，商品的重量是以法定重量计算的。所谓法定重量是商品加上直接接触商品的包装物料，如销售包装等的重量，而除去这部分重量所表示出来的纯商品的重量，则称为实物净重。 4. 溢短装条款 溢短装条款(More or Less Clause)是指在合同的数量条款中明确规定交货数量可以增加或减少，但增减的幅度以不超过规定的百分比为限。为了便于履行合同和避免引起争议，进出口合同中的数量条款应当明确具体。一般不宜采用"大约"、"近似"、"左右"(About，Circa，Apporoximate)等带伸缩性的字眼来表示。 (三)包装条款(Packing Clause) 商品包装是商品生产的继续，凡需要包装的商品，只有通过包装，才算完成生产过程，商品才能进入流通领域和消费领域，才能实现商品的使用价值和价值。这是因为，包装是保accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and 护商品在流通过程中质量完好和数量完整的重要措施，有些商品甚至根本离不开包装，它与包装成为不可分割的统一体。包装条款(Packing Clause)主要包括商品包装的方式、材料、包装费用和运输标志等内容。 经过适当包装的商品，不仅便于运输、装卸、搬运、储存、保管、清点、陈列和携带，而且不易丢失或被盗，为各方面提供了便利。 在当前国际市场竞争十分激烈的情况下，许多国家都把改进包装作为加强对外竞销的重要手段之一。因为，良好的包装，不仅可以保护商品，而且还能宣传美化商品，提高商品身价，吸引顾客，扩大销路，增加售价，并在一定程度上显示出口国家的科技、文化艺术水平。 包装条款(Packing Clause)主要包括商品包装的方式、材料、包装费用和运输标志等内容。 1(包装的种类 根据包装在流通过程中所起作用的不同，可分为运输包装(即外包装)和销售包装(即内包装)两种类型。前者的主要作用在于保护商品和防止出现货损货差，后者除起保护商品的作用外，还具有促销的功能。 中性包装(Neutral Packing )是指既不标明生产国别、地名和厂商名称，也不标明商标或品牌的包装，也就是说，在出口商品包装的内外，都没有原产地和出口厂商的标记。中性包装包括无牌中性包装和定牌中性包装两种，前者，是指包装上既无生产国别和厂商名称，又无商标、品牌;后者，是指包装上仅有买方指定的商标或品牌，但无生产国别和厂商名称。 采用中性包装，是为了打破某些进口国家与地区的关税和非关税壁垒以及适应交易的特殊需要(如转口销售等)，它是出口国家厂商加强对外竞销和扩大出口的一种手段。 定牌是指卖方按买方要求在其出售的商品或包装上标明买方指定的商标或牌号，这种做法叫定牌生产。 当前，世界上许多国家的超级市场、大百货公司和专业商店，对其经营出售的商品，都要在商品上或包装上标有本商店使用的商标或品牌，以扩大本店知名度和显示该商品的身价。许多国家的出口厂商，为了利用买主的经营能力及其商业信誉和品牌声誉，以提高商品售价和扩大销路，也愿意接受定牌生产。 2(运输包装的标志 商品的外包装上一般要刷包装标识，其作用是方便货物运输、装卸、仓储、检验，将货物安全、迅速地送达收货人。运输包装上的标志，按其用途可分为运输标识、指示性标识和警示性标志。 accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and 运输标志 运输标志又称唛头，它通常是由一个简单的几何图形和一些字母、数字及简单的文字组成，其作用在于使货物在装卸、运输、保管过程中容易被有关人员识别，以防错发错运。 其主要内容包括-(,)收货人代号;(,)发货人代号;(,)目的港(地)名称;(,)件数、批号。此外，有的运输标志还包括原产地、合同号、许可证号和体积与重量等内容。运输标志的内容繁简不一，由买卖双方根据商品特点和具体要求商定。 指示性标志 指示性标志是提示人们在装卸、运输和保管过程中需要注意的事项，一般都是以简单、醒目的图形和文字在包装上标出，故有人称其为注意标志。 警告性标志 警告性标志又称危险货物包装标志。凡在运输包装内装有爆炸品、易燃物品、有毒物品、腐蚀物品、氧化剂和放射性物资等危险货物时，都必须在运输包装上标明用于各种危险品的标志，以示警告，便于装卸、运输和保管人员按货物特性采取相应的防护措施，以保护物资和人身的安全。 (四)价格条款(Price Clause) 在进出口业务中，正确掌握进出口商品的价格，合理采用各种作价方法，选用适当的计价货币，适当运用与价格有关的佣金和折扣，加强进出口业务的核算，对体现对外政策、完成进出口任务和提高外贸效益都具有十分重要的意义。 合同中价格条款是由商品的单价(Unit Price)和总值(Amount)组成。其中单价通常包括计量单位、单位价格金额、计价货币、价格术语四项内容。例如，每公吨CFR伦敦500美元。总值又叫总价，是单价与数量的乘积，也就是说一笔交易的货款总金额。例如，总值:40,000美元。 1.作价方法 2.计价货币的选择 (五)装运条款 (六)、支付条款(Terms of Payment) 使用汇付方式时，应在合同中明确规定汇付的时间、具体的汇付方式和汇付的金额等。 使用托收方式时，应在买卖合同中明确规定交单条件、方式和买方的付款或承兑责任以及付款期限等。 使用信用证方式时，应在合同中明确受益人、开证行、开证时间、信用证的种类、金额、有效期和到期地点等方面的内容。 (七)、违约条款(Breach Clause) 异议与索赔条款 该条款的主要内容为一方违约，对方有权提出索赔。这是索赔的基本前提。此外还包括accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and 索赔依据、索赔期限等。索赔依据主要规定索赔必备的证据及出证机构。若提供的证据不充足、不齐全、不清楚，或出证机构未经对方同意，均可能遭到对方拒赔。 罚金条款 该条款主要规定当一方违约时，应向对方支付一定数额的约定罚金，以弥补对方的损失。罚金就其性质而言就是违约金。 (八)、不可抗力条款(Force Majeure Clause) 该条款实际上也是一项免责条款。不可抗力，是指在合同签订后，不是由于当事人的过失或疏忽，而是由于发生了当事人所不能预见的、无法避免和无法预防的意外事故，以致不能履行或不能如期履行合同，遭受意外事故的一方可以免除履行合同的责任或可以延期履行合同，另一方无权要求损害赔偿。 1.构成不可抗力必须具备以下几个条件: (1)它是在订立合同以后，合同履行完毕之前发生的，并且是在订立合同时当事人所不能预见的。 (2)它不是由于任何一方当事人的过失或疏忽行为所造成的，即不是由于当事人的主观原因所造成的。 (3)它是双方当事人所不能控制的，即这种事件的发生是不能预见、无法避免、无法预防的。 因此，凡人们能够预见而未预见，经过努力能够预防或控制的，均不属于不可抗力事件。 2.不可抗力条款的内容包括: (1) 不可抗力事故的范围:通常可分为两大类。一类是由于自然力量所引起的，如地震、海啸、台风、暴风雪、火灾、旱灾、水灾等;另一类是由于社会力量所引起的，如战争、罢工、政府禁令等。 (2) 不可抗力的法律后果，主要表现在以下几个方面:解除合同、免除部分责任、延迟履行合同。 (3)因不可抗力事件而不能履行合同的一方当事人应承担的义务，包括及时通知的义务、提供证明的义务. 项目实训:认知国际货物买卖合同 拓展阅读 模块二 国际贸易术语模块 accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and 一、国际贸易术语的含义和作用 贸易术语(Trade Term)，又称“价格术语”或“价格条件”, 它是以简明的外贸语言、或缩写的字母、或国际代号，来概括说明买卖双方在交易中交货的地点，货物交接的责任、费用，以及风险的划分和表明价格构成等诸方面的特殊用语。 贸易术语不仅用来表示买卖双方各自承担的责任、费用和风险的划分，而且还用来表示商品的价格构成。一般地说，卖方承担的责任广，支付的费用多，负担的风险大，则商品出售的价格就高;反之，则出售的价格就低。 二、有关贸易术语的国际贸易惯例 三、国际贸易术语的种类 (一)FOB FOB是Free on Board („„named port of destination)的缩写，意为装运港船上交货(„„指定装运港)。它是指卖方将货物在指定的装运港越过船舷后，办理出口清关手续，就算完成交货义务。这意味着买方必须从该点起承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。根据《2000年通则》规定该术语仅适用于海运或者内河运输，如果买卖双方当事人无意越过船舷交货，则应使用FCA术语。 (一)买卖双方承担的基本义务 1. 卖方的基本义务 (1)办理出口结关手续，并负担货物到装运港船舷为止的一切费用与风险。 (2)在约定的装运期和装运港，按港口惯常办法，把货物装到买方指定的船上，并向买方发出已装船的通知。 (3)向买方提交约定的各项单证或相等的电子信息。 2. 买方的基本义务 (1)按时租妥船舶开往约定的装运港接运货物，支付运费，并将船名和到港装货日期给卖方充分通知。 (2)承担货物越过装运港船舷后的各种费用以及货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。 (3)按合同规定，受领交货凭证并支付货款。 四、国际贸易术语的使用 《国际贸易术语解释通则》(International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms, 缩写INCOTERMS)是国际商会为统一各种贸易术语的不同解释于1936年制定的，随后，为适应国际贸易实践发展的需要，国际商会先后于1953年、1967年、1976年、1980年和1990年进行过多次修订和accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and 补充。 1999年，国际商会广泛征求世界各国从事国际贸易的各方面人士和有关专家的意见，通过调查、研究和讨论，对实行60多年的《通则》进行了全面的回顾与总结。为使贸易术语更进一步适应世界上无关税区的发展、交易中使用电子讯息的增多以及运输方式的变化，国际商会再次对《国际贸易术语解释通则》进行修订，并于1999年7月公布《2000年国际贸易术语解通则》(简称《INCOTERMS 2000》或《2000年通则》)，于2000年1月1日起生效。2010年9月27日，国际商会正式推出《2010国际贸易术语解释通则》(Incoterms 2010)，与Incoterms2000并用，新版本于2011年1月1日正式生效。 模块三 国际货物运输保险 在国际贸易中，每笔成交的货物，从卖方交至买方手中，一般都要经过长途运输。在此过程中，货物可能遇到自然灾害或意外事故，从而使货物遭受损失。货主为了转嫁货物在运输途中的风险，通常都要投保货物运输险。如货物一旦发生承保范围内的风险损失，即可从保险公司取得经济上的补偿，可见，货物运输保险是同自然灾害和意外事故作斗争的一种经济措施。 国际货物运输保险的种类很多，其中包括海上货物运输保险、陆上货物运输保险、航空货物运输保险和邮包运输保险，其中以海上货物运输保险起源最早，历史最久。陆上、航空等货物运输保险都是在海上货物运输保险的基础上发展起来的。尽管各种不同货物运输保险的具体责任有所不同，但它们的基本原则、保险公司保障的范围等基本一致。因此，本节以介绍海上货物运输保险为主，对其它货物运输保险仅作简要说明。 一、我国保险条款的保险险别 二、保险单据 三、保险实务 四、伦敦保险协会保险条款 模块四 国际贸易货款的收付模块 一、支付工具 二、支付方式 模块五 报关与报验 accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and 报关和报检都是办理进出口通关的过程之一 一、报关 二、报验 accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and