![[英语学习]Chapter 2 Speech sounds Phonetics](https://swf.iask.com/YjOwezxei7S.jpg?ssig=IhDjmDgE0A&Expires=1722467694&KID=sina,ishare&range=0-106442)
Chapter2SpeechsoundsPart1PhoneticsLectureOverviewWhatisphonetics?SpeechOrgansConsonantsandvowelsConsonantsVowelsSomeotherrelatedconcepts1.Whatisphonetics?Thegeneralstudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsisphonetics.Itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.Phoneticslooksatspeechsoundsfromthreedistinctbutrelatedpointsofview:articulatoryphonetics（发音语音学）auditoryphonetics（听觉语音学）acousticphonetics（声学语音学）Fromthespeaker’spointofview:howaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds,whichresultsinarticulatoryphonetics.Fromthehearer’spointofview:howthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer,whichresultsinauditoryphonetics.Fromthewaysoundstravel:howsoundstravelbylookingatthesoundsaves,thephysicalmeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother,whichresultsinacousticphonetics.2.Theorgansofspeech(发音器官)1.lips2.teeth3.teethridge(alveolus)4.Hardpalate5.softpalate(velum)6.uvula7.tipoftongue8.Bladeoftongue9.Backoftongue10.vocalcords11.pharynxcavity12.Nasalcavity2.Theorgansofspeech(发音器官)2.1Theinitiatoroftheair-streamlungs2.2Thevocalcords/vocalfolds(声带)Insidethelarynx(喉腔)p.26声带vocalcord，vocalband；又称声壁，发声器官的主要组成部分。位于喉腔中部，由声带肌、声带韧带和粘膜三部分组成，左右对称。声带的固有膜是致密结缔组织，在皱襞的边缘有强韧的弹性纤维和横纹肌，弹性大。两声带间的矢状裂隙为声门裂。发声时，两侧声带拉紧、声门裂缩小、甚至关闭，从气管和肺冲出的气流不断冲击声带，引起振动而发声，在喉内肌肉协调作用的支配下，使声门裂受到有规律性的控制。故声带的长短、松紧和声门裂的大小，均能影响声调高低。成年男子声带长而宽，女子声带短而狭，所以女子比男子声调高。青少年14岁开始变音，一般要持续半年左右。p.27VoicelessSounds–vocalcordsareopen,VoicedSounds–vocalcordsareclosedTheglottalstop(喉塞音)–vocalcordsaretotallyclosed2.3Theresonatingcavities共振腔）/vocaltract(声道)Thepharynxcavity（咽腔）Thenasalcavity（鼻腔）Oralcavity(口腔)3.Consonantsandvowelsconsonants---anobstructionoftheairstreamsatsomepointofthevocaltractvowels---noobstructionsSemi-vowel/semi-consonant--/w/,/j/4.Consonants4.1Classificationofconsonants4.1.1Voicing4.1.2Placeofarticulation4.1.3Mannerofarticulation4.1.1Voicingvoicelessconsonantsvoicedconsonantsp.354.1.2PlaceofarticulationThepointwhereaconsonantismade.Wherearetheyproduced.bilabial(双唇音)labiodental(唇齿音)dental(齿音)alveolar(齿龈音)palato-alveolar/postalveolar(后齿龈音)Retroflex(卷舌音)Palatal(腭音)Velar(软腭音)Pharyngeal(喉音)Uvular(小舌音)glottal(声门音)1.lips2.teeth3.teethridge(alveolus)4.Hardpalate5.softpalate(velum)6.uvula7.tipoftongue8.Bladeoftongue9.Backoftongue10.vocalcords11.pharyncavity12.Nasalcavity4.1.3MannerofarticulationHowaretheyarticulated.stops/plosive(塞音/爆破音)nasalfricative(擦音)approximant/semi-vowels/glides(通音)lateral(边音)affricative(塞擦音)4.2ThedescriptionofEnglishconsonantsp.35/p/voicelessbilabialstop/b/voicelessbilabialstop/s/voicelessalveolarfricative/z/voicedalveolarfricativeStudyquestions1.Trypronouncingtheinitialsoundsofthefollowingwordsandthendeterminetheplaceofarticulationofeach.A)handB)footC)toeD)bellyE)chinF)thighG)calfH)knee2.Whichofthefollowingwordsendwithvoiceless(-V)soundsandwhichendwithvoiced(+V)sounds?A)crashB)bangC)smackD)thudE)whamF)splat3.Identifythemannerofarticulationoftheinitialsoundsinthefollowingwords:A)sillyB)crazyC)jollyD)merryE)dizzyF)happyG)loonyH)funny4.Howdothewordssurfaceandservicedifferphonetically?5.Whatisthedifferenceinarticulationineachofthefollowingpairsofwords:CoastghostGhostboastBoastmostMostpost6.GivethedescriptionoftheflowingsoundsegmentsinEnglish.A)[d]B)[p]C)[k]D)[ſ]5.VowelsVowelsoundsareproducedwitharelativelyfreeflowofairinthevocaltract.Vowelsaretypicallyvoiced.5.1cardinalvowels(基本元音)iueoεаa5.1cardinalvowels(基本元音)DanielJones(Britishphonetician)[i]---Producedwiththetongueashighandasfarforwardaspossiblewithouttouchingtheroofofthemouth.Itisafrontvowel.[a]---Producedwiththetongueaslowaspossibleattheback.Itisabackvowel.5.1cardinalvowels(基本元音)Thecardinalvowelsareanabstraction,ayardsticktobeusedbythelinguist.Ameansofdescribingthevowelsinanylanguage.Possiblevowelstobeusedasreferencepoints.p.335.1cardinalvowels(基本元音)iueoεаa5.2Thecriteriaofvowelsclassification/descriptionTheheightoftongueraising:high,mid,low.Thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue/thepartofthetonguethatisraised:front,central,back.Thelengthortensenessofthevowels:long/tensevowels;short/laxvowels.Theshapeofthelips/thedegreeofliprounding:rounded,unrounded.5.2Thecriteriaofvowelsclassification/description（More）Schwa(央元音/中性元音)Theneutralvowel[[],thetonguepositionisneitherhighnorlowandneitherfrontnorback.Pureormonophthongvowels,vowelglides(diphthongs,triphthongs)5.3EnglishvowelsTable2.2(p.36)5.4ThedescriptionofEnglishvowels[i:]highfronttenseunroundedvowel[u]highbacklaxroundedvowel[o]lowbacklaxroundedvowelp.37StudyquestionsWhydoesaphotographerhavepeoplesaythewordcheesewhenwantingthemtosmile?Whatchangesinarticulationhappeninthediphthong/boy/?Englishhasanumberofexpressionssuchaschit-chatandflip-flopwhichneverseemtooccurinthereverseorder(i.e.chat-chit,flop-flip).Perhapsyoucanaddexamplestotheflowinglist?criss-crosship-hopriff-raffdilly-dallyknick-knackssee-sawding-dongmish-mashsing-songfiddle-faddleping-pongtick-tockfilm-flampitter-patterzig-zag(Canyouthinkofaphoneticdescriptionoftheregularpatternintheseexpressions?)GivethedescriptionofthefollowingsoundsegmentsinEnglish.[I][u:][o]5.Whyisthedescriptionofconsonantsdifferentfromthatofvowels?Howisitdifferent?6.Someotherrelatedconcepts6.1IPAInternationalPhoneticAssociation(国际语音协会)InternationalPhoneticAlphabet(国际音标)InternationalPhoneticAlphabet(国际音标)OttoJesperson(Danishgrammarian)----Theideaofestablishingaphoneticalphabet.Therearedifferentsystemsofphoneticsymbols.OneofthemostcommonlyusedisthatoftheIPA.Itisamethodofwritingdownspeechsoundsinasystematicandconsistentway.p.27,HuZhuanling6.2Narrowandbroadtranscriptions(严式标音和宽式标音)Transcription/notationreferstotheuseofsymbolstoshowsoundsorsoundsequencesinwrittenform.Therearedifferentsystemsofphoneticsymbols.OneofthemostcommonlyusedisthatoftheIPA.E.g.peak---[phi:k],speak---[spi:k]top---[thop],stop---[stop]peak---/pi:k/,speak---/spi:k/top---/top/,stop---/stop/6.2Narrowandbroadtranscriptions(严式标音和宽式标音)Narrowtranscriptionismeanttosymbolizeallthepossiblespeechsounds,includingtheminuteshades.Itiswritteninsquare[t,th].Broadtranscriptionisintendedtoindicateonlythosesoundswhicharecapableofdistinguishingonewordfromanotherinagivenlanguage.Itiswrittenwithinslantingbrackets/t/.p.38Diacritic(区别音符)6.2Narrowandbroadtranscriptions(严式标音和宽式标音)DiacriticAmarkplacedover,under,orthroughalettertoshowthatithasasoundvaluedifferentfromthatofthesameletterwithoutthemark.E.g.p.28,HuZhuangling6.3RP(正宗英式口音)RECEIVEDPRONUNCIATIONRPisthetypeofBritishstandardEnglishpronunciation.追溯其历史，ReceivedPronunciation最早是11世纪时形成于英格兰中南部的一支方言。这个区域从今天的Midlands地区一直向东南延伸到伦敦，其中包含了牛津和剑桥这两个大学城。14世纪时，ReceivedPronunciation被广泛在贸易商人中使用，又由于牛津和剑桥大学的崛起，这种方言被两所大学的学生所采用，于是成为受过良好教育人士的语言。在19世纪到20世纪，ReceivedPronunciation成为英国公立学校的教学语言，也被英国广播公司（BBC）的播音员使用，于是又被称为PublicSchoolEnglish和BBCEnglish。
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