欧洲中世纪

WESTERNCIVILIZATIONITheEarlyMiddleAges(476-1000AD)FalloftheRomanEmpireWesternEmpiredeclinesasEasternflourishesInternaldecayExternalthreatsOverextendedbordersRemaininginfluencesRomantraditionWesternChurchGermanictribesWesternEuropein500ADVisigothsinSouthernGaul/NorthernSpainVandalsinSouthernSpainHunsthroughoutEurope(sackedRome410)Angles-SaxonsinEnglandFranksinNorthernGaulOstrogothsinItalyAlsoLombards,BurgundiansFoederatiByendofEmpire,RomanshiredVisigothmercenariesforsoldiersoneasternborderCalledtheEmperor’s“specialallies”TreatedbadlybyRomansVisigothsforcedtotradechildrenfordogstoeatFoederatirebelTheKingdomoftheFranks(1)GermanicCultureCentralityofthetribalunitorfamilyTheleadershipofthewarchieftainCharacteristicsofGermanicLaw--“wergeld”--trialbyordealGermanictreatmentofwomenBlendingofGermanicandRomancultureThedeclineoftownlifeandtrade(1)GermanicCulture(cont.)TheroleofforestsinGermanthinkingSettlementpatternsGermanicviewsofdiseaseTreatmentofdiseaseCavitiesbelowthegumlinewereprevalentTheroleofmonasteriesinprovidingmedicaltreatment(2)TheMerovingianDynastyTheFranks:leastromanizedandmostorthodoxoftheGermanictribes--Clovis,thefirstFrankishkingThestrugglesandineffectivenessoftheMerovingiankingsThe“MayorofthePalace”CharlesMartel’sdefeatoftheMuslimsatToursin732(3)TheCarolingianDynastyandCharlemagnePepintheShort,thefirstCarolingianking(751)--The“DonationofPepin”Pepin’sson,CharlestheGreat,orCharlemagne(768-814)Charlemagne’smilitaryexploitsContinuedreciprocalrelationshipwiththePope--CrownedHolyRomanEmperor(800)Charlemagne’spalacecityofAachen(3)Charlemagne(cont.)Charlemagne’schallengesinadministeringsuchavastempire--missidominiciTheCarolingianRenaissance--AlcuinofYorkTheDisintegrationoftheCarolingianEmpireTheTreatyofVerdun(843)II.The“DarkAges”(9thand10thCenturies)AgriculturalDifficultiesandViolencePopulationDeclineMuslimandMagyarInvadersChiefThreat=VikingsVikingstrategyofterrorEffectivenessofVikingboatsTheextentofVikingraidsIII.TheRoleoftheChurchA.PhysicalProtectionOfferedsafehaventoneighborsSomechurchmenwererenownedfightersMonasteriespreservedimportantartsofmanufacturingPopesfillpoliticalvacuuminthewest--LeoIandAttilatheHun--GregoryIandtheLombardsB.PreserversofGreco-RomanCultureSignificanceofcopyingmanuscriptsTheroleofPopeGregoryI--hadbeensecularRomanadministratorRealizedearlyonthatnohelpwouldbeforthcomingfromtheByzantineEmpireC.SpiritualProtectionSuperstitious,illiterateageTheChurchwasthedoortosalvationSevenDeadlysinsSevensacramentsSacramentsofordinationandextremeunctionSacramentofMatrimonySacramentoftheEucharist--“transubstantiation”C.SpiritualProtection(cont.)Dutiesandcategoriesoftheclergy--“regular”vs.“secular”clergyTheSacramentofPenanceThePowerof“Holy”IntercessorsVenerationoftheSaintsSupernaturalPowerofRelicsChristianBurialneartheChurchaltarIV.FeudalismandVassalageA.PhysicalProtectionTheoriginsoffeudalismTheLordasthecentralfigureofthefeudalsystemThenatureofmedievalwarfareContractualnatureoffeudalismThelocalandemotionalnatureoffeudalismLord’sobligationstohisvassalVassal’sobligationstohislordThecomplexityoffeudalrelationships--“subinfeudation”B.LifeinaMedievalCastleWilliamManchester,AWorldLitbyFireandJosephandFrancesGies,LifeinaMedievalCastleInteriorandfurnishingsofthecastleServantsinthecastleDailyroutineanddiningThelifeofaristocraticwomenB.LifeinaMedievalCastle(cont.)TheearlylifeofyoungnoblemenTheceremonyofknighthoodThetravelsoftheyoungknightTournamentsandjoustsTensionsurroundingthelifeofayoungknightTheidealofchivalryV.ManorialismA.FunctionEconomicfoundationoffeudalsociety“OpenField”systemofmedievalfarmingOriginandstatusofserfdomCompositionandadministrationofthemanor“Customofthemanor”Taxobligationsofserfs--“banalities”OtherlimitationsontheactivitiesofserfsB.LifeinaMedievalVillageLivingConditionsoftheserfsStrikingLackofprivacyforfamilymembersVarietyofdietaryoptionsforpeasantsThecentralroleofbreadinthepeasantdietTypesofmealseatenbyvillagersBeer:theuniversaldrinkofnorthernEuropeB.LifeinaMedievalVillageAccidentsasawayoflifeinmanorialvillagesTheroleofwomenandvillageclothingMedievalviewofchildrenCenterofmanoriallifewasthevillagechurchLifewasshortandfrighteningVillagelifewasstrictlyhierarchalVillagelifewasalsoverycommunalVillagelifewasalwaysverylocalMonasticChristianityMonasticism-prieststurningawayfrompopularculturetostudyfaithSoughtseclusioninsteadofself-tortureTwotypes-Hermit-completeseclusionCommunal-communitiesofmonks-missionaryoriented-“citiesofGod”-ex.BenedictinesDivisionofChristendomEastandWestcompeteforsupremacyofChristianityEasternChurchtoopreoccupiedwithIslamtouseresourcestobringWestundercontrolWesternChurchallieswithFranksagainstLombardsforprotectionGulfwidensbetweendoctrinalviewsWesternv.EasternChristianityPopehasfinalsayChurchcompeteswithpoliticalforcontrolUnleavenedbreadChurchcouncilsdecideChurchacceptspoliticalcontrolLeavenedbreadJeromeTranslatedBiblefromHebrewandGreektoLatin(LatinVulgate)BelievedBibleallegorical,notliteralClassicaltraininggoodifChristianpurposeservedNobathsforwomenAmbroseArchbishopofMilanDuringhistime,moreinfluentialthanthePopeForceslateRomanEmperortodopenanceforkillingcivilians-ChurchoverstateBoethiusRomanaristocratWriteshandbooksonusefullearningAssertshappinessfoundinGod,notworldlyExecutedbyVisigothkingforbeinganArianAugustineBishopofHippoSaidtheBibleisrevealedobscurely-aneducationneededtounderstandBelievedinpredestinationAuthor,“OntheCityofGod”CanonizedafterdeathTheFranksLoosegroupoftribesinhabitingnortheasternEuropeClovis,unitesgroup(Merovingiandynasty)tobecomelargestpoliticalpowerinwakeofEmpireConvertsforalliancewiththeChurchMerovingiansSolidifyrulebygivingcontroltonon-nobles(tocreateloyalty)withofficeofCountCountsgainlandbecominganothertypeofaristocracywhobecomeresentfulAdministrationlefttothe“mayorofthepalace”-PepinItakescontrolofFranks-establishesCarolingiandynastyCarolingiansPepinI-PepinII-CharlesMartel-PepinIII(theShort)-CharlemagneCharlesMartel(thehammer)createslargecavalryforceusingaristocracy-awardscontroloflocalareabacktonoblesgivingbeneficesorfiefs(giftsofland)CarolingiansandtheChurchCarolingiansenlistChurchtohelpmaintaincontrol-offerconversionopportunitiestoconqueredgroups-ex:Anglo-SaxonsPopesupportsCarolingiantakeoverofremnantsofMerovingiankingdomReciprocalrelationship:CarolingiansprotectsChurchfromtheEast/ChurchlegitimizesdynastyGivelandssurroundingRometotheChurchCharlemagneSolidifiesrelationshipwiththeChurchCrownedheadof(new)HolyRomanEmpireChristmasDay,800ADCharlemagneIncreasesFrankishrealm-extendsdomaininnameofChristianityForcesEasternEmpiretorecognizeauthorityinwest-notakeoverHadstrongindirectcontroloverChurch-restoredPopeaftercaptureGovernsintheCarolingianway-250CountsfromaristocracyCharlemagneLarge-extroverted-practicaljokerExpectedloyalty-taxescollected-justicedispensedOccasionallyresortedtodivinejustice“trialbyordeal”BuildslargepalaceatAix-la-Chapelle(Aachen)CarolingianRenaissanceCharlemagneusedresourcestakenfromconqueredtribestoattractscholarsAix-la-ChapellebecamecenteroflearningPreservedRomanwritingsineasiertoreadCarolingianscriptServedasvehicletotrainbureaucratsBreakupofCarolingianDynastyCharlemagne’ssonLouisthePiousinheritsWithouttalentedleader,empireunmanageableLouisthePioussons’demandempiredividedLotharLouistheGermanPepin/CharlesKingdomsdevolvebutHolyRomanEmpireremainsFeudalismSystemofagriculturethatboundworkers(serfs)toownersoftheland(lords)FeudalismSerf/peasant-farmworkerLord-owneroffeudalestateManor-farm/estateincludinglocalshopsfiefdom-estateordomainofafeudallordFealty-loyaltysworntolordVassal-onewhoswearsloyaltytolordLiege-lordtowhichoneismostloyalVagabond-escapedserfwhoroamedVassalageHierarchyofvassalageKing-duke/baron-serfKnightsservelordofthemanorSerfsmightberequiredtofightalsoSomelordsvassalstomorethanonesuperiorWhydidFeudalismwork?LordsneededstableworkforceforlandSerfsneededajobandprotectionPeriodicwavesofinvadersthreatenedsafetyofthelandless-1000ADnewwaveofVikings,Magyars,andMuslimsLordstradeduseoflandforshareofcropSmalllandownerstradealsowithlordsCharacteristicsofFeudalismSerfsboundtotheland-multigenerationalLevelsofserfdomfreeserfs-somerights,hadsomebargainingpower(smalllandowners)servileserfs-norights,neededpermissionformarriage,travel,etc.NecessaryantecedentforNation-StatesChangesinAgricultureClimateimprovesinEurope-700-1200ADtemperaturerises1degreecentigradeMoldboardplowallowsdeeperpenetration3fieldcroprotationsystemusedPaddedcollarsforhorsesHarnessofwaterpowerformillsWheelbarrowdeveloped