跨文化交际非语言交流

会计学1跨文化交际非语言交流TeachingObjectivesDefinitionClassificationFunctionContent第1页/共54页TeacherI’vebeenateacherfortenyearsandIcanalwaystellwhenstudentsdonotknowtheanswerduringtheclassdiscussion.Theyeitherlookdownattheirnotes,stareoutofthewindow,offixtheirshoelaces,buttheyneverlookatmeintheeye.CollegeStudentMarysaysshelikesme,butIdon’tknowhowshereallyfeelsaboutme.We’vegoneoutthreetimesandsherarelylaughsatmyjokesorsmilesatme.ShealwayslooksboredwhenItalktoher.第2页/共54页CustomerIwasatthestoretryingtodecidewhichtelevisiontobuy.Anovereagersalesmanapproachedme,wavedhishandsinfrontofmyface,andnearlystoodonmyfeet.Ibecamesouncomfortableandlefttheshop.第3页/共54页DefinitionNonverbalcommunicationreferstotransmissionormessagesbyamediumotherthanspeechorwriting.Researchsuggeststhat93%ofthemessagewastransmittedbyvoicetoneandfacialexpressions,whereasonly7%wastransmittedbywords.(MehrabianA.&wienerM.,1967)第4页/共54页第5页/共54页Nonverbalcommunication,itsstudyareasNonverbalcommunicationcoversfourareas:timelanguage(chronemics),spacelanguage(proxemics),bodylanguage(kinesics),andparalanguage(voicemodulation).第6页/共54页Nonverbalcommunication,itsstudyareasEachofthesebroadareasincludeover20topics.Belowaresomeofthecommontopicsmostcommunicationtheoristsaddress:1.timelanguage(chronemics):punctuality,promptness,timeorientation,whatisearlyorlate,longorshort,etc.2.spacelanguage(proxemics):bodydistanceandbodytouch3.bodylanguage(kinesics):posture(thewaythebodyisheld),stance(thewayofstanding),gesture,facialexpression,eyebehavior,appearance(includingclothing,cosmetics,hairstyleandsmell),etc.4.paralanguage(voicemodulation):speed,volume,pause,silence,etc.第7页/共54页FunctionsRepeating第8页/共54页Complementing第9页/共54页Substituting第10页/共54页Regulating第11页/共54页Contradicting第12页/共54页PotentialProblemsWearemorethanourculture.Wearenotallalikewhenitcomestovalues,attitudes,beliefs,andnonverbalcommunication.Wetendtoforgetthatnonverbalbehaviorsseldomoccurinisolation.Theyarenormallylinkedtobothourverbalmessagesandthesettinginwhichwefindourselves.第13页/共54页TimeLanguage(Chronemics)Hallelaboratedontwotimesystems:MonochronicTime(M-Time)andPolychronicTime(P-Time).NorthernAmerican,WesternandNorthernEuropeanculturesaretypicalM-Timecultures.LatinAmerican,African,ArabandmostAsianculturesareP-Timecultures.第14页/共54页MonochronicTime(M-Time)M-Timeculturesplacegreatemphasisonschedules.TwostrikingfeaturesofM-Timearepunctualityandpromptness.M-Timeischaracterizedbycuttingtimeintobitsandschedulingonethingatatime.punctual,onschedule,ontime,totheminute,onthehour,attheappointedtime,atthestatedtime,intime,ingoodtime,timely,well-timed,perfecttiming.第15页/共54页PolychronicTimeP-Timepracticedbymostotherpeoplesislessrigidandclock-bound.PeoplefromP-Timeculturesscheduleseveralactivitiesatthesametime,andthetimeforthemismoreflexibleandmorehuman-centered.第16页/共54页MonochronicpeoplePolychronicpeopleDoonethingatatime.Domanythingsatonce.Concentrateonthejob.Areeasilydistractedandsubjecttointerruptions.Taketimecommitmentsseriously.Considertimecommitmentsanobjectivetobeachieved,ifpossible.Arelow-contextandneedinformation.Arehigh-contextandalreadyhaveinformation.arecommittedtothejob.arecommittedtopeopleandhumanrelationships.Adheretoplans.Changeplansoftenandeasily.Areconcernedaboutnotdisturbingothers;followrulesofprivacy.Aremoreconcernedwithpeopleclosetothemthanwithprivacy.Showgreatrespectforprivateproperty;seldomborroworlend.Borrowandlendthingsoftenandeasily.Emphasizepromptness.Basepromptnessontherelationship.Areaccustomedtoshort-termrelationships.Havestrongtendencytobuildlifetimerelationships.第17页/共54页Case1Once,aU.S.diplomat,newtoanAfricancountry,waseagertomeetwithahigh-levelgovernmentofficial.Afterwaitingforabouttwoweeks,hebecameimpatientandpressedforaninterview.Itwasgrudginglypermitted.Hearrivedattheagreedtimebutwasmadetowait.15minutespassed;hewasonpinsandneedles.Hedemandedananswerfromtheofficial’said.Buttherewasnone.Anhourpassedbeforehewasfinallyusheredin.Tohissurprise,however,therewerequiteanumberofguestspresent.Theofficialwasnotpreparedtoreceivehimalone.Whatwentwrong?Whowastoblame?第18页/共54页Case2KatherinecametoBeijingin1998andfoundajobasanEnglishteacherinaforeignlanguageinstitute.Soonafterherclassesbegan,shefoundthatherstudentsshowednointerestinherteachingstyle.Quiteafewofthemavoidedattendingherclass.ShewasfeelingquiteupsetanddiscouragedsoshedecidedtoasktheDirector,Prof.Wang,forhelp.Prof.Wangreviewedhistimetableandsuggestedtheymeetatteno’clockonThursdaymorning.WhenThursdaycame,KatherinearrivedatProf.Wang’sofficeattheexactlyteno’clockfindinghimtalkingwithanotherteacherinChinese.Seeingthatshehadcome,Prof.Wangsmiledandcontinuedtotalkwiththeotherteacher.Afterfiveminutes,hefinishedhisconversation,andapologizedtoKatherine,andbegantofocushisattentiononhersituation.第19页/共54页Prof.Wangshowedgreatconcernandaskedherwhattheproblemwas.Justasshewasdiscussingherproblem,anotherChineseteacherinterrupted,withaformthatrequiredtheDirector’ssignature.TheDirectorsmiled,apologizedtoKatherineagain,andturnedtotalkwiththeChineseteacherinChinese.Katherinebecameimpatient,andwonderedwhytheirdiscussionshouldbeinterruptedsinceshehadmadeanappointment.Also,shewasupsetandfrustratedthattheycontinuedtospeakChineseinfrontofher.Althoughtheirtalkcontinued,shewasapparentlyunhappyaboutwhathadhappened.第20页/共54页TimeOrientationsPastorientation(China,Japan,Korea,UK)Presentorientation(Philippines,LatinAmerica)Futureorientation(America)第21页/共54页SpaceLanguage(Proxemics)Proxemicsreferstobodydistanceandbodytouch.AccordingtoHall,thereare4majortypesofdistancesinAmerica:Intimatedistance(closefriends,familymembers):0-45cmPersonaldistance(friends,acquaintancesandrelatives):45-80cmSocialdistance(colleaguesandpeopleinconversationatsocialgatherings):1.3m-3mPublicdistance(speakersandteachers):fartherthan2or3mbodybubbles第22页/共54页Theamountofspacechangesdependingontheinterpersonalrelationship.Personalityalsodeterminestheamountofpersonalspace.(introvertsvs.extroverts)Culturalstylesplayabigparttoo.第23页/共54页ShortDistanceMediumDistanceLongDistanceLatinsAmericansJapaneseMediterraneanArabsNorthernEuropeansMediterraneanEuropeans第24页/共54页Case3MarkhadrecentlymovedfromDenmarktoSydneytoworkasasalespersonforalargeAustraliancompany.Afterthreeweeks,hewasinvitedtojoinalocalclub.Oneday,ataneveningparty,oneofthefemalemembersapproachedhim.Markimmediatelyshowedhisinterestbytalkingabouttheatmosphereoftheparty.Atfirst,theconversationbetweenthemseemedtogoquitesmoothly,butasitprogressed,theladyseemedtostepfurtherandfurtherawayfromMarkashehadbeengraduallymovingclosertoher.第25页/共54页Theladyobviouslyseemeduncomfortable.AsMarkwasabouttoaskherquestionsregardingAustraliansocialcustoms,anothermanstandingnearbydirectedaglancetowardthelady.Sheexcusedherselfandwenttotalkwiththatman,leavingMarkstandingaloneandwonderingwhytheirconversationhadcometosuchasuddenstop.第26页/共54页Anthropologistsdistinguishtwobroadcategoriesofculture:touchcultureandnontouchculture.CulturesofArabs,southernandwesternEuropeans,JewsandLatinsfallintotheformer.CulturesofAmericans,NorthernEuropeansandOrientalsbelongtothelatter.第27页/共54页WhenArabstalk,theyvirtuallyenvelopeachotherintheirbreath.Theydon’tseemtofeelcomfortableunlesstheysmelleachother.Thereisalsoalotofbodytouch,suchasholdinghands,patting,andhugging.第28页/共54页InEnglish-speakingcountries,physicalcontactisgenerallyavoidedinconversationamongordinaryfriendsoracquaintances.WithChineseandotherAsiancultures,thereislittlebodytouchinginpublic,notevenamongintimatefriendsorfamilymembers,withtheexceptiontobabiesandchildren.第29页/共54页Culturesdifferinwheretotouch.Handshakingisbynowthemostpopulargreetingritual.Otherformsoftouchingsuchashuggingandkissingarecommon.InmanyLatinAmericancountries,handkissingiswidelyperformed.第30页/共54页Culturesdifferintheexpectationsaboutwhotoucheswhom.highlowdoctorpatientteacherstudentoldyoungmalefemale第31页/共54页Culturesdifferinthesettingsinwhichtouchisacceptable.publicsettingprivatesetting第32页/共54页BodyLanguage(Kinesics)Bodylanguagemeansmorethanjusthandorarmgestures;itreferstoanylittlemovementofanypartofthebody.第33页/共54页PostureBetterwaystosit,stand,moveandpresentyourselftotheworldisposture.第34页/共54页Case4Occasionally,someAmericanswillsitwiththeirfeetonthedesk.OnceIwenttoanAmericanbanktoclosemyaccountbeforeIleftAmerica.Whiletalkingwithme,thebankmanagerputhisfeetwithleathershoesontothedesk.WhenIreturnedhome,Istillcouldnotforgivehimforsuchbehavior,thinkingmaybehelookeddownonmebecauseofmysmallsavingsorforbeingChinese.LaterIcametoknowthatanAmerican’sputtinghisfeetonhisdeskshowsheiscomfortable.However,forLatinAmericansorAsians,suchbehaviorisrudeandarrogant.第35页/共54页Posturebrisk,erectwalk—confidence第36页/共54页Posturestandingwithhandsonhip—aggression第37页/共54页Posturesittingwithlegscrossed,footkickingslightly—boredom第38页/共54页Posturesitting,legsapart—open,relaxed第39页/共54页Posturearmscrossedonchest—defensiveness第40页/共54页Posturebitingnails—insecurity,nervousness第41页/共54页VsignPalm-outVsign:victory,peaceorfriend,twoandbunnyears.Palm-inVsign:insultinginUK,Ireland,SouthAfrica,Australia,andNewZealand.第42页/共54页AnOKgestureInAmerica,whenthingsgotdoneorapersongetsready,onemakesthisgesture.Italsomeanspermission,andeverythinggoesonwell.AmongArabsthisgestureisusuallyaccompaniedbyabaringofteeth,andtogethertheysignifyextremehostility.ThissamegestureisconsideredobsceneinsomeLatinAmericancountriesandGermany.InFrance,itmeanszero.InTurkey,itmeans“I’llkillyou.”InJapanandKorea,itmeans“money”.第43页/共54页PointingtoobjectsandpeopleIntheU.S.,peoplepointtoobjectsandevenpeoplewiththeindexfinger.GermanspointwiththelittlefingerJapanesepointwiththeentirehand,palmsup.InmuchofAsia,pointingwiththeindexfingerisconsideredrude.第44页/共54页Thumbsup/downIran,Afghanistan,Nigeria,IraqGreeceandsouthernSardiniatakeitasobsceneasthemiddlefinger.InAmerica,hitchhikersuseittosolicitridesfromoncomingvehicles.InJapan,itmeans“father”,“husband”ora“male”.Athumbsdownmeansrefusal“no”.第45页/共54页FacialExpressionsInmanyMediterraneancultures,peopleexaggeratesignsofgrieforsadness.IntheUnitedStates,malesoftensuppresstheseemotions.Japanesemenevengosofarastohideexpressionsofanger,sorrowordisappointmentbylaughingorsmiling.第46页/共54页FacialExpressionsInAmerica,asmilecanbeasignofhappinessorfriendlyaffirmation.InJapan,asmilealsocanmaskanemotionorbeusedtoavoidansweringaquestion.InKorea,toomuchsmilingisoftenperceivedasthesignofashallowperson.Thaissmilemuchofthetime.第47页/共54页Case5WhenanAmericanwasparkinghisbicycle,thebicycleaccidentallyfellover,hefeltembarrassedathisawkwardness,andwasquiteangeredandhumiliatedbythelaughoftheChineseonlookers.第48页/共54页EyeContactPeopleinWesternsocietiesexpectthepersonwithwhomtheyareinteractingto“lookthemintheeye”.Directeyecontactisnotacustomthroughouttheworld.InJapan,prolongedeyecontactisconsideredrude,threateninganddisrespectful.Arabs,ontheotherhand,lookdirectlyintotheeyesoftheircommunicationpartners,anddosoforlongperiods.第49页/共54页Case6LindawasayoungPuercoRicangirlstudyinginaNewYorkCityhighschool.Shewasoncesuspectedofsmokingwithagroupoftroublemakersandwaspunishedwiththembytheprincipal.Shewasthoughtsobecausewhenshewasinterviewedbytheprincipal,sheavoidedmeetinghiseyeandonlystareddownatthefloor,hencebeingregardedasslyanddishonest.Hermotherinsistedthatshewasagoodgirlwhiletheprincipalfirmlybelievedthatshewasnot.ThisledtoademonstrationofPuercoRicanparentsattheschoolthenextmorning.第50页/共54页Case6ItwaswhenJohnFlores,aSpanishliteratureteacherattheschool,explainedsomebasicfactsofPuercoRicanculturetotheprincipalthatherealizedthathemighthavemisunderstoodthegirl.AndlaterhefoundthatLindawasindeedagentleandsweetgirl.第51页/共54页SmellFilipinoloverstradesmallpiecesofclothingonparting.Americanstendtobeuncomfortablewithnaturalsmells.MostArabsperceiveaperson’ssmellasanextensionoftheperson.第52页/共54页ParalanguageVoicemodulationcarriesverystrongemotionalovertones.Tempoinspeechalsoillustratesculturalvariations.Volumevarieswithsituationsandacrosscultures.Silenceisinterpretedaspassivity,ignorance,apathyorhesitationintheAmericanculture,whereasitisviewedasnecessaryanddesirableinJapan.It’snotwhathesaidbutthewayhesaidit.Yes好对第53页/共54页