国际经济法双语课程Chapter 11 Tranportation

11-1CHAPTER11TRANSPORTATION11-2CHAPTER11TRANSPORTATIONTopicsforthischapter:?TradeTerms?Transportation?InlandCarriage?CarriageofGoodsbySea?Charterparties?MaritimeLiens?MaritimeInsurance?CarriageofGoodsbyAir11-3TradeTerms?Tradetermsarestandardizedtermsusedinsalescontractsthatdescribethetime,place,andmannerofthetransferofgoodsfromthesellertothebuyer.?IncotermsarethemostwidelyusedtradetermspublishedbytheInternationalChamberofCommerce.PortSantos,Brazilduringoffloadingofcontainers.Theriskoflossforthesegoodsdependsuponthetradetermsused.Photo:LicPublicdomainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Port_Santos.jpgCase11-1:ST.PaulGuardianInsuranceCompanyv.NeuromedMedicalSystems&Support,GmbH?SharedImaging,aU.S.corporation,andNeuromed,aGermancorporation,enteredintoacontractofsaleforanMRI.TheMRIwasdeliveredtotheshippingvesselbytheGermancompanyundamagedandingoodworkingorder.?WhenMRIreacheditsUSdestination,itprovedtohavebeendamagedandinneedofextensiverepair.Thedeliverytermsofthecontractstatedthattheequipmentwastobeshipped“CIFNewYorkSeaport”.Issue:WhendidtheriskoflosspasstoSharedImaging??TheUSplaintiffbroughtsuitinUScourtseekingtorecoverforthedamagedgoods.ItclaimedthattheriskoflossremainedwiththeselleruntilthegoodsweredeliveredattheirportofdestinationintheUSbecause,interalia,thetitletothegoodswouldnotpasstobuyeruntilfinalpaymentforthegoodshadbeenmade.?TheGermandefendantobjectedthat,pursuanttotheINCOTERMS'definitionofCIF,theriskoflosspassedtothebuyerattheportofshipment.?TheUSplaintiffarguedthattheINCOTERMSdefinitionwasinapplicableasithadnotbeenexplicitlyincorporatedintocontract.?TheCourtrejectedplaintiff'sargumentthatintheabsenceofanexplicitreferencetotheINCOTERMSthedefinitionofCIFthereincontainedwasinapplicabletothecontract.AccordingtotheCourttheINCOTERMSarewidelyknownandobservedininternationaltradeasstandarddefinitionsfordeliverytermssothatthereferencetoCIFwastobeinterpretedinaccordancewiththeINCOTERMS.?TheCourtalsoheldthatunderCISGtheriskpasseswithouttakingintoaccountwhoownsthegoods.ThisinterpretationisconfirmedbyArt.67(1)CISGwhichstatestheseller'sretentionofdocumentscontrollingthedispositionofthegoodsdoesnotaffectthepassageofrisk,therebyimplyingthatpassageofriskandtransferoftitleneednotoccuratthesametime.Case11-2:PhillipsPuertoRicoCore,Inc.v.TradaxPetroleum,Ltd.?PhillipscontractedtobuynaphthafromTradaxforshipmentfromAlgeriatoPuertoRicoonC&Fterms.TheagreementincorporatedtheINCOTERMSandaforcemajeureclause.?OnSeptember16,TradaxshippedontheOxyTrader.Whileenroute,theOxyTraderwasdetainedbymaritimeauthoritiesatGibraltar,deemedunsafe,andnotallowedtoproceed.TradaxinformedPhillips,whichtelexedbackonOctober1thatOctober15wasthelastacceptabledeliverydate.OnOctober7,itscargohadtobeoffloadedinPortugalforshipmentonanothervessel.OnOctober13,Phillipsrefusedpaymentofthedocumentsduetothedelay.InNovember,thecargowassoldbyTradaxtoathirdpartyataloss.?PhillipsbroughtthisactionintheUnitedStates.Tradaxclaimedthatithadceasedtobearresponsibilityforthegoodswhenittransferredthegoodstothecarrierforshipment.Phillipsmaintainedthatitwasexcusedfromperformancebecausetheship'sdelayconstitutedforcemajeure.Issue:whowillassumetheriskoflossunderC&Fdeliveryterm??Thecourtheldthatthebuyerhadassumedtheriskoflosswhenthegoods“passedtherail”undertheINCOTERMSand,whentheshippingdocumentswereproperlypresented,wasresponsibletopaythecontractprice.11-13Transportation?Handlingofgoodsfromsellertobuyer:–Inlandcarrierpicksupgoodsatseller'splaceofbusiness–Deliverytowarehouseorportdepositoryforcustomsexamination–Stevedorecompanyorship'screwloadsgoodsandbillofladingissuedtoshipper.–Buyerproducesbillofladingandcrewunloadsshipontodock.–Stevedoredeliversgoodstocustomhouseorbondedwarehouse.–Taxesordutiespaidandgoodsreleasedtoinlandcarrierfortransporttobuyer.11-14FreightForwarders?Afreightforwarderisafirmthatmakesorassistsinthemakingofshippingarrangements.?Afull-servicefreightforwardercanhelpwith:–ObtainingquotationsonCIFandC&Fcontracts–Determiningtheavailabilityofshipsandfacilities–Estimatingcostbasedonweight,cubicfeet,value–Bookingspace(onshipsorinwarehouses)–Procuringexportlicense–Reviewingletterofcreditterms–Preparedocumentsandauthenticateinvoices–Obtaininsuranceandcertificatesoforigin–Presentdraftsforpayment11-15InlandCarriage?Itiscommonforthesellertoarrangeinlandcarriage.?Thecarrierwillthentransferthegoodstoafreightforwarderataseaportorairport.?Severalregionalagreementsregulatetransportbyroadandrail.?InEurope,roadtransportisregulatedbythe1956ConventionontheContractfortheInternationalCarriageofGoodsbyRoad.?Railgovernedby1980ConventionConcerningInternationalCarriagebyRail.11-16CarriageofGoodsbySea?Acommoncarrierisashipthatcarriesgoodsforallpersonswhochoosetoemployitsolongasthereisroom.?Commoncarriersaresubjecttoextensivemunicipallegislationandinternationalconventions.?Thethreetypesofcommoncarriersare:–Conferenceline–associationofseagoingcommoncarriersoperatingonestablishedroutes–Independentline–carrieroperatingoverestablishedroutewithastandardrateschedule–Trampvessel–standardratesbutnoestablishedroutes11-17TheBillofLading?Abillofladingisaninstrumentissuedbyanoceancarriertoashipperthatservesasareceiptforgoodsshipped,asevidenceofthecontractofcarriage,andasadocumentoftitleforthegoods.Viewfrombridgeofcontainership.PhotoPublicdomainhttp://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/ship2053.htm10-18BillofLading?Thetreatygoverningbillsofladingis:?1921HagueRules?InternationalConventionfortheUnificationofCertainRulesRelatingtoBillsofLading).?1968Hague-VisbyRules?ProtocoltoAmendtheInternationalConventionfortheUnificationofCertainRulesofLawRelatingtoBillsofLading)?1978HamburgRules?UnitedNationsConventionontheCarriageofGoodsbySea,Conventionenteredintoforceon1November1992.10-18BillofLading?Billofladingservesthreepurposes:1.Itisacarrier'sreceiptforgoods.2.Itisevidenceofacontractforcarriage.3.Itisadocumentoftitle.ContainersawaitingloadingatPortSantos,Brazil.Photo:Publicdomainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Port_Santos2.jpg11-19BillofLading:ReceiptforGoods?Billoflading:–Describesthegoodsputonboardacarrier–Statesthequantity–Describestheircondition?Billscertifyingthatthegoodshavebeenproperlyloadedareknownasonboardbillsofladingorcleanbillsoflading.?Ifthecarriernotesadiscrepancy,anotationmaybeaddedtothebillofladingonlyatthetimeofloading.Thisisaclausedbilloflading.11-20ExampleofBillofLading11-21ExampleofCommercialInvoice11-22ExampleofPackingList11-23ExampleofDockReceipt11-24Case11-3:M.Golodetz&Co.,Inc.v.Czarnikow-RiondaCo.,Inc.?ThepartieswerewellknownintheworldtradeofsugarandbothwerebasedinNewYork.?Sellerscontractedtosellbuyersbetween12,000and13,200tonsofsugar,C&FBandarshapur,IrantobeshippedfromIndia.?200tonslostduringfirewhileloading.?Twobillsofladingissued.Onewasforthe200tonswithtypewrittennotationstatingthatthecargohadbeendischargedduetodamage.?Issue:Didsellerspresentcleanbillofladingthatbuyersshouldhaveaccepted?11-25Case11-3:M.Golodetz&Co.,Inc.v.Czarnikow-RiondaCo.,Inc.?Held:Thegoodswereshippedingoodorderandconditionandthefactthat200tonsweredestroyedaftershipmentdoesnotrelievethebuyerfromhis/herobligationtopay.Thenotationonthesecondbillofladingdidnotnoteaproblem“atthetimeofshipping.”11-26BillofLading:ContractofCarriageandDocumentofTitle?Thebillofladingisevidenceofthecontractofcarriage.Thebillbecomesconclusiveevidenceofthetermsofthecontractofcarriageonceitisnegotiatedtoagood-faiththirdparty.?Astraightbillofladingisissuedtoanamedconsigneeandisnotnegotiable.?Anorderbillofladingisnegotiableandconveysgreaterrightsinthattheholderhasaclaimtotitleandtodeliveryofthegoods.Thepersonnamedonthebillcantransferthegoodswhileashipisintransit.11-27Carrier'sDutiesUnderaBillofLading?Acarriertransportinggoodsunderabillofladingisrequiredtoexercise“duediligence”in:a)Makingtheshipseaworthy(适航)b)Properlymanning,equipping,andsupplyingtheship.c)Makingsectionsofshipsafeforreception,carriage,andpreservationofthegoods.d)Properlyandcarefullyloading,handling,andstowingthegoodscarried.(管货)ContainershipSealandCommitmentatthepier.Photo:PublicdomainNOAAPhotoLibraryhttp://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/ship2054.htm11-28Carrier'sImmunities(partiallist)?TheHagueandHague-VisbyRulesexemptthecarrierfromliabilityfromdamagesthatarisefrom:a)Act,neglect,ordefaultofthemaster,pilot,orthecarrier'sservantsinnavigationormanagement;b)Fire,unlessthefaultofthecarrier;c)Perilsofthesea;d)ActofGod;e)Actofwar;f)Quarantinerestrictions;g)Strikesorlockouts;h)Savingorattemptingtosavelifeatsea;andi)Wastageinbulkorweightduetoinherentdefect.11-29Case11-4:GreatChinaMetalIndustriesCo.Ltd.V.MalaysianInternationalShippingCorp.?AluminumcanbodystockincoilswerecosignedfromSydneytoKeelung,Taiwan.Thecasesofaluminumwerepackedincontainersbyshipper.?Duringheavyseas,thecoilsweredamaged.Badweatherhadbeenanticipated.StorminthePacific.Photopublicdomain:NASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenter(NASA-GFSC)http://nix.larc.nasa.gov/info?id=GL-2002-002431&orgid=611-30Case11-4:GreatChinaMetalIndustriesCo.Ltd.V.MalaysianInternationalShippingCorp.?Issue:Cananticipatedbadweatherstillbeaperilofthesea??Held:Thegoodshadbeenproperlyloadedandstowedandtheroughvoyagewasaperilofthesea,givingthecarrierimmunityforthedamage.11-31LiabilityLimits?TheHagueRulesof1921setmonetarylimitsoncarrierliabilityatratesthatareverylowbytoday'sstandards.ThelimitswereraisedintheHague-VisbyRules.?Thelimitsdonotapplyifthepartiesagreetohigheramounts.Theyalsodonotapplyifthecarrieractedeither:1.Withintenttocausedamageor2.Recklesslyandwithknowledgethatthedamagewouldprobablyresult.11-32Case11-5:Croft&ScullyCo.v.M/VSkulptorVuchetichetal.?Croft&Scullycontractedtoship1755casesofsoftdrinkstoKuwaitonboardM/VSkulptorVuchetich.?Astevedoredroppedthecontaineranddamagedthecansofsoftdrink.?Thecourtlimitedthedamagestoonly$500,sayingthecontainerconstitutedapackageundertheHagueRules.?Issue:IsacontainersuppliedbythecarrierapackageunderCOGSA,whichimplementstheHagueRules?11-33Case11-5:Croft&ScullyCo.v.M/VSkulptorVuchetichetal.?Held:MatterreversedandremandedtodetermineifacaseofsodaisacustomaryfreightunitoriftheonlycustomaryfreightunitwasthecontainerforwhichCroft&Scullypaidaflatrate.11-34TimeLimitationsandThird-PartyRights(HimalayaClause)?Aclaimforlossmustbeinstitutedwithinoneyearafterthegoodswereorshouldhavebeendelivered.?TheHagueandHague-VisbyRulesapplyonlytothecarrierandthepartyshippingunderabilloflading.?Toextendliabilitylimitstotheiremployees,agents,andindependentcontractorscarriershaveaddedaclausetothebillofladingknownasaHimalayaClause.11-35Charterparties?Charterpaty–Acharterpartyisacontracttohireanentireshipforaparticularvoyageorforaparticularperiodoftime.–Oil,sugar,grain,andotherbulkcommoditiesareusuallyshippedundersuchcontracts.?voyagecharterparty–Avoyagecharterpartyisacontracttohireanentireshipforaparticularvoyage.Ifthereislessthanafullload,adeadfreightchargemaybeimposedonthecharterer.–Thecharterpartydescribesthenumberoflaydaysthattheshipisidleduringloading.Demurrageischargedforexcessidledays.11-36TimeCharterparties?timecharterparty–Atimecharterpartyisacontracttohireanentireshipforaperiodoftime.–Thechartererdirectsthecarriertoproceedtowherevertheshipisneeded.–Abillofladingservesonlyasareceiptanddocumentoftitlebetweenthechartererandshipowner.Ifthebillofladingispassedtoathird-partyendorsee,theHagueandHague-VisbyRuleswillthenapply.11-37MaritimeLiens(船舶优先权）?Amaritimelienisachargeorclaimagainstavessel,itsfreight,oritscargo.?Shipisjuridicalpersonincommonlawcountries.?Maritimeliensattachtotheres(i.e.,thevessel,freight,cargo)andtravelwithit.Theyaresecretandgowiththevesselwhensold.?Foreclosureofamaritimelieninvolvesarrestoftheresandsaleoftheres.?Claimsmustberankedwhentherearemultiplelienholders:1)judicialcosts2)seaman'swages3)salvage4)tortclaims5)repairs,supplies,andnecessaries6)shipmortgages11-38Case11-6:TheChineseSeamen'sForeignTechnicalServicesCo.v.SotoGrandeShippingCorp.,SA?Theshipownerhadcontractedforacrewof25seamenforaone-yearperiod.Wageswerenotpaid.Theshipwasseizedandsoldtosatisfythewageclaimandotherclaims.?Thecourthadtoranktheclaims,includingasecondclaimforwages,judicialcosts,harborusage,ship'sstores,mortgage,andrepaircosts.?Claimswerepaidbaseduponpriorityuntilthefundswereexhausted.11-39MaritimeInsurance?Cargoisusuallycoveredbyanopencargopolicy.Itinsuresallthecargoofanexporterduringaparticulartimeperiod.Allshipmentsarecovered,whetherbytruck,rail,air,orvessel.?Partiesinvolvedinanisolatedsalecanpurchaseaspecialcargopolicy,butwillusuallybecoveredbytheopencargopolicyofafreightforwarder.11-39Perils?Lossordamagefromthesea?Fire?Jettison?Forcibletakingoftheship?Barratry?Explosion?Fumigationdamage?Damagefromloading,discharging,ortransshippingcargo11-40Case11-7:WesternAssuranceCo.ofTorontov.Shaw?ThebargeHollywasloadedwiththreeboilerswhichweretobetakenfromChester,PennsylvaniatoNorfolk,Virginia.Whilemoored,shelistedtostarboardandsank.?Theswellofapassingsteamerwashedherdeckasshewaslisting,causingthefinalplunge.?Issue:Wasthesinkingduetoperilofthesea,forwhichthecargowasinsured,ortolackofordinarycareandskillinloadingthecargo?11-41Case11-7:WesternAssuranceCo.ofTorontov.Shaw?Held:Theboilershadnotbeenproperlyloadedandstowedtokeepthemfromrolling.Theboilersshiftedwhenawavecausedtheshiptoroll.Thiswasnotaperiloftheseathatwascovered.10-41AverageClauses?Aparticularaverage(单独海损）isalosstoashiporitscargothatisnottobesharedinbycontributionsbyallthoseinterested,butistobebornebytheowneroftheinjuredthing.–Afreefromparticularaverage(FPA)policycoversonlylossesfromfire,stranding,sinking,orcollisionofthevessel.–Awithaverage(WA)policyprovidesmoreprotection,butordinarilycontainsafranchiseclausethatprovidesforpaymentonlyifthelossexceedsaspecifiedminimum.11-43AverageClauses?Generalaverage（共同海损）isacontributionbythosejointlyinvolvedinamaritimeventuretomakegoodthelossbyoneofthemforhis/hervoluntarysacrificeofapartoftheshiporcargotosavetheresidueorthepropertyandthelivesonboard,orfortheexpensesnecessarilyincurredforthebenefitandsafetyofall.–Forexample,ifashipisgrounded,cargomaybejettisonedortugsmaybehired.Allwillhelppaythetugsandtheownerofthejettisonedcargoinproportiontothevalueoftheircargo.11-44CarriageofGoodsbyAir?Regulatedbythe1929WarsawConventionandfoursubsequentamendments.?Anairwaybillisaninstrumentissuedbyanaircarriertoashipperthatservesasareceiptofgoodsandasevidenceofthecontractofcarriagebutisnotadocumentoftitle.10-44AirWaybillContents?UndertheWarsawConvention,theairwaybillmustdescribe:1.thenatureofthegoodsbeingshipped;2.themethodofpackingandanymarksornumbers;3.theweight,quantity,volume,ordimensionofthegoods;4.theapparentconditionofthegoodsandtheirpackaging;and5.astatementthatthecarriageissubjecttotheconvention'srules.