英汉词语对比与翻译【打印版】

英汉 词语 三年级上册词语表全部的拼音abb词语读音易错用的词语形容雾的四字词语七年级语文上册词语 对比与翻译【打印版】 英语翻译 英汉词语对比与翻译 --- 系统、语义及其他 词类在英汉语中使用的频率有差异 1.我成功了。 I was in success. 2. The old man cast impatient glances at the clock. 这位老师不耐烦地看了看钟。 3.他初出茅庐，没有什么经验。 He is a green hand 4. On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken. I felt my way to the hearth and picked up the pieces. I tried vainly to put them together. 一进门，我就想起来了被我摔碎的娃娃。我摸索着走到壁炉跟前，捡起了碎片。 A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese --- 英汉语对比研究 人到齐就开会。 问题解决了。 The meeting will begin when all are here. 不要人云亦云。 Don’t say what others have said. 帐单撕碎了。 The bill was torn to pieces. 1(人在阵地在。 The position will not be given up so long as we are still living. (Condition 条件) 2(人无远虑，必有近忧。 If one has no long-term considerations, he will find trouble at his doorstep. (Condition 条件) 3(病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。 Sickness comes like an avalanche(雪崩) , but goes like reeling silk. (Contrast, Opposition 对照、转折) 4(我来他已去。 He had left when I arrived. (Time Order 时间先后) 5(他人老心不老。 Although he has aged physically, he remains young at heart. (Concession 让步) Look at the sentence structures of the two languages from another perspective: 1(我的小孙子他很调皮。 My little grandson is very naughty. 2(那所房子你们早该修了。 You should have repaired the house. 3(英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。 It is by no means easy to learn the English language. 4(这里建大桥，我看行不通。 I don?t think it workable to build a bridge here. 1(志同道合，友谊才会持久。 Friendship will last only if it is based on a common goal. Only if friendship is based on a common goal, it will last. 2(天下雨，运动会延期了。 The sports meet was postponed because of rain. Because of rain, the sports meet was postponed. 3(棚户区)not far away from the Central Avenue. 我们看到很多住人的迹象，当漫步街头走过一个很大的棚户集中地，离中央大 道不远。 我们漫步街头，在中央大道附近发现了一个很大的棚户区，有很多迹象表明茅 棚里还住了人。 The problem was solved. 你再说一个字，我马上走。 If you should say one more word, I would go at once. 你死了，我去当和尚。 If you should die, I would go and be a monk. 1 英语翻译 Contrast and Translation --- 对比与翻译【句法】 Contrast Between English and Chinese: Difference 1 English : Impersonal (物称) Chinese: Personal (人称) 1(Astonishment and even horror oppressed him. 他感到惊讶甚至恐惧。 2(Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. 我兴奋得什么话都说不出 来。 3(The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood. 我一看到那棵大树就想起了童年的情景。 Difference 2 English : Passive (被动) Chinese: Active (主动) 4(They are paid for this. 6(Table tennis is played all over China. 他们拿钱就是干这事的。 5(The difficulties have been overcome, and the problem solved. 困难克服了，问题也解决了。 打乒乓球风靡中国。 7(Why should all these unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me? 为什么总要把这些麻烦事推给我, Difference 3 English : Static (静态) Chinese: Dynamic (动态) 8(She is the best hater I?ve ever known. 我所认识的人中数她最会记仇。 9(There is a crying need for a new remedy. 现在急需想出新法子来补救。 10(It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal(辞 退). 要不是我能干重活，早就给辞退了。 Difference 4 English : Complex (繁复) Chinese: Simple (简明) 11(It is advised that the man who was seen to take an umbrella from the lecture theatre last Sunday put it back if he does not wish to get into trouble. 上星期傍晚，有人看到某人在演讲厅取走雨伞一把，取伞者如不愿卷入纠纷， 还是将伞放回原处为好。 12(The image of the rolling water carrying the man and his car away in an instant is still imprinted on my mind. 顷刻之间，滚滚的浊水连人带车一古脑儿都给冲走 了。这情景，直到现在还印在我的脑海里。 Difference 5 Chinese: Concrete (具体) English : Abstract (抽象) 13(He was impressed by Deng Xiaoping?s flexibility. 他对邓小平的灵活态度印 象深刻。 14(Their eccentricity (古怪) often makes you frown. 他们的古怪行为常常令 人皱眉。 15(We stepped onto the mysterious land with caution and uneasiness. 我们怀着谨 慎和不安的心情踏上了那片神秘的国土。 Difference 6 English : Hypotactic (形合) Chinese: Paratactic (意合) Explicit cohesion (显性联接)Implicit coherence (隐性连贯) 2 英语翻译 16(If you don?t compare, you?re in the dark, but the moment you do, you get a shock. 不比不知道，一比吓一跳。(比较:如果不比，你就不知道，一旦比了，你会 吓一跳。) 17(As Tom has failed to come due to his sudden illness, we have to ask you to take his place. 汤姆突然病了，没能来，我们只好请你顶他。 (比较:因为汤姆突然病了，所以他没能来，因而我们只好请你顶他。) Difference 7 English : plain and Chinese: rhythmic and factual symmetrical (讲平实) (重韵律) 18(He is a smart, eloquent, upright and well-informed lawyer. 他是一位律师，脑子灵，口才好，为人正直，见多识广。 他是一位律师，聪明、善辩、正直，而且有见识。 19(She was an intelligent, attractive and somewhat temperamental daughter of a well-to-do doctor. 她聪明、漂亮、爱耍点小脾气，是一个家道小康的医生的女儿。 Please translate the following sentences: 1(Not only politeness but an attitude of reverence is demanded in church. 在教堂里不仅要有礼貌，而且要有一种虔诚的态度。 2(We will not attack unless we are attacked. 人不犯我，我不犯人。 3(It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest. 我从来也没有想到她竟这 么不老实。 4(My ignorance has made a fool of myself. 我孤陋寡闻，出洋相了。 5(However sly a fox may be, it is no match for a good hunter. 狐狸再狡猾也斗不过好猎手。 6(He has an unpleasant habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession. 她有个不讨人喜欢的习惯:一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾。 7(His frequent interference in other people?s private affairs is very annoying. 他常常干与别人的私事，真恼人。 t go there. 他不来，我就不去。 8(If he does not come here, I won? 9(A slight discrepancy leads to a great error. 差之毫厘，谬以千里。 10(In Africa, I met a boy, who was crying bitterly as if his heart would break, and said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry, because he had had no food for two days. 在非洲我曾经遇到过一个男孩，他痛哭流涕，很伤心。我问问他，他说他已经 两天没吃东西，肚子饿极了。 11(What they wanted most was an end of uncertainties. 他们最渴望的是结束这种摇摆不定的局面。 12(The best solution to the problem is to conduct investigation. 解决问题的最好办法是进行调查研究。 中西方思维差异对翻译的影响 英汉思维差异比较: 1、汉字的象形性(ideographic vs. alphabetic) 人:分腿站立，顶天立地 man 雨 rain 伞 umbrella 从 follow(比，北，化 ,,细说汉字) 2、词语的直观性强 百褶裙 pleated skirt 露背装 halter top 回形针 paper clip 3 英语翻译 3、汉语爱以具体比喻抽象 1) 蚕食 Nibble 2) 我军势如破竹,打得敌军落花流水。 Our army won a smooth and overwhelming victory. 3) Wisdom prepares for the worst; but folly leaves the worst for the day it comes. 1、汉语词义较笼统，英语语义较具体 1) ―车来了‖(车,bus, minibus, lorry, taxi, bike, motorcycle„)―Here comes the „‖ 2) 胡子:full beard大胡子，shadow小胡子，络腮胡子whiskers; handlebars/moustache八字胡，goatee山 羊胡，tile beard瓦形胡，military moustache军人胡，stubble beard残须 3) ―借我一支笔‖(笔,pen, ball pen, pencil, a piece of chalk, color pen) 2、汉语注重篇章的整体性及对称平衡，英语强调篇章句式结构的严谨 善欲人见，不是真善;恶恐人知，便是大恶。 A good deed is no good deed if it is done for show. An evil is all the worse if it is covered up. 3、中国人天人合一，主动句、无主句、主语省略句居多 1)热得我满身大汗。 The heat made me sweat./ I was sweating all over. 2)不坚持，就会失败。 One will fail unless one preserves. Keep on, or we will fail. If you don?t hold on, you will fail. 本体型思维与客体型思维 The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps. 我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。 顺向思维与逆向思维(西方人面对未来，中国人面对过去) Look forward to vs. look back on:想想以后，回顾以前 But we are getting ahead of the story. • --- • ---All the dates mentioned in the paper have been moved back in time. • ---After you, sir. 先生，您先请。 英汉文化差异比较: 一、文化背景差异 (农业 vs. 航海) • 对牛弹琴 • teach a pig to play on the flute; cast pearls before the swine(讨厌的人) • 众人拾柴火焰高。 • Many hands make light work. 二、风俗差异 猫头鹰 vs. as wise as an owl 龙 vs. dragon lover vs. 爱人(This is my lover!) 4 • Hoist your sail when the wind is fair. • 好风快扬帆。 • A small leak will sink a great ship. • 小洞不补要沉大船。 英语翻译 三、联想异同 重合(cultural overlaps):as white as snow; fox; 差异 1) 一箭双雕(汉)，一石两鸟(英)，一掌双蝇(德)，一石双兔(俄) 2) 体壮如牛 as strong as a horse 害群之马 Black sheep 如鱼得水 Like a duck to water 多如牛毛 As plentiful as blackberries 水中捞月 To fish in the air 归化和异化翻译 谋事在人，成事在天。 归化:Man proposes, God disposes. 异化:Man proposes, Heaven disposes. 1. Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。 2. go through fire and water赴汤蹈火 3. add fuel to the flames / pour oil on the flames 火上浇油 4. an ass in a lion?s skin 狐假虎威 5. a wolf in sheep?s clothing 笑面虎 6. kill two birds with one stone一箭双雕 7. armed to the teeth 武装到牙齿 挥金如土 Spend money like water 画蛇添 足 Gild the lily 8. an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth 以眼还眼，以牙还牙 9. a wolf in sheep?s clothing 披着羊皮的狼 10. kill two birds with one stone 一石二鸟 11. All roads lead to Rome. 条条道路通罗马 12.笑里藏刀hide a dagger in a smile 13.天下乌鸦一般黑。 All crows are equally black 比较句子: 1. don’t lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen. 直译:不要等马被盗后，才去锁厩门。 意译:不要贼走关门。 2. Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate. 直译:砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮， 也不能使社会问题烟消云散。 意译:砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。 3. I gave my youth to the sea and I came home gave her (my wife) my old age. 直译:我把青春献给海洋， 我回家的时候便把老年给了妻子。 意译:我把青春献给海洋， 等我回到家见到妻子时已经是白发苍苍了。 4. They don?t know their right hand from their left. 直译: 他们分不清这是自己的右手还是左手。 意译:他们什么也不知道。 5. When Jean graduated from high school, she looked at the world through rose-colored glasses. 直译:琼高中毕业的时候， 是戴着玫瑰色的眼镜看周围的一切的。 意译:琼高中毕业的时候，她把一切事情看得太简单太容易了。 修辞句型中的误区 (1)比喻:有的比喻可以直译，有的则不能 The girl is a dead shot. 这位姑娘是神枪手。(不能译作―死射手‖) 5 英语翻译 After the failure of his last novel, his reputation stands on slippery grounds. 他的上部小说失败之后，声誉一落千丈。(不能译为"站在滑动的场地上了") (2)借喻 He went west by stage coach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever in Nevada’s Washoe Region. 正:他乘公共马车到了西部，卷入了淘金热和淘银热。 the open door policy 开放政策， the cold war 冷战， 混水摸鱼， strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁， at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟 to fish in troubled waters 一些习语成语必须意译: She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth. You‘re talking through your had again. 你又在胡说八道了。 You should keep your nose out of here. Good to begin well ,better to end well. 要善始善终 example: High buildings and large mansions are springing up like mushrooms in Beijing. 译文:在北京，高楼大厦犹如雨后春笋般地涌现。 ? A:How often do you eat here, David? B:I eat here a lot. 应译为:―你多久来这吃一次啊，大卫,我经常来这吃。‖如果把 ―a lot‖直译为―许多‖或―很多很多‖，这句话就不通顺了。 ? A: All his geese are swans? B: John is really such a person. 应译为:―他老是言过其实么,约翰就是这样一个人‖。如果译成―他养的鹅都是天鹅。‖，那听上去就会莫名其妙了。 ? It is an ill bird that fouls its own nest. 家丑不可外扬。 ? Birds of a feather flock together. 物以类聚，人以群分。 ? Empty vessels make the most noise. 满瓶子不响，半瓶子晃荡。 ? False friends are worse than bitter enemies. 明枪易躲，暗箭难防。 lick one?s boots 拍马屁 Have one foot in the grave 风烛残年 Diamond cuts diamond 棋逢对手 To grow like mushrooms 雨后春笋 A flash in a pan 昙花一现 One boy is a boy，two boys half a boy，three boys nobody( 一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。 Excises: 冰冻三尺,非一日之寒。Rome was not build in a day. (罗马不是一日建成的。) 猫哭老鼠to shed crocodile tears(掉鳄鱼眼泪) 笑掉大牙to laugh off one?s head (笑掉脑袋) 沧海一粟to drop in the ocean(沧海一滴水) 画蛇添足to paint / gild the lily(给百合花上色)6 英语翻译 ，暗箭难防 异化--能保留汉文化因子(形象) 明枪易躲 It is easy to dodge a spear in the open, but hard to guard against an arrow shot from hiding. 城门失火，殃及池鱼 A fire on city wall brings disaster to the fish in the moat. 路遥知马力，日久见人心 As a long road tests a horse’s strength, so a long task proves a person?s heart. 初生牛犊不怕虎 New-born calves make little of tigers. 口蜜腹剑 to be honey-mouthed and dagger-hearted 声东击西 to shout in the east and strike in the west 归化--不能保留汉文化因子(形象) 胸有成竹 to have a bamboo in his stomach to have a well-thought-out plan before doing something 叶公好龙 professed love of what one really fears 东施效颦 crude imitation with ludicrous effect 南柯一梦 a fond dream or illusory joy/fond dream 四面楚歌 to be besieged on all sides 悬 梁刺股 to be extremely hard-working in one’s study 基本可以套用(自然归化) 小题大做 make a mountain out of a molehill 赴汤蹈火 go through fire and water 过河拆桥 kick down the ladder 格格不入 be like square pegs in round holes 魂不附体 jump out of one’s skin 乳 臭未干 be wet behind the ears 空中楼阁 castle in the air 浑水摸鱼 to fish in troubled water 有其父必有其子 Like father, like son. 火上 加油 to add fuel to the fire 趁热打铁 Strike while the iron is hot. 隔墙有耳 Walls have ears. 闪光的并非都是金子。All is not gold that glitters. 7 刻骨铭心 to be engraved on one’s heart and bones 引狼入室 to lead a wolf into the house 打落水狗 to beat the dog in the water 重见天日 to see the daylight again 百川归海 All rivers flow into the sea. 画饼充饥 to draw cakes to allay hunger桃李满天下 to have the peaches and plums all over the world to have students all over the world 初出茅庐 at the beginning of one?s career 罄竹难书 (of crime) too numerous to mention 失之东隅 收之桑榆 What one loses on the swings, one gets back on the roundabouts. 塞翁失马 安知非福, A loss may turn out to be a gain. 庆父不除 鲁难未已 There will always be trouble until the trouble-maker is removed. 患难见真情 A friend in need is a friend indeed. 眼见为实 Seeing is believing. 沧 海一粟 a drop in the ocean 破釜沉舟 burn one’s boat 心不在焉 absence of mind 三思后行 Think before you jump. 祸不单行 Misfortune never comes singly. 班门 弄斧 to teach fish to swim 暗送秋波 to make eye at 掌上明珠 the apple of one’s eye 饥难择食 Beggars cannot be choosers. 一丘之貉 birds of a feather flock together 家丑不可外扬 It is an ill bird that fouls its own nest. 英语翻译 注意形象的不同 胆小如鼠 如鱼得水 多如牛毛 一箭之遥 as timid as a hare like a duck to water as plentiful as blackberries at a stone’s throw 挥金如土 to spend money like water 烂醉如泥 drunk as a sailor 热锅上的蚂蚁 like a cat on a hot tin roof 瘦得像猴子 as thin as a shadow 如履 薄冰 to tread upon eggs 棋逢敌手 diamond cut diamond 挂羊头卖狗肉 cry up wine and sell vinegar 水中捞月 to fish in the air 半瓶子醋 half-baked 蠢得像猪 as stupid as a goose 害群之马 black sheep 有些几乎不含文化因子 眉飞色舞 his eyebrows are flying and his countenance is dancing to beam with joy 粗枝大叶 with big branches and large leaves to be crude and careless 灯红酒绿 with red lights and green wine dissipated and luxurious 扬眉吐气 to raise the eyebrows and let out a breath to feel proud and elated 归化和异化都可 无孔不入 to get into every hole to take advantage of every weakness 开门见山 to open the door and see the mountain to come straight to the point 纸醉金迷 with drunken paper and bewitched gold (a life of ) luxury and dissipation 风雨飘摇 the wind and rain are rocking (of a situation) being unstable 竭泽而渔 to drain a pond to catch all the fish / to kill the goose that lays the golden eggs 打草惊蛇 to stir up the grass and alert the snake / to wake a sleeping dog 易如反掌 to be as easy as turning over one’s hand / as easy as falling off a log 掌上明珠 a pearl in the palm / the apple of one’s eye 守口如瓶 to keep one’s mouth closed like a bottle / to keep a still tongue in one’s head 雪中送炭 to send charcoal in snowy weather / to help a lame dog over a stile 画蛇添足 to draw a snake and add feet to it / to paint the lily 1.To have a wolf by the ears 骑虎难下 2. Give a dog an ill name and hang him 欲加之罪， 何患无辞, 3.A little pot is soon hot 量小易怒 4. He may always possess merits which make up for roundabouts. 失之东隅， 收之桑榆 5.There is a people’s court waiting for him. His is going to be separated from his God-damned neck. 狗头、狗脖子 瓜子脸 1. Bill? 比尔新结识的女友确实是个迷人的姑娘。 2. Our team won the game, all right, but it was touch and go for a while. 我们队 是赢了，但有一阵子险些输掉。 他待人处世，八面玲珑。 我们是全国一体，全民一体。 8 英语翻译 众所周知，过度肥胖或消瘦都肯定是不健康的。 6. He acts a lot older than his years. 他年纪轻轻，做事却相当老练。 他那些最能逗人乐的笑话都不灵了。 1. a drop in the ocean 2. to praise to the skies 3. to fish in troubled waters 4. Walls have ears. 5. to laugh off one?s head 6. a die-hard顽固分子 7. A rolling stone gathers no moss. 8. He just had forty winks. 他只是打了个盹 9. You should keep your nose out of here. 你最好别管闲事 10. He was not the eldest son of his father for nothing. 11. Every life has its roses and thorns. 12. He was a dead shot. However, he met his Waterloo this time. 13. Scratch a Russian and you will find a Tartar. 文明人剥去一层皮，就变成野蛮 人了。 14. Very Straightforward by nature, Mrs. Frank believes in speaking her mind. 天 性率直，认为心里想啥及该说啥。 15. He acts a lot older than his years. 他年纪轻轻，做事却很老练 翻译的基本技巧 一、转性与变态 转 性—— 转换词性 名词 ? 动词 1.具有动作意义的名词 (帝国主义) 发言人一个接一个表示要打倒帝国主义， 要消灭人剥削人的 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 ，解放世界上被压迫的人民。 2.动词派生的名词 我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。 Our institute is coadministrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. 3.-er名词，如teacher, thinker, forgiver，有时并不表示身份或职业，而有较强动 作意味。 I’m afraid I can’我未必能教你舞蹈，我想我的女儿比我教得好。 ’s past wrong doings. 老人和他年轻的邻居谈了话，宽恕了年轻人过去的所作所为。 4.作为习语主体的名词 ? strike. 下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到工人罢工。 1. A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car. 2. 3. Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children. 孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。(名词转动词) 9 英语翻译 4. I saw that his face was pale, I followed his eyes and looked across the room to a woman who was setting a tray 我见他脸色煞白。我循着他的目光，看到餐厅那边 有个女人端着托盘给几位客人上饮料。 I’m all for you opinion. 我完全赞成你的意见。 形容词 ? 动词 1. Success is dependant on his efforts. 成功与否取决于他的努 力。 2. Scientists are quite condident that all matters are indestructible. 副词 ? 动词 1. When the switch is off, the circuit is open and electricity doesn’当开关断开时， 电路就中断，电流就不能通过。 2. As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on. 他跑出去时，忘记穿鞋子了。/ 他没穿鞋就跑了出去。 名词派生的动词 As the war progressed, he would symbolized their frustrations, the embodiment of all evils. 随着战争的进行，他就成了他们受挫的象征，成了一切邪恶的象征。 名词转用的动词 The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people. 改革开放政策受到了全中国人民的拥护。(动词转名词) 形容词?名词 – but soft. ，但很软弱。 My ID card will be good for the rest of my life. 我的身份证为终身。/ 我的身份 证终身有效。 The whole month’ 一个月的论文写作成果是成功的。论文被国际会议接受了。 He is a stranger to the operation of the helicopter. In his article the author is critical of man?s negligence toward his environment. 作者在文章中，对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。(形容词转名词) All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically. (名词转副词) 学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。 语态转换法 (1) The happy man cannot be harried. 吉人自有天相。(为了强调受试者) (2) The plan was especially supported by those who wished to have more chance to speak English. 这个 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 特别受到愿多有机会说英语的人的支持。(为了上下文的衔接与连贯) (3) When will I be interviewed? 我什么时候来参加面试呢,(表示说话者的谦逊) 一、译成汉语被动句 ……‖或―给……‖ (一)―被 ? Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield. 我们随时都会被出入机场的敌机发现。 ? I started to explain that I could not do my best since my spectacles had been taken away from me. 我开始解释，我不可能干得很好，因为我的眼镜已给拿走了。 10 英语翻译 ? At the end of the year she was fired for incompetence. 年底，她因无能而被解雇了。 ? The heated water is thus cooled as it goes through the radiator. 热水流过散热器时就被冷却了。 (二)―(遭)受……‖或―得到……‖ ? Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world. 我们的对外政策受到全世界人民的支持。 ? They were given a hearty welcome. 他们受到热烈欢迎。 ? He was policed by the bosses? cops. 他受到老板雇用的警察的监督。 ? I was seized with sadness as I thought of how the ancient city had been spared during the Second World War and now might be destroyed by an impending riot. 我想到了这座古城在第二次世界大战时得到幸免而现在却要遭到即将到来的暴乱的破坏，我为这些话所深深感动。 ? Once the men had been accepted by the Comet organization, they were brought to Brussels. 士兵们一旦为彗星组织所接受，就被送到布鲁塞尔去。 ? This system of units is commonly used by most scientists. 这种单位制通常为大多数科学家所采用。 ? These views of Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping have now been adopted by every Chinese who hopes China to be prosperous and strong. 毛泽东和邓小平这种观点，现在已经为每一个希望中国富强起来的中国人所接受。 (四) ―加以‖、―予以‖ (1) The communications satellite must be carefully inspected before launching. 通讯卫星在发射前必须仔细地予以检查。 (2) This question will be discussed in the next lesson. 二、译成汉语的主动句 (一)原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语 ? Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid. 水能从液体变为固体。 ? The transistors are widely used in communication systems. 晶体管广泛用于通讯设备中。 ? The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated. ? 他在青少年时期留下的自卑感，还没有完全消除。 ? The collection of poems has been translated into many foreign languages. 这 In case of non-delivery, letters must be returned to 本诗集已经译成多种外文。 ? the senders. 函件无法投递时，务必退还原主。 (二)原文中的某一部分在译文中做主语 (1) Even when the pressure stays the same, great changes in air density are caused by changes in temperature. 即使压力不变，气温的变化也能引起空气密度的巨 大变化。 (2) The numerical data concerned are provided in the second chapter. (三)原文中的动作发出者在译文中做主语 (1) Only a small portion of solar energy is now being used by people. (2) The whole village had been practically destroyed by the big flood. 洪水几乎 完全淹没了整个村庄。 (四)译成带表语的汉语主动句 (1) The manuscript was sent to the printer in London a few weeks before the French revolution. 手稿是在法国革命前几周寄往伦敦付印的。 ? The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872. • 美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实施的。 11 英语翻译 ? The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。 ? The lost key was found at the end of the road. 丢失的钥匙是在小路的尽头发 现的。 三、译成汉语无主句 将原文中的主语译成宾语，置于动词之后 (1) A pistol had been found close to the murdered woman. 在被害女人的旁边发 现了一把手枪。 (2) This unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to. 必须立即终止这 种令人讨厌的噪音。 练习题 用券下载整式乘法计算练习题幼小衔接专项练习题下载拼音练习题下载凑十法练习题下载幼升小练习题下载免费 /将下列句子译成英语，注意使用转态译法。 (1)手势经常用于交流情感或思想。 Gestures are often used to communicate emotions or ideas. (2)虽然手势可以像其他民俗那样进行历史、地理、比较和结构方面的研究， 但这方面的研究我们做得还很不够。 Gestures can be studied historically, geographically, comparatively and structurally, like other kind of folklore, but very few such investigations have been made. (3)这部电影是由中国著名导演冯小刚执导的。 The movie was directed by the famous Chinese director Feng Xiaogang (4)疯狂和创造力早就有密切联系。 Madness has long been linked with creativity. (5)另一项试验的对象是稍大一些的婴儿。 Another test was done with slightly older infants. (6)2004年的诺贝尔和平奖授予了一名肯尼亚的环保主义政治家。 The 2004 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to a Kenyan environmentalist-turned politician. (7)一份1989年的联合国 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 中指出，在非洲每砍伐100棵树木，仅仅新种 植9棵树。 A 1989 United Nations report noted that only 9 trees were being replanted in Africa for every 100 that were cut down. (8)2002年，他被选举为议会成员。 In 2002, he was elected to parliament. (9)上周，他应邀到我们学校作了一个讲座。 Last week, he was invited to make a lecture in our university. (10)他正在忙着做饭。 He is engaged in cooking now. (11)所有的孩子都参加了学校的短剧。 All the children were involved in the school play. (12)作家全神贯注地进行写作，忘了弹去雪茄烟的烟灰。 The writer was absorbed in his writing that he forgot to flick the ashes from his cigar. (13)判断应该以事实为依据。 Judgment should be based on facts. (14)教授在专心致志地工作，以至没注意到我。 Tt notice me. he professor was so immersed in her work that she didn? (15)在学校禁止吸烟。 Smoking is banned in school. (16)这部电影是由小说改编的。 The movie was adapted from a novel. (17)在上学的路上，他被狗咬了一口。 On his way to school, he was bitten by a dog. (18)家长为了提高孩子的成绩采取了各种各样的措施。 Various measures were taken to improve the performance of children. (19)他现在正在参加一个面试。 Now he is being interviewed. (20)这本书是为非英语专业学生提高阅读水平设计的。 The book is designed for non-English majors to improve their reading. 增补和省略 增译法 1(I fell madly in love with her, and she with me. 我狂热地爱上了她，她也狂热 地爱上了我。{增加遗失成分} 12 英语翻译 我要教学、料理家务、结交朋友，这些使我简直忙得不可开交。{增加动词} 3(Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 有些书须浅尝辄止，有些书须生吞活剥，一少部分则须细细品味，慢慢 消化。{增加形容词} 4(No sooner had he sit down than he began talking, words poured out. 他一坐下来 就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。{增加副词} 5(What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何, (增译主语和谓语) 6(If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊～(增译主句) 7(Indeed, the reverse is true. 实际情况恰好相反。 (增译名词) 8(只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。 While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. (增译连词) 9(这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。 This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.(增译介词) 10(三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind. (增译注释性词语) 省译法 ……1983年8月16日，他们动身去南方寻求生路。{省略介词} } 2(We live and learn. ……活到老，学到老。{省略名词 3(本周城里在上映一部西部片，你看了吗……,{省略宾语代词} 4(I washed my face in the morning. 我早上洗……脸。{省略物主代词} 不安。{省略并列连 5(He looked gloomy and troubled. 他看上去有些忧愁…… 接词} 6(Because the departure was not easy, we made it brief. ……告别太难，我们只有匆匆离别。{省略从属连接词} 7(If I had known it, I would not have joined it. ……早知如此，我就不参加了。{省略条件连接词} 8(If winter comes, can spring be far behind? ……冬天来了，春天还会远吗,{省略条件连接词} 9(Change one?s mind the moment when one sees the new. ……见异思迁。{省略时间连接词} 10(After he packed up his things, he hurried to the station. 他收拾好行装，急忙奔向车站。{省略时间连接词} 11(A teacher should have patience. 当……教师的应当有耐心。{省略冠词} 12(He left without saying a word. {不定冠词表示数量，不能省略} 表示时间和地点的英语前置词，译成汉语若在句首，一般可省略之。 ……公共场所不准吸烟。 2. The company was founded in 2007. ……2007年，这家公司成立。(这家公司成立于2007年) 因此，电视信号的传送距离很短。{省略动词} 有工作经验的人优先录用。{省略重复成分} 天未下雪，叶落草枯。{省略可有可无成分} 6. You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing. 你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店。 7. I hope you will enjoy your stay here. 希望您在这儿过得愉快。 (省译物主代词) 13 英语翻译 8. 中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。 The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental ) protection. (省译名词 练习题/将下列句子译成英语，注意使用补全译法。 (1)千里送鹅毛，礼轻情义重。 The gift itself maybe insignificant as a goose feather, but sent from afar, it conveys deep feelings. (3)熟能生巧。 Practice makes perfect. (5)大雨倾盆。 It rains cats and dogs. (7)青年人与老年人不同。不考虑到这一点，恐怕解决不好代沟问题。 The young are different from the aged. Without taking this into consideration, I am afraid, you cannot solve the problem of generation gap. (8)估计班上大概会有80,的人通过期末考试。 It is predicted that about 80% of the students in the class will pass the final exam. (9)司马昭之心，路人皆知。 This Sima Zhao trick is obvious to every man in the street. (11)他原想她会嫁给他，现在看来，那是竹篮子打水一场空。 He had thought he would agree to marry him. But now he saw that he had been drawing water with a bamboo basket—all was in vain. (12)要解决问题，还需要进行系统而周密的调查和研究工作。 In order to solve the problem it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation and study. (13)当前能源问题日益突出，直接影响到世界经济的稳定与繁荣。 Energy security has become an increasingly pressing issue. It directly affects global economic stability and prosperity. (14)中国奉行透明的防御性国防政策，立足点是维护国家的安全和统一。 China pursues a transparent defense policy. The policy is defensive in nature and it is aimed at safeguarding China?s national security and unity (15)光勤劳是不够的，要看为什么勤劳。 It is not enough to be industrious. What are you industrious for? 练习题/将下列句子译成英语，注意使用缩句译法。 (1)许多教师都献身于教育事业。 Many teachers are dedicated to teaching. (3)要改变自己贫穷现状唯一的途径就是努力工作。 The only way to end one?s poverty is to work hard. (4)火车刚停靠车站，乘客就挤了进来。 The passengers packed into the train as soon as it pulled up at the station. (6)他的一生都致力于帮助那些经常被人忽视的人，也就是那些贫穷的人， 被遗弃的人，患病的人，和生命垂危的人。 He was devoted to helping those who are often overlooked: the poor, the abandoned, the sick and the dying. (7)8月底，中国影片《英雄》登上了美国票房的榜首，对中国影片来说这是 第一次，而且这部影片的DVD在上映前已经上市了。 At the end of August, a Chinese film, Hero, topped the US box office chart for the first time, despite already being available on DVD. (9)我现在不喜欢数学，以后也不会喜欢。 I don?t and will never like mathematics. (10)中国人民向来勇于创造、勇于革新。 hinese people have always been courageous enough to make inventions and C innovations. 14 英语翻译 (11)和别的国家的情况一样，日本人在创业过程中，会把工作看得比孩子重 要。 As in other countries, the Japanese have chosen careers over children, as they have grown richer. (12)女生在学校收获更大，这是因为女生在关注未来，而男生在关注女生。 Girls achieve more at school because they are watching the future while the boys are watching them. (13)成功求职的现实情况很直接也很简单:要想成功，你需要从招聘者的角 度来审视问题。 The reality of job search is straightforward and simple:to be successful, you need to sit on the other side of the desk. (14)我们应该反对铺张浪费，制止挥霍奢侈之风。 We should oppose and put a stop to the unhealthy tendency of being extravagant and wasteful. (15)有些人喜欢名，有些人喜欢利，而他既不喜欢名，也不喜欢利，只喜欢 普普通通的生活。 Some people like fame, others like money, while he has interest in nothing but an ordinary life. 正译和反译 正(E)?反(C) 动词: Another person runs to avoid doing anything else, to dodge a decision about how to lead his life or a realization that his life is leading nowhere. 另一个人跑步则是为了 避而不做别的事，不对如何生活作出决定，不去感受自己生活碌碌无为。 副词: 1( 形容词: 前置词: 当然大家都做好了惊讶的准备，但却没有料到会惊讶道这个地 步…… 名词: Men cannot live in the absence of air and water. 没有空气和水，人就无法生存。 We gave her some good advice, but she made light of it. 反(E)?正(C) 1( {动词} 2( This country is now expanding it?s industry unprecedentedly. 这国家目前正以 空前的规模发展其工业。 3( It was inconsiderate of him to mention the matter in her hearing. 他实在轻率，竟在她听觉所及之处谈论此事。{形容词} / 他实在鲁莽，竟在她 的听证会上说这事。 4( The table was in disorder. 桌子上乱糟糟的。{名词} 5( {短语} 6( It was not until yesterday that I got the news. 直到昨天我才听到那个消息。 {句子} (1) 在美国，人人都能买到枪。 In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. In the United States, guns are available to everyone. 15 (2) 你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。 You can obtain this information on the Internet. This information is accessible/available on the Internet. 英语翻译 (3) 他突然想到了一个新主意。 He suddenly thought out a new idea. Suddenly he had a new idea. A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. (4) 他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。 He still could not understand me. Still he failed to understand me. (5) 无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。 She can hardly be rated as a bright student. She is anything but a bright student. (6) Please withhold the document for the time being. 请暂时扣下这份文件。 请暂时不要发这份文件。 (7)她没有忧虑，过着快乐的生活( She has nothing to worry about and leads a happy life. Free from anxiety, she leads a happy life. (8)你应当出去玩玩，别整天在室He has more books than he can read( 他 不是受贿的那种人。 He is the last man to accept a bribe( 他决非诚实之人。 He is far from being honest( 你的请求我办不到。 Your request is beyond my power( 人生有限，学问无涯。 Art is long，but life is short( 这种事谁也难免。 没有赶上公共汽车. 16 (11)他试图抢救这个病人，但没有抢救过来( He tried to rescue the patient but did not succeed. He tried to rescue the patient, but in vain. (12)癌症是不治之症吗, Is cancer a disease which can’t be cured? Is cancer a fatal disease? (13)他的行为始终不容怀疑( His conduct allows no suspicion. 14)借钱无异于乞求( His conduct has always been above suspicion. ( Borrowing is not different from begging. Borrowing is not much better than begging. Borrowing amounts to begging. (15)巧妇难为无米之炊( Even the cleverest housewife cannot cook a meal without rice. A meal can be cooked only when there is rice. (16) 无巧不成书( There is no story without coincidence. Stories are made up only by coincidence. (17)Students are still arriving. 学生们还正在来。 学生们还在陆陆续续地来 学生还没有到齐。 (18) 这支球队还未赢过一场比赛( The team hasn’t yet won a single game The team has lost all the games it has played The team is yet to win a game. xpectations. 不辜负党的期望 没有出席会议 不可改变的决定 自备零钞 不找零钱。 他还没起床。 决定还没做出。 ( 铜是仅次于银的最优导体。 英语翻译 我一会儿就回来。 真逗～ matter. 你要非常重视这件事情。 principal. 站在那儿的人正是我们的校长。 严禁吐痰～ ’t lose time in posting this letter. 赶快把这封信寄出去。 我量他不敢跳。 ～ 正译:用你说～ 反译:不用你说～ 只有简才做得出这个填字游戏。 night. 老人几乎一夜没有合眼。 eacher really has an open mind. 老师真的没有偏见。 他不爱听恭维话。 见你的鬼去，我才不会接受你的条件呢。 wanted，I should detain you a little longer. 要不是知道有人会找你，我会留你多呆一会儿。 练习/将下列句子译成英语,注意使用正反译法 (1)他是一个沉默寡言的人。 He is a man of few words. (2)我的时间太少了，不能完成这项工作。 I have too little time to finish this work. (3)没有什么希望。 There is (but) little hope. (4)人不可貌相。 Beauty is but skin deep. is too tired to finish the work. (6)欲 (5)他太累了，无法完成工作。 He 速则不达。 More haste, less speed. (7)来参加会议的多达500人。 There are no less than 500 people attending the 8)听到这个消息，他情不自禁地哭了起来。 On hearing the news, meeting. ( he couldn’t help crying. (9)活到老，学到老。 No one is too old to learn. (10)他的设计无与伦比。 His design is beyond compare. (11)一份耕耘， 一份收获。 No pains, no gains. (12)爱美之心人皆有之。 Nobody is not in love with beauty. (13)我做得远远不够完美。 What I have done is far from being perfect. (14) 飞机飞得看不见了。 The plane flew out of sight. (15)我们没咖啡喝了。 We’re out of coffee. 抽象和具体 姑息坏人 warm snakes in our bosoms 分清好坏 separate sheep from goats very timid 非常胆小 ?胆小如鼠 do evil things openly ?毫不隐蔽的干坏事 ?明火执仗 be full of anxiety and worry ?十分挂念 ?牵肠挂肚 a great and thorough-going change 翻天覆地的变化 very anxious to return home 归心似箭 17 have not cut off relationship completely 藕断丝连 great in momentum and irresistible 排山倒海之势 accelerate the speed;speed up 快马加鞭 大吵大闹 raise the roof 有花不完的钱 have enough money to burn 获得全胜 sweep the board 坚决反 对 set one’s face against 简言之 in a nutshell 家丑 a skeleton in the cupboard 英语翻译 鲁莽的人 a bull in a china shop 捏造 pull something out of ones hat 1.他每天要处理许多棘手的问题。 非常罕见 once in a blue moon He has many hot potatoes to handle everyday. 2.我不敢肯定我能赢得这个荣誉，这还是未到手的东西。 I am not sure whether I can win the honor; It’s a bird in the bush. 3.你不要过早乐观，真正的困难还在后头呢。 t count your chickens before they are hatched. The real difficulties still lay Don’ ahead. 4.我们决不能姑息坏人。 We should never warm snakes in our bosoms. 5.我不想依靠父母过日子。 I don’t want to hang on my parents sleeves. 6.你应该把好坏分清楚。 You should separate the sheep from the goats. 7.同反复无常的人没法相处。 It’s hard to get along with a man blowing hot and cold. 8.你真是说话不看对象。 You are really casting pearls before swine. 9.这个男孩真粗心，他的书都已经折角了。 This boy is too careless; all his books are dog-eared. 1. No, if I read any, it should be Mrs. Radcliffe’and nature in them. 我要是看小说，那就看拉德克利夫夫人的。她的小说挺有意思，值得一读。那里面多少有点逗趣的厚此薄彼 lick sb?s boots 巴结 eat one?s heart out 极其悲痛 be in sb?s pocket 被某人操纵 s heart on one?s sleeve 表露感情 put one?s cards on the table 表明 wear one? 观点 break the ice 打破僵局 我几乎是苦苦哀求，但他依然拒绝。 ?t think he can go far. 他是个见异思迁的人，我想他不会有多大出息。 I??t promise for sure. 我一定会尽最大努力在星期五以前完成此事，但是我不能打包票。 jump out of one?s skin 大吃一惊 walk on air 得意洋洋 开门见山 come straight to the point 狗急跳墙 do something desperate 顺手牵羊 walk off with something 唇枪舌剑 engage in a battle of argument 黔驴技穷 at one?s wit?s end 18 英语翻译 By this means she between this two friends. 她用这种方法来离间这两个朋友。 事情终于私下解决了。 Please don?请不要惹是生非。 You can always fall back upon him when you are in difficulties. 遇到困难时，你总可以像他求助。 1.别人家里鸡毛蒜皮的事情你都知道得这么全，真是个顺风耳啊～ You know all the bits and pieces of trifles of other families. You are really well informed. 2.这消息让我出了一身冷汗。 ，was extremely terrified by that news. 3. He had never expected so many obstacles would stand in his way. 1. She volunteered for the teaching post in this primary school. 2. I dare not show off in the presence of an expert. I hope you would be kind enough to enlighten us on this matter. 3. These problems are too complicated to be explained clearly in a few words. 4.今天下午的球赛棋逢对手，一定很精彩。 This afternoon’s ball game is sure to be an exciting one, for the two sides are well-matched. 5.他们为敌人效尽犬马之劳。 They worked faithfully in the service of the enemies. 6.真正的好朋友应该是雪中送炭。 A real good friend should be one offering timely help. 7.他这几天心里七上八下，老是安静不下来。 His mind was in a turmoil these days and he was quite unable to think straight. 分句与合句 Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States. 同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益。 (在主谓连接处拆译) I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world. 我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界 的。(在定语从句前拆译) 合句: I wasn’t an enemy, in fact or in feeling. I was an ally. (Women and Men) ? 无论在事实上，还是在感情上，我都不是她们的敌人，而是她们的盟友。 Darkness fell. An explosion shook the earth. It did not shake his will to go to front. ? 当夜幕降临时，一声爆炸震动了大地，可是这并没有动摇他上前线的决心。 主语和谓语合译: 1(Use is made of an electronic computer in solving this problem. 在解决这一问题 时，利用了电子计算机。 2( Care should be taken at all times to protect these sophisticated instruments from dust and damp. 应当始终注意保护这些精密仪器，不使其沾染灰尘，不让他们受潮。 19 英语翻译 分句: The lion eats the zebra that eats the grass. The snake catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green leaves. 狮子吃斑马，斑马吃草(蛇吃蟾蜍，蟾蜍吃虫 子，虫子吃绿叶( Such fear is not as far-fetched as it may seem. 这种担心并不象它看起来那样没有根据(/ 这样的担心似乎没有依据，其实不 然( 练习题 将下列句子译成英语,注意使用断句译法 (2)耳朵是用来听声音的感官，鼻子用来闻气味，舌头用来尝滋味。 he ear is the organ that is used for hearing. The nose is used for smelling. The T tongue is used for tasting. (5)卓越不是一门技巧，而是一种态度。 Excellence is not a skill. It is an attitude. (7)烟草不仅给人类造成悲剧，而且还加重了我们卫生系统的负担。 Tobacco is not only a human tragedy. Tobacco also burdens our health system. (9)有一位知名的教授，经常应邀到各大学演讲，他的司机也总是随行。 A famous professor was often invited to lecture at various colleges. His driver was always accompanying him. (11)中日两国是近邻，一衣带水，我们两国的关系已经有一千多年的历史。 China and Japan are close neighbors separated by just a strip of water. The relations between our two countries have a history of more than 1000 years. (14)卡尔寡言少语，他话不多，通常是用灿烂的微笑和有力的握手和你打招 呼。 Carl was a quiet man. He didn’t talk much. He would always greet you with a big smile and a firm handshake. (15)森林里有鹿也有狼，人民为了保护鹿，就把狼消灭了，认为这样就保护 了鹿，哪知道适得其反。 Once in the woods, there were both deer and wolves. To protect the deer, people killed the wolves, taking it for granted that the deer were then saved. However it turned out to be just the opposite. 练习题/将下列句子译成英语,注意使用合句译法 (4)乡村地区发展相对滞后，是不少亚欧国家存在的问题。 Underdevelopment in rural areas is a problem in quite a number of Asian and European countries. (6)日见明显的是，人们越来越希望吃到更高质量的食物。 One thing emerging is a greater demand of higher quality food. (8)每天我都会握着他的手，和他说话，照顾他的生活所需。 I spent many days there holding his hand and talking to him, helping with anything that needed to be done. (10)真理是美的;毫无疑问，谎言也是如此。 Truth is beautiful, without doubt, and so are lies. (13)中国昂首挺立于世界之林，越来越成为任何人都不能忽视的力量。 Standing firm and proud among the nations of the world, China has become an ever stronger force which no one can ignore. (14)如何解决假冒伪劣产品的盛行呢?这是广大群众迫切关心的问题。 How to solve the problem of fake products was a question to which the broad masses urgently needed a solution. (17)在课堂上，他挥洒自如，海阔天空，旁征博引。 In class, he was completely at home with his lectures, covering a broad range of topics and citing all kinds of resources. 汉语冗余信息的英译 1. 他老是磨磨蹭蹭、马马虎虎、脾气又好的惊人，我们都对他毫无办法。 With his tardiness, carelessness and appalling good humor, we were sore perplexed. 20 英语翻译 2. 肥胖问题已经成为美国一个严重的社会问题。 Obesity has become a very serious social problem in America. 3.中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。 The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection. 4.衙门自古朝南开，有理无钱莫进来。 Court doors may open, but not to the poor. 5.同时，贫富不均的现象变得更加严重，贫穷者的绝对数增加了( At the same time, inequality has become worse, and poverty has increased absolutely. 6.十一月间的黄昏，天色越来越暗，给这种荒芜的景象更增添了几分凄凉的气 氛( The gathering gloom of a November evening heightened the sadness of this isolation. 7.确实对在对电视机进行各种各样的改进，以使接受效果尽可能趋于完美( Improvements of all kinds are certainly being made in television so that reception will be as close to perfect as possible. 8.我们要逐步推进商业、外贸、金融、保险、证券、电信、旅游和中介服务等 领域的对外开放。 Commerce, foreign trade, banking, insurance, securities, telecommunications, tourism and intermediary services should be gradually opened to the outside world. 9.我们坚持认为伊拉克的战后重建工作应该在联合国的框架下进行。 We insist that the post-war reconstruction in Iraq be conducted within the framework of the United Nations. 10.在改革开放的整个过程中，我们必须坚持不懈地与腐败作斗争。 Throughout (the process of) reform and opening, we must combat corruption. 21