IELTSAcademicWritingTask1

IELTSAcademicWritingTask1 IELTS Academic Writing Task 1 The IELTS Writing Test should start at 11.45am, after the Reading Test. There are 2 parts to the Writing Test, and you have a total of 60 minutes to complete them. You should spend 20 minutes doing IELTS Writing Task 1. You must write 150 words or more. You will have to describe a graph, chart, table, diagram or map. The good news is that you can quickly learn how to write a Task 1 essay. I'll make sure you know exactly what to do in the exam. We'll work on these areas: , How to structure a good Task 1 essay. , How to decide what information to include in your description. , The words, phrases and grammatical structures for describing graphs, charts, tables, diagrams and maps. By using the right techniques, you can write the kind of essay that examiners like. You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The take below gives information about the underground railway systems in six cities. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. You should write at least 150 words. Underground Railways Systems Passengers per Kilometres of City Date opened year route (in millions) London 1863 394 775 Paris 1900 199 1191 Tokyo 1927 155 1927 Washington DC 1976 126 144 Kyoto 1981 11 45 Los Angeles 2001 28 50 model answer: The table shows the details regarding the underground railway systems in six cities. London has the oldest underground railway systems among the six cities. It was opened in the year 1863, and it is already lye years old. Paris is the second oldest, in which it was opened in the year 1900. This was then followed by the opening of the railway systems in Tokyo, Washington DC and Kyoto. Los Angeles has the newest underground railway system, and was only opened in the year 2001. In terms of the size of the railway systems, London, For certain, has the largest underground railway systems. It has 394 kilometres of route in total, which is nearly twice as large as the system in Paris. Kyoto, in contrast, has the smallest system. It only has 11 kilometres of route, which is more than 30 times less than that of London. Interestingly, Tokyo, which only has 155 kilometres of route, serves the greatest number of passengers per year, at 1927 millions passengers. The system in Paris has the second greatest number of passengers, at 1191 millions passengers per year. The smallest underground railway system, Kyoto, serves the smallest number of passengers per year as predicted. In conclusion, the underground railway systems in different cities vary a lot in the site of the system, the number of passengers served per year and in the age of the system. (233 words) This is an answer written by a candidate who achieved a Band 7 score. Here is the examiner's comment: This answer selects and describes the information well. Key features are clearly identified, while unexpected differences are highlighted and illustrated. The answer is relevant and accurate with a clear overview. Information is well-organised using a good range of signals and link words. These are generally accurate and appropriate, although occasional errors occur. The writer successfully uses some less common words. There is a clear awareness of style but there are occasional inaccuracies and there is some repetition. Grammar is well-controlled and sentences are varied and generally accurate with only minor errors. IELTS Writing Task 1: describe a table Today I'm going to look at a question from Cambridge IELTS book 5 (page 98). You can see the question and an example answer on this website. The problem with the example answer is that it is long (233 words) and quite complicated. I'm going to suggest some changes, starting with the introduction and summary paragraph. 1. Introduction. Paraphrase the question (make small changes): , The table shows data about the underground rail networks in six major cities. 2. Summary paragraph. Look for the most noticeable feature or main trend: , The table compares the six networks in terms of their age, size and the number of people who use them each year. It is clear that the three oldest underground systems are larger and serve significantly more passengers than the newer systems. Next week I'll add the final paragraphs. Describe a table (Cambridge IELTS 5, page 98) The table shows data about the underground rail networks in six major cities. The table compares the six networks in terms of their age, size and the number of people who use them each year. It is clear that the three oldest underground systems are larger and serve significantly more passengers than the newer systems. The London underground is the oldest system, having opened in 1863. It is also the largest system, with 394 kilometres of route. The second largest system, in Paris, is only about half the size of the London underground, with 199 kilometres of route. However, it serves more people per year. While only third in terms of size, the Tokyo system is easily the most used, with 1927 million passengers per year. Of the three newer networks, the Washington DC underground is the most extensive, with 126 kilometres of route, compared to only 11 kilometres and 28 kilometres for the Kyoto and Los Angeles systems. The Los Angeles network is the newest, having opened in 2001, while the Kyoto network is the smallest and serves only 45 million passengers per year. (185 words) Analysis of this essay: , Simple paragraph structure: Introduction, summary paragraph, one paragraph about the 3 older systems, one paragraph about the 3 newer systems. , Select key information: There is too much information to include in a short essay. I found it difficult to write less than 185 words. Notice that I tried to include only one (sometimes two) statistics for each city. , Compare as much as possible: e.g. London is the oldest and largest; Paris is about half the size but serves more people. , Commas: Notice how I use commas to add extra information e.g. “…is the oldest system, having opened in…” I often use the word “with” after a comma to add a figure to the end of a sentence e.g. “…is the most used, with 1927 million passengers.” IELTS Writing Task 1: line graph The graph below shows the demand for electricity in England during typical days in winter and summer. (Cambridge IELTS 4, page 54) Fill the gaps below using words from the following list: demand (x2) lowest at (x2) in highest consumption (x2) peaks twice 1. The daily ______ of electricity in England is about ______ as high in the winter compared to the summer. 2. During the winter, ______ for electricity ______ ______ around 45,000 units between 9 p.m. and 10 p.m. 3. During the summer, ______ of electricity is at its ______, at about 20,000 units, between 1 p.m. and 2 p.m. 4. ______ for electricity is ______ its ______ between 6 a.m. and 9 a.m. ______ both seasons. IELTS Writing Task 1: pie chart The pie chart shows how electricity is used in an average English home. (Cambridge IELTS 4, page 54) Fill the gaps below using words from the following list. (Share your answers in the "comments" area) appliances remaining account proportion for largest household In an average English home, the ______ ______ of electricity, 52.5%, is used for heating rooms and water. Three kitchen ______, namely ovens, kettles and washing machines, ______ ______ 17.5% of ______ electricity use. The ______ 30% of electricity is used for lighting, televisions and radios (15%), and vacuum cleaners, food mixers and electric tools (15%). IELTS Writing Task 1: line graph How would you describe the line graph below? You only have 20 minutes in the exam, so you need a simple technique. The graph below shows UK acid rain emissions, measured in millions of tonnes, from four different sectors between 1990 and 2007. Here's my approach to describing a graph like this: 1. Introduction: Do it fast, just paraphrase the question 2. Summary paragraph: I'd describe the overall change from 1990 to 2007 (ie. acid rain emissions fell) then point out the biggest change (electricity, gas, water sector) 3. Details (one or two paragraphs): Compare the 4 sectors in 1990, a year in the middle (e.g. 1997), then in 2007. You could also point out the small increase in one sector compared to the decrease in the others. To my students: try this question for homework. I'll put my answer on the website next week. IELTS Writing Task 1: describe a graph The graph below shows UK acid rain emissions, measured in millions of tonnes, from four different sectors between 1990 and 2007. Here's my answer. I've written 169 words, but I had to miss out a lot of information. It's impossible to describe every small detail; just choose a few main points and make some comparisons. The line graph compares four sectors in terms of the amount of acid rain emissions that they produced over a period of 17 years in the UK. It is clear that the total amount of acid rain emissions in the UK fell considerably between 1990 and 2007. The most dramatic decrease was seen in the electricity, gas and water supply sector. In 1990, around 3.3 million tonnes of acid rain emissions came from the electricity, gas and water sector. The transport and communication sector was responsible for about 0.7 million tonnes of emissions, while the domestic sector produced around 0.6 million tonnes. Just over 2 million tonnes of acid rain gases came from other industries. Emissions from electricity, gas and water supply fell dramatically to only 0.5 million tonnes in 2007, a drop of almost 3 million tonnes. While acid rain gases from the domestic sector and other industries fell gradually, the transport sector saw a small increase in emissions, reaching a peak of 1 million tonnes in 2005. (Please use "comments" to analyse or ask questions about my answer) How to describe line graphs A few points to notice about my answer (see the lesson below) , I always try to write 4 paragraphs - introduction, summary of main points, 2 detail paragraphs. , Never describe each line separately. The examiner wants to see comparisons. , I missed out most of the years and just focused on the beginning and the end (1990 and 2007). Of course, if you had more time you could write more, but you only have 20 minutes, so just select a few points. , Don't worry about changing "acid rain emissions". I did use "acid rain gases" for a bit of variety. , I used the past simple: produced, fell, was seen, came from, was responsible for, saw a small increase in. , You can put the number before the verb (2 million tonnes of emissions came from...) or after the verb (...produced 2 million tonnes of emissions). IELTS Writing Task 1: diagram (comparing) My students and I have been looking at this question (IELTS handbook, 2006): The diagrams below show some principles of house design for cool and for warm climates. Although this question seems very different from the normal graph/chart questions, you should still structure your answer in the same way. Try to write 4 paragraphs: 1. Introduction: paraphrase the question. 2. Summary: just say that the main differences are in the design of the roof and windows, and in the use of insulation. 3. Details: compare the roof design and use of insulation. 4. Details: compare the window design and how windows are used during the day and at night. These diagrams do not show a process; they are comparing. Therefore, your summary should just point out the features that can be compared. In order to write two 'details' paragraphs, I have divided the features into two groups: 1) roof and insulation 2) windows and day/night. IELTS Writing Task 1: grouping information After writing an introduction and a paragraph to summarise the main points, I usually try to write 2 paragraphs to describe the information in more detail. It is important to think about what information to include, and how to group the information into 2 paragraphs. Last week's Task 1 lesson was about diagrams showing house designs for cool and warm climates. I divided the main features into 2 groups. Remember: , Make comparisons , Do not describe each diagram separately Here's paragraph 4 from last week's question (comparing the design and use of windows): There are differences between the two houses in terms of the design and use of windows. The cool climate house has one window which faces the direction of the sun, whereas the warm climate house has windows on two sides which are shaded from the sun. By opening the two windows at night, the house designed for warm climates can be ventilated. IELTS Writing Task 1: twice as, double, twofold A few students have asked me about how to use 'double', 'twice as', 'three times', 'twofold', 'threefold' etc. Compare how each word/phrase is used in the following examples: 1. 'double' (verb) The number of unemployed people doubled between 2005 and 2009. 2. 'twice as...as/compared to', 'three times as...as/compared to' There were twice as many unemployed people in 2009 as in 2005. Twice as many people were unemployed in 2009 compared to 2005. 3. 'twofold', 'threefold' (adjective or adverb) There was a twofold increase in the number of unemployed people between 2005 and 2009. (adjective with the noun 'increase') The number of unemployed people increased twofold between 2005 and 2009. (adverb with the verb 'increase') Try using these forms in your own sentences. Make sure you follow the patterns. IELTS Writing Task 1: how to select main points After a short introduction, I always try to write a paragraph which summarises the main points. When there is a lot of information (like in the bar chart below), it can be difficult to select the main points. The table below shows the figures for imprisonment in five countries between 1930 and 1980. (The y axis shows numbers of prisoners in thousands) (Cambridge IELTS 2, image taken from ielts-exam.net) Usually I look for a change from the beginning to the end of the period. However, there is no overall trend because the figures fluctuate. So, I'll talk about the highest and lowest figures instead. Here is my summary of the main points: While the figures for imprisonment fluctuated over the period shown, it is clear that the United States had the highest number of prisoners overall. Great Britain, on the other hand, had the lowest number of prisoners for the majority of the period. IELTS Writing Task 1: selecting the details In last week's lesson we looked at how to select the main points in order to write a summary paragraph. Today I want to look at how to select detailed information. The bar chart we saw last week contains a lot of information; you will not be able to include everything. Make sure that you write something about each country. Select the most relevant point for each country, and don't forget to mention some figures. I've written an example sentence about each country below. United States The United States had the highest number of prisoners in four out of the six years shown on the chart, and in 1980 the figure for this country peaked at nearly 140,000 prisoners. Canada Canada had the highest figures for imprisonment in 1930 and 1950, with about 120,000 prisoners in both years. New Zealand and Australia The figures for New Zealand an Australia fluctuated between 40,000 and 100,000 prisoners, although New Zealand's prison population tended to be the higher of the two. Great Britain In contrast to the figures for the other countries, the number of prisoners in Great Britain rose steadily between 1930 and 1980, reaching a peak of about 80,000 at the end of the period. IELTS Writing Task 1: describe a map Sometimes (quite rarely) you have to describe a map for IELTS Writing Task 1. Today I'll explain how I would answer this type of question. The map below is of the town of Garlsdon. A new supermarket (S) is planned for the town. The map shows two possible sites for the supermarket. (From Cambridge IELTS 5) Here is my essay plan with some advice: 1. Introduction - Just paraphrase the question (instead of 'two possible sites' you could write 'two potential locations'). 2. Summary - The main point is that the first site (S1) is outside the town, whereas the second site is in the town centre. Also, you could mention that the map shows the position of both sites relative to a railway and three roads which lead to three smaller towns. 3. Details (2 paragraphs) - Don't write a separate paragraph about each site; it's much better to compare the sites. I'd write one paragraph comparing the position of each site relative to Garlsdon (mention the different areas of the town), and another paragraph about the positions relative to transport links with the other three towns. IELTS Writing Task 1: sample essay (describe a map) In last week's lesson we looked at a 'describe a map' question. If you wrote an essay for this question, compare it with my essay below. Here's my essay. It's not perfect, but I'd give it a band 9. The map shows two potential locations (S1 and S2) for a new supermarket in a town called Garlsdon. The main difference between the two sites is that S1 is outside the town, whereas S2 is in the town centre. The sites can also be compared in terms of access by road or rail, and their positions relative to three smaller towns. Looking at the information in more detail, S1 is in the countryside to the North West of Garlsdon, but it is close to the residential area of the town. S2 is also close to the housing area, which surrounds the town centre. There are main roads from Hindon, Bransdon and Cransdon to Garlsdon town centre, but this is a no traffic zone, so there would be no access to S2 by car. By contrast, S1 lies on the main road to Hindon, but it would be more difficult to reach from Bransdon and Cransdon. Both supermarket sites are close to the railway that runs through Garlsdon from Hindon to Cransdon. IELTS Writing Task 1: describe a table Look at the following table about the time spent by British males and females on different daily activities. The problem with this table is that there is so much information; you can't include everything. Here are some suggestions: , Mention the biggest numbers (sleep, all leisure, employment) , Compare the biggest differences between males and females (housework, employment) , When the figures are similar, it's not necessary to write both numbers (e.g. "Both males and females spend around an hour and a half travelling") Try writing a full essay for this question (using my 4-paragraph structure). You can compare your essay with mine next Thursday. IELTS Writing Task 1: describe a table My next video lesson isn't finished yet, so I'll do Writing Task 1 today and the video lesson tomorrow. Here's last week's question, followed by my essay: The chart below shows average hours and minutes spent by UK males and females on different daily activities. The table compares the average amount of time per day that men and women in the UK spend doing different activities. It is clear that people in the UK spend more time sleeping than doing any other daily activity. Also, there are significant differences between the time spent by men and women on employment/study and housework. On average, men and women in the UK sleep for about 8 hours per day. Leisure takes up the second largest proportion of their time. Men spend 5 hours and 25 minutes doing various leisure activities, such as watching TV or doing sport, while women have 4 hours and 53 minutes of leisure time. It is noticeable that men work or study for an average of 79 minutes more than women every day. By contrast, women spend 79 minutes more than men doing housework, and they spend over twice as much time looking after children. Please note: My essay is 152 words long. I could write much more, but I limited myself to selecting only the most important details. The essay is still good enough to get a band 9. IELTS Writing Task 1: understanding and organising Today I'm going to explain my thinking process when I answer an IELTS Writing Task 1 question. We'll use this question (Cambridge IELTS 7, page 30): The table below gives information on consumer spending on different items in five different countries in 2002. Percentage of national consumer expenditure by category - 2002 Before I worry about what language to use, it's really important to understand the information, and decide how to organise it. This is what I'm thinking: 1. I know that I can write a short introduction by paraphrasing the question. 2. I look for an overall trend. I can see that the food/drinks/tobacco category has the highest percentages, and leisure/education has the lowest. 3. Now I want to write two main body paragraphs. I need to select something to say about each country. Remember, there is no rule about what information you select; everyone will do this differently. 4. I look for the highest figures in each category: I can see that Turkey has the highest figure for food/drinks/tobacco AND for education/leisure. Italy has the highest figure for clothing/footwear. 5. So, I'll write a paragraph about Turkey and Italy. 6. My final paragraph needs to talk about Ireland, Spain and Sweden. 7. Maybe I'll point out that Ireland has a high figure for the first category, Spain has the lowest figure for education/leisure, and Sweden has the lowest figures for the first AND second categories. 8. I don't need a conclusion because I have already mentioned a general trend in point 2. Try writing an essay following these steps. You can compare your essay with mine next week. IELTS Writing Task 1: table Here's my full answer to the question from last week: The table shows percentages of consumer expenditure for three categories of products and services in five countries in 2002. It is clear that the largest proportion of consumer spending in each country went on food, drinks and tobacco. On the other hand, the leisure/education category has the lowest percentages in the table. Out of the five countries, consumer spending on food, drinks and tobacco was noticeably higher in Turkey, at 32.14%, and Ireland, at nearly 29%. The proportion of spending on leisure and education was also highest in Turkey, at 4.35%, while expenditure on clothing and footwear was significantly higher in Italy, at 9%, than in any of the other countries. It can be seen that Sweden had the lowest percentages of national consumer expenditure for food/drinks/tobacco and for clothing/footwear, at nearly 16% and just over 5% respectively. Spain had slightly higher figures for these categories, but the lowest figure for leisure/education, at only 1.98%. (160 words, band 9) IELTS Writing Task 1: general to specific My IELTS Writing Task 1 essays follow a "general to specific" structure. , The introduction is the most general part of the essay; it simply tells the reader what the graph is about. , Then I write a paragraph about the main points or a general trend. , Finally, I write 2 paragraphs describing specific facts or figures. , I don't write a conclusion because I have already summarised the information in paragraph 2. Look at the graph below. First, make sure you understand it. Then look for a general trend. Finally, select specific points on the graph to describe in detail. I'll show you how I would describe this graph next week. Feel free to make suggestions in the "comments" area. IELTS Writing Task 1: line graph Here's my example essay for last week's graph (shown below). I wrote the essay in 20 minutes, so it's not perfect but it would still get a band 9. The graph shows changes in the number of cars per household in Great Britain over a period of 36 years. Overall, car ownership in Britain increased between 1971 and 2007. In particular, the number of households with two cars rose, while the number of households without a car fell. In 1971, almost half of all British households did not have regular use of a car. Around 44% of households had one car, but only about 7% had two cars. It was uncommon for families to own three or more cars, with around 2% of households falling into this category. The one-car household was the most common type from the late 1970’s onwards, although there was little change in the figures for this category. The biggest change was seen in the proportion of households without a car, which fell steadily over the 36-year period to around 25% in 2007. In contrast, the proportion of two-car families rose steadily, reaching about 26% in 2007, and the proportion of households with more than two cars rose by around 5%. (180 words) IELTS Writing Task 1: two charts or graphs Here are some tips for writing about 2 charts or graphs: 1. Introduction Write one sentence, but introduce each chart separately e.g. "The first bar chart shows..., and the send chart illustrates..." 2. Summary of main points Write 2 sentences. If the information in the charts is not connected, find one main point or general trend for each chart. If the charts are connected, try to make comparisons (see this lesson). 3. Main body paragraphs Write one paragraph about each chart or graph (it is acceptable to describe each chart separately). For next week: Find a copy of Cambridge IELTS book 6, page 98. This is a good example of 2 bar charts. I'll show you my full essay next week. IELTS Writing Task 1: comparing numbers Fill the gaps in the following text using the words below it. If you find any of the gaps difficult, miss them and come back to them after doing the easier ones. Emigration from the UK The number of people leaving the UK for 12 months or more ______ ______ record ______ in 2008, ______ an estimated 427,000 people emigrating. This ______ ______ from 341,000 in 2007. There has been a large ______ ______ the number of people emigrating for work related reasons, particularly those with a definite job to go to. In 2008 an estimated 136,000 people emigrated from the UK to take up a definite job, ______ ______ 100,000 in 2007. - in - high - increase - up - reached - with (x2) - a - compared - was IELTS Writing Task 1: 'detail' paragraphs For IELTS writing task 1, I suggest writing 4 paragraphs: introduction (what the chart shows), summary of main points, 2 paragraphs describing specific details. In the 'specific details' paragraphs it's important to mention numbers and make comparisons. The following paragraphs are a good example of this. UK Household Expenditure in 2009 Household ______ ______ highest in the transport category, ______ ?63 a week. This included ?21.10 per week ______ purchase of vehicles, ?31.80 on the operation of personal transport (such as petrol, diesel, repairs and servicing) and ?10.50 on transport services such as rail, tube and bus fares. Food and non-alcoholic drink purchases ______ ?51 to weekly household expenditure - ?13.10 of which ______ ______ on meat and fish, ?3.70 on fresh vegetables, and ?3.00 on fresh fruit. Non-alcoholic drinks ______ ______ ?4.00 ______ weekly expenditure, and ?2.10 per week was spent on chocolate and confectionery. Fill the gaps with the following words: spent, spending, for, on, at, of, accounted, contributed, was (x2) IELTS Writing Task 1: describe a map Last week I looked at this question. Here is my full answer (band 9): The map shows the growth of a village called Chorleywood between 1868 and 1994. It is clear that the village grew as the transport infrastructure was improved. Four periods of development are shown on the map, and each of the populated areas is near to the main roads, the railway or the motorway. From 1868 to 1883, Chorleywood covered a small area next to one of the main roads. Chorleywood Park and Golf Course is now located next to this original village area. The village grew along the main road to the south between 1883 and 1922, and in 1909 a railway line was built crossing this area from west to east. Chorleywood station is in this part of the village. The expansion of Chorleywood continued to the east and west alongside the railway line until 1970. At that time, a motorway was built to the east of the village, and from 1970 to 1994, further development of the village took place around motorway intersections with the railway and one of the main roads. Don't just read this essay once. Spend some time analysing it: , In what order did I describe the information shown on the map? , What information did I choose for paragraphs 3 and 4? , What good vocabulary does the essay contain? IELTS Writing Task 1: you don't need a conclusion I have often suggested that you don't need to write a conclusion for IELTS writing task 1. You need to write an "overview" of the information. But why don't you need to write a conclusion? What's the difference between a conclusion and an overview? First, a conclusion is really a final judgement based on analysis of different facts or opinions. This is perfect for the task 2 essay, but task 1 is simply a description without analysis or opinion. On the other hand, an "overview" is a simple description of the main points. It is a summary or general idea of the information shown in the graph or chart. Second, a conclusion should be at the end of a piece of writing. An overview or general summary could go either at the end or near the beginning. Personally, I think it's a good idea to describe the main features of the graph or chart near the beginning of your essay. So, my suggested essay structure for task 1 looks like this: 1. Introduction: what does the chart show? 2. Overview / summary: what are the most noticeable features? 3. Specific details: try to write 2 paragraphs. IELTS Writing Task 1: how to write an introduction The introduction to an IELTS writing task 1 essay should explain what the chart/graph shows. To do this, just paraphrase the question (rewrite it in your own words). Here is an example description from an IELTS Task 1 question: The graph below shows the proportion of the population aged 65 and over between 1940 and 2040 in three different countries. By rewriting this description with a few changes, I can quickly create a good introduction: The line graph compares the percentage of people aged 65 or more in three countries over a period of 100 years. If you practise this technique, you will be able to write task 1 introductions very quickly. You will be able to start the writing test quickly and confidently IELTS Writing Task 1: graph trends After your introduction (see last week's lesson), you should write a general summary of the information in the graph, chart etc. For graphs that show time periods (years, months etc.): , Look for the overall trend from left to right on the graph. Is there a change from the first year to the last year? , Do the lines on the graph follow a similar trend, or can you see any differences? In the paragraph below, I describe the overall trend for all 3 countries. Then I point out a clear difference in the trends for 2 countries. Summary of trends: It is clear from the graph that the proportion of people who use the Internet increased in each country over the period shown. Overall, Mexico had the lowest percentage of Internet users, while Canada experienced the fastest growth in Internet usage. IELTS Writing Task 1: easy verbs For IELTS writing task 1, don't worry about using "difficult" verbs or verb tenses. Forget about continuous and perfect tenses; just use present or past simple. Fill the gaps in the graph description with the past simple verbs below. In 1999, the proportion of people using the Internet in the USA ______ about 20%. The figures for Canada and Mexico ______ lower, at about 10% and 5% respectively. In 2005, Internet usage in both the USA and Canada ______ around 70% of the population, while the figure for Mexico ______ just over 25%. By 2009, the percentage of Internet users ______ highest in Canada. Almost 100% of Canadians ______ the Internet, compared to about 80% of Americans and only 40% of Mexicans. Verbs: rose to, were, used, reached, was (x2) IELTS Writing Task 1: full essay The essay below is exactly 150 words long. I've tried to make it as simple as possible, but it's still good enough to get a band 9. The line graph compares the percentage of people in three countries who used the Internet between 1999 and 2009. It is clear that the proportion of the population who used the Internet increased in each country over the period shown. Overall, a much larger percentage of North Americans had access to the Internet in comparison with Mexicans, and Canada experienced the fastest growth in Internet usage. In 1999, the proportion of people using the Internet in the USA was about 20%. The figures for Canada and Mexico were lower, at about 10% and 5% respectively. In 2005, Internet usage in both the USA and Canada rose to around 70% of the population, while the figure for Mexico reached just over 25%. By 2009, the percentage of Internet users was highest in Canada. Almost 100% of Canadians used the Internet, compared to about 80% of Americans and only 40% of Mexicans. IELTS Writing Task 1: bar chart introduction Task 1 introductions should be fast and easy. Just paraphrase the question statement (rewrite it in your own words). If you practise this technique, you will be able to start the writing test with confidence. Look at this question statement from Cambridge IELTS book 2, page 95: The table below shows the figures for imprisonment in five countries between 1930 and 1980. I'll change 3 elements of this sentence: 1. table shows = bar chart compares 2. figures for imprisonment = number of people in prison 3. between... and... = over a period of So, here's my paraphrased introduction: The bar chart compares the number of people in prison in five different countries over a period of 50 years. IELTS Writing Task 1: process diagram A 'process diagram' is any diagram that shows steps or stages in a process. Many students worry about this type of question, but they are really quite easy if you know what to do. Look at the following example from Cambridge IELTS 1, page 51: The diagram below shows how the Australian Bureau of Meteorology collects up-to-the-minute information on the weather in order to produce reliable forecasts. Here are some tips for describing this diagram: 1. Introduction: rewrite the question in a different way 2. Summary: say that there are 4 steps, and briefly mention each one 3. Main body: describe steps 1 and 2 4. Main body: describe steps 3 and 4 I'll show you my full essay next week. Here is my full essay (170 words): The figure illustrates the process used by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology to forecast the weather. There are four stages in the process, beginning with the collection of information about the weather. This information is then analysed, prepared for presentation, and finally broadcast to the public. Looking at the first and second stages of the process, there are three ways of collecting weather data and three ways of analysing it. Firstly, incoming information can be received by satellite and presented for analysis as a satellite photo. The same data can also be passed to a radar station and presented on a radar screen or synoptic chart. Secondly, incoming information may be collected directly by radar and analysed on a radar screen or synoptic chart. Finally, drifting buoys also receive data which can be shown on a synoptic chart. At the third stage of the process, the weather broadcast is prepared on computers. Finally, it is delivered to the public on television, on the radio, or as a recorded telephone announcement. Note: I've also sent a full essay version of yesterday's task 2 lesson to everyone who has bought the ebook. IELTS Writing Task 1: paraphrasing The easiest way to start your Task 1 essay is by paraphrasing the question. Paraphrasing means writing something in a different way (using your own words). Here are some simple changes you can make: , graph = line graph , chart = bar chart , diagram = figure , shows = illustrates (or 'compares' if the graph is comparing) , proportion = percentage , information = data , the number of = the figure for , the proportion of = the figure for , people in the USA = Americans , from 1999 to 2009 = between 1999 and 2009 , from 1999 to 2009 = over a period of 10 years , how to produce = the process of producing , in three countries = in the UK, France and Spain (i.e. name the countries) Tip: "The figure for / figures for" is a great phrase that not many people use (e.g. the graph shows figures for unemployment in three countries). To see how I use paraphrasing to write a good introduction click here. IELTS Writing Task 1: more than one chart How do you answer a task 1 question that has more than one chart or graph? Here's my advice: Introduction Write your introduction in the usual way: paraphrase the question. For this kind of question, it's easier to write 2 sentences e.g. "The first chart illustrates... The second chart shows..." Summary Write a paragraph describing the main points. If possible, try to summarise all of the information, rather than writing a separate summary for each chart. Look for a topic or trend that links the charts. Details Describe each chart separately. Just write a short paragraph about each chart. Choose the most important information from each one. IELTS Writing Task 1: more than one chart Look at the following bar charts, taken from Cambridge IELTS 3, page 73. The charts below show the levels of participation in education and science in developing and industrialised countries in 1980 and 1990. Advice for band 7 or higher: You must give an overview of the information. This means that you need to find an overall trend that connects all 3 charts. Can you find any overall trends? Feel free to discuss your ideas in the "comments" area. I'll tell you what I think tomorrow. IELTS Writing Task 1: bar charts essay Here is my full essay for last week's bar chart question. Study the essay carefully to see which details I selected for each paragraph. Notice that I describe the two science bar charts in the same paragraph. Click here to see the question The three bar charts show average years of schooling, numbers of scientists and technicians, and research and development spending in developing and developed countries. Figures are given for 1980 and 1990. It is clear from the charts that the figures for developed countries are much higher than those for developing nations. Also, the charts show an overall increase in participation in education and science from 1980 to 1990. People in developing nations attended school for an average of around 3 years, with only a slight increase in years of schooling from 1980 to 1990. On the other hand, the figure for industrialised countries rose from nearly 9 years of schooling in 1980 to nearly 11 years in 1990. From 1980 to 1990, the number of scientists and technicians in industrialised countries almost doubled to about 70 per 1000 people. Spending on research and development also saw rapid growth in these countries, reaching $350 billion in 1990. By contrast, the number of science workers in developing countries remained below 20 per 1000 people, and research spending fell from about $50 billion to only $25 billion. (187 words) IELTS Writing Task 1: sample essay (migration) A good piece of advice for IELTS writing task 1: look at the chart/graph/picture before you read the question. Sometimes the question contains words that you don't know, and this can cause you to panic. But you don't really need to understand the question if you already understand the chart. Read my full essay for the chart below. How have I organised the information? What language have I used to explain changes and to make comparisons? Full essay (159 words): The chart gives information about UK immigration, emigration and net migration between 1999 and 2008. Both immigration and emigration rates rose over the period shown, but the figures for immigration were significantly higher. Net migration peaked in 2004 and 2007. In 1999, over 450,000 people came to live in the UK, while the number of people who emigrated stood at just under 300,000. The figure for net migration was around 160,000, and it remained at a similar level until 2003. From 1999 to 2004, the immigration rate rose by nearly 150,000 people, but there was a much smaller rise in emigration. Net migration peaked at almost 250,000 people in 2004. After 2004, the rate of immigration remained high, but the number of people emigrating fluctuated. Emigration fell suddenly in 2007, before peaking at about 420,000 people in 2008. As a result, the net migration figure rose to around 240,000 in 2007, but fell back to around 160,000 in 2008. IELTS Writing Task 1: singular or plural? Students often make simple mistakes with singular and plural forms, especially in Writing Task 1. The problem is that the words used on graphs, charts and tables are usually singular. So, the labels on a chart could be: , single parent , graduate , only child , laptop computer But when you write a sentence, you might need to use a plural: , The number of single parents increased. , In 1999 nearly 55% of graduates were female. , The UK has the highest number of only children. , More laptop computers were sold in the UK than any other country. Don't just copy the words from the graph or chart. Think first about how to use them correctly. IELTS Writing Task 1: two different charts Sometimes you are given two different charts e.g. a line graph and a bar chart, or a bar chart and a pie chart. How to describe two different charts in 4 paragraphs: 1. Mention each chart in the introduction. Sometimes it's easier to write a sentence for each. 2. Describe the main feature of each chart. If there is a connection between the charts, describe it. 3. Describe the first chart. 4. Describe the second chart. Find Cambridge IELTS 4, page 54, which shows a line graph and a pie chart. Click here to see a website that has a copy of this question. Here is my introduction and summary paragraph for the above question: The line graph compares daily electricity consumption in England during the winter and summer, while the pie chart shows information about the different uses of this electricity in an average English household. It is clear that English homes use around double the amount of electricity in the winter compared to the summer. Throughout the year, just over half of the electricity consumed by English households is used for heating rooms and water IELTS Writing Task 1: pie charts are easy! A lot of people seem to be worried about pie charts. Here are some questions to get you thinking about how to describe them: 1. What does a pie chart always show? 2. Are pie charts used for comparing? 3. Do pie charts show changes (increase, decrease)? 4. What verb tense would you use to describe pie charts? Feel free to answer these questions in the "comments" area below. I'll add my answers tomorrow. PS. There could be more than one answer to some of the questions. IELTS Writing Task 1: four pie charts essay Here is my full essay for a question about 4 pie charts. Cambridge IELTS book 7, page 101: The pie charts compare the amount of electricity produced using five different sources of fuel in two countries over two separate years. Total electricity production increased dramatically from 1980 to 2000 in both Australia and France. While the totals for both countries were similar, there were big differences in the fuel sources used. Coal was used to produce 50 of the total 100 units of electricity in Australia in 1980, rising to 130 out of 170 units in 2000. By contrast, nuclear power became the most important fuel source in France in 2000, producing almost 75% of the country’s electricity. Australia depended on hydro power for just under 25% of its electricity in both years, but the amount of electricity produced using this type of power fell from 5 to only 2 units in France. Oil, on the other hand, remained a relatively important fuel source in France, but its use declined in Australia. Both countries relied on natural gas for electricity production significantly more in 1980 than in 2000. (170 words) IELTS Writing Task 1: process diagrams Here is some advice for describing a process diagram. The question I'm using comes from Cambridge IELTS 6. It's also on this website (go down the page to test 3). Advice: 1. Introduction: paraphrase the question (one sentence). 2. Summary paragraph: write how many steps there are. You could also mention the first step and the last step (two sentences). 3. Details: describe each step in the diagrams. Introduction and summary paragraphs: The figures illustrate the stages in the life of a silkworm and the process of producing silk cloth. There are four main stages in the life cycle of the silkworm, from eggs to adult moth. The process of silk cloth production involves six steps, from silkworm cocoon to silk material. IELTS Writing Task 1: describing steps For process diagrams, you will need to describe each step in order. Click here to see an example process diagram. Here are my 2 main paragraphs describing the steps: At the beginning of the process, clay is dug from the ground. The clay is put through a metal grid, and it passes onto a roller where it is mixed with sand and water. After that, the clay can be shaped into bricks in two ways: either it is put in a mould, or a wire cutter is used. At the fourth stage in the process, the clay bricks are placed in a drying oven for one to two days. Next, the bricks are heated in a kiln at a moderate temperature (200 - 900 degrees Celsius) and then at a high temperature (up to 1300 degrees), before spending two to three days in a cooling chamber. Finally, the finished bricks are packaged and delivered. Note: Look at the use of passive verbs e.g. is dug, can be shaped, are placed. I divided the stages into 2 paragraphs to make the essay easier to read. IELTS Writing Task 1: introductions By paraphrasing the question, you can write your introduction easily and quickly. "Paraphrasing" means writing the same thing but in a different way. Here is an example question (about a graph and bar chart): The charts below give information about travel to and from the UK, and about the most popular countries for UK residents to visit. Here is my introduction: The graph shows numbers of visits to the UK and trips abroad by UK residents. The bar chart shows the five most popular destinations for UK travellers. Note: It's easier to introduce 2 different charts by writing 2 separate sentences. You don't need to change every word (e.g. I didn't change 'most popular'). IELTS Writing Task 1: comparisons Yesterday I looked at this question with my students. When describing a line graph: - Do not describe each line separately. - You must compare the figures. Here is an example of how to compare the 4 lines for the year 1990: In 1990, almost 90% of 14 to 24 year olds went to the cinema at least once a year. Cinema attendance was about 30% lower than this among people aged 25 to 34 and 35 to 49, while the figure for those aged over 50 was the lowest, at only 40%. If you can write comparisons like this, you will get a very high score. Try using my comparison as a model to help you compare the figures for 2010. IELTS Writing Task 1: 'consumer durables' table Yesterday I looked at the following question with my students. The table below shows the consumer durables owned in Britain from 1972 to 1983. Here's our essay plan: 1. Introduction: paraphrase the question 2. Overview: highest = TV, biggest change = telephone and central heating 3. Describe figures for the 4 items with highest percentages 4. Describe figures for the 4 items with lowest percentages We did paragraph 3 as an example: In 1972, 93% of British homes had a television, and this increased to 98% in 1983. The majority of homes also had a vacuum cleaner and a refrigerator. These consumer durables were owned by over 90% of households by the end of the period. Washing machines were the fourth most common item, with 66% of households owning one in 1972, rising to 80% of households in 1983. IELTS Writing Task 1: more than one chart Many students are still worried about questions with more than one chart. Here are some tips: 1. If there are 2 charts, they often show different information. Don't worry about comparing them. Just do: introduction, overview, then one paragraph for each chart. 2. If the units are different (e.g. one chart shows 'millions' and the other shows 'percentages'), you can't usually compare them. 3. If the units are the same, you can probably compare the charts. 4. If there are 3 or 4 charts, you can usually compare them. To see an essay about 2 different charts click here (Cambridge IELTS 6, p98). To see an essay about 4 related charts click here (Cambridge IELTS 7, p101). IELTS Writing Task 1: the most common mistake The most common mistake in IELTS writing task 1 is not a grammar mistake. Find the 2 big mistakes in the sentences below (not grammar mistakes). The unemployment rate in the UK rose by 2% between 2008 and 2009, whereas Canada decreased by about 1%. The USA was the highest, at just over 4%. CORRECT ANSWER FROM SIMON: Thanks, you all seem to have spotted the problem: You CAN'T write "Canada decreased" or "the USA was the highest". Canada didn't decrease! The unemployment rate decreased. Here's an example: The unemployment rate in the UK rose by 2% between 2008 and 2009, whereas in Canada it decreased by about 1%. The unemployment rate in the USA was the highest, at just over 4%. IELTS Writing Task 1: nouns and verbs Charts and tables usually show nouns rather than verbs. However, you need to find the right verb in order to write a good sentence. Example: Don't write: - Walking was 255 miles per person in 1985. - Car was the highest form of transport. Do write: - The average person walked 255 miles in 1985. - People travelled more miles by car than by any other form of transport. IELTS Writing Task 1: active & passive for processes When describing a process, verbs may be 'active' or 'passive'. Active: A chicken lays an egg. Passive: An egg is laid (by a chicken). We often use the active to describe a natural process and the passive to describe a man-made process. The sentences below come from this lesson. I've underlined the active and passive verbs. Life cycle (natural process): The adult moth lays its eggs. The silkworm larva produces silk thread. Production of silk cloth (man-made process): The cocoon is boiled in water. The silk thread is unwound, twisted and then dyed. IELTS Writing Task 1: describing percentages Let's look at a few ways to write a sentence that describes a percentage. You could either put the percentage at the beginning of the sentence (example 1), or put it at the end of the sentence (example 2): 1. 6% of single aged people were living in poverty. 2. The level of poverty among single aged people stood at 6%. You could also add a comparison: 1. 6% of single aged people were living in poverty, compared to only 4% of aged couples. 2. The level of poverty among single aged people stood at 6%, whereas the figure for aged couples was only 4%. Which sentence do you think is clearer? Also, why have I used "people" and "couples" in my sentences when the table says "person" and "couple"?