TEM4语法重点讲解完整版概要

TEM4语法重点讲解ByHillarySun1.虚拟语气、情态动词、时态与语态2、定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句3、非谓语动词4、形容词、副词比较级5、倒装结构、平行结构6、其他：代词、反义疑问句、主谓一致、补语TEM4语法常考重点：1.时态和体态（最常考的是完成时、现在进行时、以及 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示将来的一般现在时）2、非谓语动词：不定式、动名词和分词3、虚拟语气与情态动词4、从句：状语从句（重点是让步状语从句的引导词与语序、比较状语从句以及条件状语从句）、定语从句、名词性从句5、其他：形容词、副词的比较级、各类倒装句、反义疑问句、句意表达与理解虚拟语气 1.主从句谓语动词的时态(1)掌握if条件句主从句谓语动词的规范搭配:*虚拟语气用于强调怀疑或不可能，是种假设，而不是客观存在的事实。主句从句与现在事实相反would/should/could/might+dowere(不分人称)/did与过去事实相反Would（第二、三人称）/should(第一人称）+havedonehaddone与将来事实相反would/should/might/could+doshoulddo/weretodo如：1.Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,thechildcouldnothavedied.2.Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,shouldtherebeasuddenloudnoise.(2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：主从句谓语动词所指时间不同，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。如：Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)(3)识别事实和假设混合句：Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.(句子前半部分为假设情况，而“父母病了”是事实) Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.(前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实) 2.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。考生应熟悉：(1)连词but,butthat,or,orelse；副词otherwise,unfortunately等表示转折假设。如：Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.Victorobviouslydoesn’tknowwhat’shappened;otherwisehewouldn’thavemadesuchastupidremark.(2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without,butfor,undermorefavorableconditions,butthat,onconditionthat,supposing,provided,without等。如：ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn’t. 3.名词性从句的虚拟形式名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。考生应熟悉： (1)下列动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,requireinsist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,vote。如：Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested。如：Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,requirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understanding。如：JohnWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.Theykeeptellingusitisofutmostimportancethatourrepresentativebesenttotheconferenceonschedule. 4.常用虚拟形式的句型(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型：wouldrather      wouldassoon    asthough/if          suppose…hadrather            wouldsooner       supposing…Ifonly…              Itis(high/about/the)timethat…(从句中动词只用过去式)*as if/though 的虚拟要点　　1）对当时事实的假设，从句谓语用过去式，be动词一律用were　　2）对过去事实的假设，从句谓语用过去完成式　　3）对未来事实的假设，从句谓语用would+动词原型如：Hiswifewouldrathertheydidn’ttalkaboutthematteranymore.I’dratheryouwentbytrain,becauseIcan’tbeartheideaofyourbeinginanairplaneinsuchbadweather.IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry.Myfatheralwaystalksasthoughhewereaddressingapublicmeeting.(2)Ifitwerenotfor…(与现在事实相反) Ifithadnotbeenfor…(与过去事实相反)相当于butfor。如：Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.(3)Ifonly…谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。如：Ifonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.(4)lest/forfearthat/incase从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。如：Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.(5)whether…or…有时谓语用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法经常采用倒装结构。如：Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.Exercises1.Theopeningceremonyisagreatoccasion.Itisessential_____forthat.a.forustobepreparedb.thatwearepreparedc.ofustobepreparedd.ourbeingprepared20032._____forthefactthatshebrokeherleg,shemighthavepassedtheexam.a.Haditnotbeenb.Hadn’titbeenc.Wasitnotd.Wereitnot20023.“Whatcoursesareyougoingtodonextsemester?”“Idon’tknow.Butit’sabouttime______onsomething.”a.I’ddecideb.Idecidedc.Idecided.I’mdeciding20024.Allofuswouldhaveenjoyedthepartymuchmoreifthere______quitesuchacrowdofpeoplethere.a.weren’tb.hasn’tbeenc.hadn’tbeend.wouldn’tbe20005.IfyouhavereallybeenstudyingEnglishforsolong,it’sabouttimeyou_____abletowritelettersinEnglish.a.shouldbeb.werec.mustbed.are19996.Ifyourcar_____anyattentionduringthefirst12months,takeittoanauthorizeddealer.a.shallneedb.shouldneedc.wouldneedd.willneed19987._____enoughtimeandmoney,theresearcherswouldhavebeenabletodiscovermoreinthisfield.a.Givingb.Togivec.Givend.Beinggiven19988.Heleftordersthatnothing______toucheduntilthepolicearrivedhere.a.shouldbeb.oughttobec.mustbed.wouldbe19989.Iwastohavemadeaspeechif______.a.Iwasnotcalledawayb.nobodywouldhavecalledmeawayc.Ihadnotbeencalledawayd.nobodycalledmeaway199710.I_____thepartymuchmoreiftherehadn’tbeenquitesuchacrowdofpeoplethere.a.wouldenjoyb.willhaveenjoyedc.wouldhaveenjoyedd.willbeenjoying199611.Wecould_____himwithadetachedhousewhenhecame,buthehadspecificallyaskedforasmallflat.a.provideb.haveprovidedc.notprovided.nothaveprovided199512._____,hewouldnothaverecoveredsoquickly.a.Hadn’thebeentakengoodcareofb.Hadhenotbeentakengoodcareofc.Hadnothebeentakengoodcareofd.Hadhebeennottakengoodcareof199513._____yourtimelyadvice,Iwouldneverhaveknownhowtogoaboutthework.a.Unlessb.Butforc.Exceptford.Notfor199414.Itwasrecommendedthatpassengers_____smokeduringtheflight.a.notb.neednotc.couldnotd.wouldnot199415.______youwerebusy,Iwouldn’thavebotheredyouwithmyquestions.a.IfIrealizedb.HadIrealizedc.Irealizedthatd.AsIrealized19941-4:AABC5-8:BBCA9-12:CCBB13-15:BAB情态动词注意情态动词完成式的用法有两方面的含义： 1.表示已经发生的情况(1)musthave+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的肯定推测，译为“(昨天)一定……”。如：MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright?”(2)can’t/couldn’thave+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的否定推测，译为“(昨天)一定没……”。如：Marycouldn’thavereceivedmyletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.(3)may/mighthave+过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许……”。如：AtFloridaPower’sCrystalRiverplant,apotentiallyseriousleakageofradioactivewatermayhavebeenunknowinglycausedbyanelectrician. 2.表示虚拟语气(1)needn’thave+过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，译为“其实没必要……”。如：Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,weneedn’thavedressedupsoformally.(2)should/shouldnothave+过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，或本不应该做但实际上做了,译为“本(不)应该……”。如：Iregrethavinglefttheworkunfinished;Ishouldhaveplannedeverythingaheadcarefully.(3)oughttohave+过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译为“该……”，与should的完成式含义类似。如：Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,whichwentupinsmoke.(4)couldhave+过去分词，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为“完全可以……”。如：Whatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully.(5)may/mighthave+过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为“(那样)也许会……”。如：Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers. 3.几个情态动词常考的句型(1)may/might(just)aswell“不妨，最好”，与hadbetter相近。如：Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.(2)cannot/can’t…too…“越……越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot…over…。如：Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized.(3)usedn’t或didn’tuseto为usedto(do)的否定式。(4)should除了“应该”一层意思外， 大纲 专科护士培训大纲语法等级大纲网络小说大纲模版专职安全员生产检查释经讲道讲章大纲 还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：Ididn’texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.Exercises1.She_____fiftyorsowhenIfirstmetherataconference.(2009)A.hadbeenB.mustbeC.hasbeenD.musthavebeen2.Aren’tyoutired?I____youhaddoneenoughfortoday.（2009）A.shouldhavethoughtB.musthavethoughtC.mighthavethoughtD.couldhavethought52.Nancy'sgonetoworkbuthercar'sstillthere.She____bybus.(2010)A.musthavegoneB.shouldhavegoneC.oughttohavegoneD.couldhavegoneKEYS:DAA时态、语态      时态、语态需要掌握的要点：1.表达将来时的形式： (1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：I’lltellhimwhenyouwillringagain.我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句)比较：I’lltellhimwhenyouringagain.你再打电话时我告诉他。(条件状语从句)(2)在makesure,makecertain,see(toit)（=makecertain)后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn’tknowtheanswertolasttime.(include不能用willinclude或其他形式)2.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语： (1)by/between/upto/till+过去时间、since、bythetime/when+表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.(表示1919年时已发生的情况) (2)by+将来时间、bythetime/when+谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如：BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.(3)bynow、since+过去时间、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时,如：Thechangesthathadtakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.但在itis+具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.(4)在Itisthe+序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：    Itisn’tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.(5)在nosooner…than…,hardly/scarcely…when…句型中，主句常用过去完成时。 3.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如：     Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappened. 时态、语态答 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 思路：(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案；(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。Exercises1.Jack______fromhomefortwodaysnow,andIambeginningtoworryabouthissafety.a.hasbeenmissingb.hasbeenmissedc.hadbeenmissingd.wasmissed20032.Forsometimenow,worldleaders_____outthenecessityforagreementonarmsreduction.a.hadbeenpointingb.havebeenpointingc.werepointingd.pointed20023.HowcanIeverconcentrateifyou_____continually_____mewithsillyquestions?a.have…interruptedb.had…interruptedc.are…interruptingd.were…interrupting1997Keys:ABC2004年语法题1.Thattrumpetplayerwascertainlyloud.ButIwasn’tbotheredbyhisloudness____byhislackoftalent.A.somuchasB.ratherthanC.asD.than2.____,I’llmarryhimallthesame.A.WasherichorpoorB.WhetherrichorpoorC.WereherichorpoorD.Beherichorpoor3.Thegovernmenthaspromisedtodo____liesinitspowertoeasethehardshipsofthevictimsintheflood-strickenarea.A.howeverB.whicheverC.whateverD.wherever4.____ifIhadarrivedyesterdaywithoutlettingyouknowbeforehand?A.WouldyoubesurprisedB.WereyousurprisedC.HadyoubeensurprisedD.Wouldyouhavebeensurprised5.Ifnot____withtherespecthefeelsduetohim,Jackgetsveryill-temperedandgrumblesallthetime.A.beingtreatedB.treatedC.betreatedD.havingbeentreated6.Itisimperativethatstudents____theirtermpapersontime.A.handinB.wouldhandinC.havetohandinD.handedin7.Thelessthesurfaceofthegroundyieldstotheweightofafully-loadedtruck,____tothetruck.A.thegreaterstressisB.greateristhestressC.thestressisgreaterD.thegreaterthestress8.TheMinisterofFinanceisbelieved____ofimposingnewtaxestoraiseextrarevenue.A.thatheisthinkingB.tobethinkingC.thatheistothinkD.tothink9.Issuesofprice,place,promotion,andproductare____conventionalconcernsinplanningmarketingstrategies.A.theseofthemostB.mostofthoseC.amongthemostD.amongthemanyof10.____bothsidesaccepttheagreement____alastingpeacebeestablishedinthisregion.A.Onlyif,willB.Ifonly,wouldC.Should,willD.Unless,would11.MrWells,togetherwithallthemembersofhisfamily,____forEuropethisafternoon.A.aretoleaveB.areleavingC.isleavingD.leave1-10:ADCABADBCA11:C形容词、副词及其比较级1.形容词的句法功能形容词在句中做定语、表语和主语。考生应注意：(1)以“a”开头的形容词如alone,alike,asleep,awake等不能做前置定语，可做表语或后置定语。(2)某些以副词词缀“-ly”结尾的词是形容词，如friendly,leisurely,lovely等。(3)下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，注意用做系动词时，要求形容词做表语：remain,keep,become,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,appear,look。 2.考比较级时，应注意：(1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现，即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如：Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoftenasgoodas,orbetterthananactualperformance.Onthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthanarethosewithlittleambition.(2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念。如：Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear’smarathonwashalfthatoflastyear’s.Youngreaders,moreoftenthannot,findthenovelsofDickensfarmoreexcitingthanThackeray’s.(3)比较级的修饰语如alittle,alot,the,any,even,far,hardly,lots,much,rather，还有表示倍数比较的词等，他们的位置是：修饰语+as…as…,或修饰语+more…than…。如：Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillsseventimesmorepeopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.“Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting?”“No,Iwouldgladlyhavepaidtwiceasmuchforit.”(4)下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念：inferior，minor，senior，prior，preferto，superior，major，junior，preferable，differfrom，comparedwith，incomparisonwith，differentfrom，ratherthan.Theirwatchissuperiortoalltheotherwatchesonthemarket. 3.最高级形式应注意的问题比较级形式表示最高级意义时，比较对象的范围：anyother+单数名词theother+复数名词 theothersanyone/anythingelse上述词是用来将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语，切不可遗漏，否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说：Johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。 4.有关比较级的特殊句型(1)notsomuch…as…与其说……不如说……Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn’tsomuchariseinbirthratesasafallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.(2)no/notanyless…than…两者一样都……Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister.(3)justas…so….正如……，……也……(用倒装结构)Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,soistheatmosphere.(4)no/notanymore…than…两者一样都不……Theheartisnomoreintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.than连词than引导比较状语从句，有时省去部分谓语，保留了主语和助动词，此时助动词可以移到主语前。如：Johndrivesmuchmorecarefullythandoeshisfather.(=thanhisfatherdrives)连词than引导比较状语从句，常省去主语，保留谓语部分，这种结构多见于正式文体中。如：Don’teatmorethanisgoodforyou.倍数的表达倍数+形容词（或副词）的比较级+than倍数+as+形容词或副词（或many/much）+as倍数+thesize（length，height…）of倍数+more+名词（可数，不可数）+than倍数+asmany（或much）+名词+asE.g.Thecityisnowtentimesitsoriginalsize.Theselleraskedfordoubletheusualprice.Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillsseventimesmorepeopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.asasmuchas“达到与……一样的程度”notsomuch…as“与其说……不如说……”suchasto“到如此程度以致……”no/notanymore…than…“两者一样都不……”no/notanyless…than…“两者一样都……”AistoBwhatCistoDWateristofishwhatairistoman.nomorethan=only“仅”notmorethan=atmost“至多”no/notanymore…than…=neither..nor..两者一样都不……，和…一样不……notmore…than=less…than“不如”nolessthan=asmuch/manyas“多达”notlessthan=atleast“至少”no/notanyless…than…=as…as“两者一样都……”，“与……一样”notless…than=more…than“比……更”morethan,otherthan,ratherthanTheyenrolledmorethan500newstudents.Ican’tdootherthanobey.(除…之外）Thisisratherforfathertodecidethanforyou.Ratherthanallowthevegetablestogobad,hesoldthemathalfprice.**ratherthan连接两个平行结构，表示“是…而不是…”、“与其…宁愿…”Quiz:比较级和最高级1.Yourideas,_______,seemunusualtome.a.likeherb.likehersc.similartoherd.similartoherself20032.Intellectistothemind_______sightistothebody.a.whatb.asc.thatd.like20013.Fatcannotchangeintomuscle______musclechangesintofat.a.anymorethanb.nomorethanc.nolessthand.muchmorethan19994.Itisnotsomuchthelanguage______theculturalbackgroundthatmakesthebookdifficulttounderstand.a.butb.norc.asd.like19995.Johnis______hardworkingthanhissister,buthefailedintheexam.a.nolessb.nomorec.notlessd.noso19986.Languagebelongstoeachmemberofthesociety,tothecleaner_____totheprofessor.a.asfarasb.thesameasc.asmuchasd.aslongas19987.WesternNebraskagenerallyreceiveslesssnowthan_____EasternNebraska.a.inb.itreceivesinc.doesd.itdoesin19968.______thetwo,Bobis______student.a.Of,morediligentb.In,morediligentc.Of,themorediligentd.In,muchmorediligent19959.Shehastakengreatpainstoconcealheremotions,andtherebymadethem______conspicuous.a.allthemoreb.allthemuchc.allmored.allmuch199410.Theindoorswimmingpoolseemstobeagreatdealmoreluxuriousthan____.A.isnecessaryB.beingnecessaryC.tobenecessaryD.itisnecessary1-4:BAAC5-8:ACCC9-10:CA合成不定代词的习惯用语somethingof若干、多少、有些anythingbut并不，根本不nothingbut只不过，只有somethinglike有点像orsomething类似Mr.Smithisanengineerorsomething.Sheisnothingbutadancer.Hewasanythingbutpleasedwhenheheardthis.nooneVS.nonenoone只能指人，none可用于指人或物。noone＝nobody，语气比none强，后面不接of构成的短语；none通常与of连用作主语noone作主语时，谓语动词用单数；none后接不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数；后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词单复数均可。Noonewasintheclassroom.Noneofthemoneyonthedeskismine.Noneofusspeaks/speakJapanese.用于简短回答时，none用来回答howmany或howmuch问句；noone或nobody用来回答who问句；而nothing则用来回答what问句；–Howmanyfishdidyoucatch?–None.–Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?–None.–Whowillgototheparty?–Noone./Nobody.–What’sinyourhand?–Nothing.one,theone,thatthat只能代替事物，不能代替人；one既可代替人也可代替事物。one代替前面出现的名词表示不确指；that,theone代替前面出现的名词，指代谈话双方都知道的事物，即“特指”。that不能有前置修饰语，但须有后置修饰语；one一般可有前置修饰语，也可有后置修饰语。one,theone都只能指代前面出现的单数可数名词，复数可数名词则用ones,theones；that既可指代单数可数名词，也可指代不可数名词。that代替前面提到的事物，必须是这一名词在第二次出现时有后置修饰语；如果前面提到的是复数名词，则用those来代替。I’mlookingforahouse.I’dreallylikeonewithagarden.(指代不确定的单数可数名词)Thesweaterhewearstodayisdifferentfromthat/theoneheworeyesterday.(当指代的是谈话双方都确知的事物，而且该名词是有后置修饰语的单数可数名词时，that=theone)Mary’shandwritingisfarbetterthanthatofPeter.(指代不可数名词)Thebikestheymadethisyeararebetterthanthose/theonestheymadelastyear.(当指代的是谈话双方都确知的事物，而且该名词是有后置修饰语的复数可数名词时，those=theones)QUIZ:代词1.______ofthetwinswasarrested,becauseIsawbothatapartylastnight.a.Noneb.Bothc.Neitherd.All20022.Itwasasaphysicianthatherepresentedhimself,and_____hewaswarmlyreceived.a.assuchb.suchasc.asthatd.sothat1997CAassuch:就这种身份。定冠词（the）的用法(1)Manistheonlyanimalthatcantalk.**the+最高级/序数词/only/same+名词(2)Sheistheprettierofthetwo.**the+比较级+ofthetwo(3)Theyarepaidbythemonth.bythe+计量单位（“按；以……计”)(4)Hegrabbedmebythearmandpulledmeontothebus.**the+身体部位（表示身体某部位接受外来的动作）(5)Thericharenotalwayshappierthanthepoor.Thebeautifullivesforever.**the+形容词=复数普通名词/抽象名词表示“排除”的介词besides=inadditiontoexcept=but=otherthanexceptfor表示不同项目类别的对比和限制Youcompositionisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.Themoviewasgoodexceptfortheending.exceptthat后接从句，“除…之外”Iknownothingabouthiscareerexceptthatheisagraduateofthisschool.apartfrom=asidefrom(AmE)有时=besides，有时=except(for)另外，butfor“若不是，要不是”，一般使用虚拟语气，与“排除”无关重点搭配tosb’sadvantage对某人有利findfaultwithsb.挑某人的刺，找某人的碴儿putemphasison把重点放在compensationfor对于……的补偿beparticularabout对……挑剔，过分讲究bepopularwith受……欢迎inthelightof根据、按照withtheexceptionof除……以外byvirtueof由于、依靠regardlessof不管、不顾在汉语中可数，但在英语中为不可数名词的某些词:advice,baggage(luggage),damage,equipment,furniture,homework,information,news...不可数名词的量化表示修饰可数名词复数:many,agood/greatmany，agood/great/largenumberof修饰不可数名词:much,agreatdealof,alargeamountof两者都可修饰:alotof,lotsof,plentyof,agreat/largequantityof,quantitiesof,alargesumof平行结构 1.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如：Itisbettertodieonone’sfeetthantoliveonone’sknees.Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit. 2.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语。 (1)ratherthan,letalone虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如：Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleratherthaninapersonalstyle.Forthenewcountrytosurvive,letaloneforitspeopletoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired.(2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如：Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.Quiz:平行结构1.Evenasagirl,_____tobeherlife,andtheateraudiencesweretobeherbestteachers.a.performingbyMelissawereb.itwasknownthatMelissa’sperformanceswerec.knowingthatMelissa’sperformanceswered.Melissaknewthatperformingwas2001倒装结构 1.下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时，若置于句首，句子的主谓要部分倒装never,no,neither,notonly,hardly,scarcely,little,seldom,rarely,notuntil,nowhere,atnotime,onnoaccount,innorespect,innosense,bynomeans,innoway,nolonger,noless,nomore,nosoonerthan,undernocircumstances,invain,stillless。如：Notonlyisitsdirectattackontheirdiscipline,itbypasses(avoids)theessenceofwhatsociologistsfocuson.Undernocircumstancesshouldwedoanythingthatwillbenefitourselvesbutharmtheinterestsofthestate. 2.以only修饰状语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装Onlywhenyouhaveobtainedsufficientdatacanyoucometoasoundconclusion.**Onlyyoucanunderstandme. 3.以下列副词或短语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装often,so,well,tosuchadegree,tosuchanextent,tosuchextremes,tosuchapoint，manyatime。如：Soinvolvedwiththeircomputersdothechildrenbecomethatleadersatsummercomputercampsoftenhavetoforcethemtobreakforsportsandgames.(so..that…结构中的so置于句首时，可以使用倒装） 4.以下列副词开头的句子，句子的主谓要全部倒装(1)出于修辞需要，表示方