Internationaltradeisonlytheexchangeofgoodsbetweennations. Countriestradewitheachotherpartlybecauseofcostadvantages. Trademeanscountriescanprovideawidervarietyofproductsfortheirconsumers. Internationaltradecangreatlyexpandthemarket,whichenablesthesupplierstotakeadvantageofeconomiesofscale. Exchangeratefluctuationsmaycreatemanyproblemsforinternationaltrade. Stillinsomecases,politicalreasonscanoutweigheconomicconsiderationsbetweencountries. Whenweprovideshippinginsuranceserviceforforeigners,itcanbeseenasanexampleofinvisibletrade. Tradesurplusmeansthatacountry’simportsexceeditsexports. Tariffandquotasaretheexamplesoftradebarriers. Adutyleviedonaspecificshipmentcanbeanimport,aprotectiveandacompounddutyatthesametime.( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )FTTTTTTFTT Atermfordefiningoneparticulargradeofqualityinonecountrymayhavequiteadifferentmeaninginanothercountry. Inthecaseofsalebybuyer’ssampleorsalebyseller’ssample,thequalityofthecommoditiesshouldbestrictlythesameaswhatofthesample.Otherwise,itshouldbestipulatedinthecontractclearly. Thegradesofthesameproductarealwaysthesameindifferentcountries. Ininternationaltrade,onlytheMetricSystemisallowedtoindicatethequantityofgoods. Differentwaysofmeasurementsuchasbyweight,bylength,byarea,byvolumeandbycapacitymaybeusedfordifferentproducts.( )( )( )( )( )TTFFT Inreality,thequantityofgoodsshippedmustbeexactlythesamewiththatstipulatedinthecontract. Packingshouldbedesignedaccordingtotheneedofthecargo. Generallyspeaking,morepackingisrequiredforcontainerizedconsignments. Markingofgoodscanfacilitateloading,unloading,transit,storage,inspectionandhelpavoidwrongshipment. Nos.1-150intheshippingmarkmeansthatthereare150packagesofgoodsandthispackageisthefirstone.( )( )( )( )( )FTFTT Aunitpriceconsistsoffourparts:currencyunit,unitpricefigure,measuringunitandpriceterms. Bothmoneyofaccountandmoneyofpaymentmustbestipulatedinthecontractclearly. Thefluctuationsofexchangeratesmayinfluencetheinterestsoftraders. Generally,thepriceofaforeignexchangeisexpressedinanothercurrency. Generallyspeaking,theexporterlikestousehardcurrencyaspaymentcurrency.( )( )( )( )( )TFTTT AllinternationalbusinesstransactionsaredoneunderIncoterms2010. Tradetermscanbecalledpricetermsbecausetheystandforthepricecomponent. EXWinIncoterms2010isthetradetermunderwhichtheobligationsandcostsbornebyandrisksofthesellerareminimum. UnderFCAinIncoterms2010,theriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsistransferredfromthesellertothebuyeratthetimethebuyeracceptsthegoods. Generallyspeaking,underFOBinIncoterms2010,itistheseller’sresponsibilitytoapplyfortheexportlicenseandpaytheexportduty.( )( )( )( )( )FTTFT UnderFOBSanFrancisco,SanFranciscoistheportofdestination. DATandDAPrequirethesellertoclearthegoodsforexport. Thebuyerhasmoreresponsibilities,costsandriskswhenusingFOBthanusingCIF. UnderCPTTokyo,Tokyoistheplaceofdelivery. TheDDPshouldnotbeusedifthesellerisunabletoobtainimportlicensedirectlyorindirectly.( )( )( )( )( )FFTTT Seatransportisthemostimportantmodeoftransportininternationaltradenow. Thefreightoflinersisrelativelyfixed,whilethefreightoftrampsismainlydeterminedbythemarket. Multimodaltransportmeansthegoodsarecarriedbyatleasttwomodesoftransportunderatleasttwomultimodaltransportoperators. Timeofshipmentinacontractcanonlybeafixedperiodoftime. Ifoptionalplacesofdestinationarestipulatedinthecontract,theextrafreightduetoselectingplaceofdestinationmustbepaidbytheimporter.( )( )( )( )( )TTFFF Partialshipmentmeansthatthegoodsunderonecontractareshippedindifferenttermsorbydifferentlots. Incaseitwasstipulatedinthecontractthat“shipmentismadeduringJulyandAugust”,onelotofthegoodsmustbeshippedinJulywhileanotherinAugust. Ifthereisnodirectsailtothedestination,atransshipmentclauseshallbestipulatedinthecontract. Transshipmentmayincreasethecostofshipmentandthepossibilityofdelayindelivery. ThenoticeofshipmentunderCFRisveryimportant,becausethebuyerwilltakeoutinsuranceuponreceiptofthenotice.( )( )( )( )( )TTFTT Cargotransportinsuranceistoprotecttheinterestsoftradersfromanypossiblefinanciallosses. Goodsmaymeettwotypesofrisksduringtransitinoceantransport:perilsoftheseaandextraneousrisks. Whenthecostofsalvagingtheconsignmentwouldexceedthevalueoftheconsignmentinsoundcondition,andtheconsignmentisreasonablyabandoned,weconsideritasconstructivetotalloss. Sueandlaborexpensesarisefrommeasuresproperlytakenbytheinsuredandhisagentforminimizingoravoidinglossescausedbytheriskscoveredintheinsurancepolicy. FPAcoverscontributiontogeneralaverageandsalvagecharges.( )( )( )( )( )FTTTT WPAisawidercoverthanFPA. Ininternationaltrade,ifAllRiskswascovered,anylosscausedbyanyreasononthewaycanbecompensatedbyinsurancecompany. Theadditionalcoveragecanbetakenoutseparately. Itisthebestwaytochoosealargeinsurancecoverage. Whenanumberofconsignmentsofsimilarexportgoodsareintendedtobecovered,openpolicyisabettermethod.( )( )( )( )( )TFFFT Therearethreepartiesinvolvedinadraft,whiletwopartiesinapromissorynote. Thepayeeandthedrawerofadraftusedininternationaltrademustbethesameperson,thatis,exporter. Acheckcanbeseenasaspecialdraft. Remittanceinvolvesfourpartiestogether. AnL/Cisaconditionalbankundertakingofpayment,andreferstobanker’scredit.( )( )( )( )( )TFTTT AnL/CisirrevocableifitdoesnotstipulatewhetheritisirrevocableorrevocableaccordingtoUCP600. TheexporterprefersaconfirmedL/CtoanunconfirmedL/C. UnderD/A,itisthebankinexporter’scountrywhomakesacceptancetothedraftanddeliversdocumentstotheimporter. InthecaseofD/P,documentswillnotbereleasedtotheimporteruntilpaymentismade. Astotheexporter,theriskofD/A60daysaftersightisgreaterthanD/P60daysaftersight.( )( )( )( )( )FTFTT Theagencytoinspectthecommoditiesininternationaltrademustbedecidedbytheexporterandtheimporter. WhenDDPisused,thecommodityisgenerallyinspectedintheexportingcountry. Allexportcommoditiesshouldbeinspectedbyauthorizedcommodityinspectionbureaus. Tomakeinspectionaftershipmentmeansthattheinspectioncarriedoutattheport/placeofdestinationorattheimporter’spremisesinimportingcountrywillbefinal. Foronecontract,thesamemethodofinspectionshouldbeusedforinspectionandreinspectiontoavoiddisputes.( )( )( )( )( )FFFTT Oncethepaymentofpenaltyismade,thecontractisnolongertobeperformed. Penaltyandcompensationforthelossesinsalescontractarethesamething. Thesellershouldbeliableforthelossescausedbyforcemajeure. Arbitrationisthebestwaytosolveproblemsininternationaltrade. Thearbitralawardoncemadeisthefinaldecisionandhastheforceoflaw.( )( )( )( )( )FFFFT Generallyspeaking,itisnecessaryfortheimportertoclearlyspecifyaperiodofvaliditywhenapplyingfortheopeningofL/C. Theissuingbankshouldbelocatedintheimporter’scountry,whiletheadvisingbankshouldbelocatedinexporter’scountry. TheimporterwillinformtheexportertheopeningofL/CandpasstheL/Ctohim. TheL/Cshouldarriveattheexporterseveraldaysbeforethetimeofshipment. ItisonlytheexporterthatshouldexaminetheL/C.( )( )( )( )( )TTFTF AllthediscrepanciesinanL/Cshouldbeamended. TheL/Ccanbeamendeddirectlybyapplicantandtransferredtothebeneficiary. Iftheexporterdoesnotreturntheunacceptableamendmentnotificationtoadvisingbankwithin3saysafterhereceivesit,itwillbethoughtthathehasagreedtotheamendment. WhentherearemorethantwochangesinL/Camendment,thebeneficiarycanonlyacceptallorrefuseall. Theamendmentsshouldbeannouncedonebyoneforseveraltimes.( )( )( )( )( )FFTTF Commissionreferstoservicefees,whilediscountisacertainpercentofpricereduction. Commissionanddiscountmustbestipulatedinthepriceclauseinacontract. Accordingtowhetherthepriceincludescommissionornot,thepricecanbedividedintonetpriceandcommission-includedprice. Discountisusuallyusedasameansofpromotingandexpandingsales. “USD200.00perM/TCIFC2%London”meansthatthesellerwillreceive200.00USdollarsforpermetricton.( )( )( )( )( )TFTTF1.Thesamplemadebytheselleraccordingtothebuyer’s,andthensenttoandconfirmedbythebuyeriscalled___________.a.duplicatesample b.returningsamplec.originalsample d.countersample2.___________areusuallysoldbytrademarkorbrandname?a.Manufacturedgoodswithsteadyquality b.Rawmaterialsc.Machineandinstrument d.Goodswithspecialshape3.Themethodscommonlyusedtoexpressthequalityincludethefollowingsexceptfor___________.a.salebysample b.salebymaterialsc.salebydescription d.salebytrademarkorbrandname4.Ininternationaltrade,thegoodsthataredemandedonspecialshapeorthecharacteristicsofcolorandtasteshouldbesold___________.a.bysample b.byspecificationc.bygrade d.bynameoforigin5.QualitystandardofFAQisusuallyusedinthetradeof___________.a.agriculturalproducts b.woodc.aquaticproducts d.manufacturedgoods6.Ifthereisaqualitytoleranceclauseinacontract,withintherangeofthetolerance,thebuyer___________.a.mustacceptthegoods b.canrefusethegoodsc.candemandthepricetobeadjusted d.borc7.Qualitylatitudecanbestipulatedinthecontractinthefollowingwaysexceptfor______.a.tostipulateacertainscope b.tostipulatemoreorlessclausec.tostipulate“max”or“min” d.tostipulateatolerance8.Acompanyexports50tonsofwheat,buttheexporterdeliverstheextra2tons.IfthereisnootherregulationonquantityintheL/C,thentheimportershould___________.a.accept52tons b.refusetotake52tonsc.acceptextra1ton d.refusetoacceptextra2tons9.Themoreorlessclauseisnormallyusedfor___________.a.bulkgoods b.packedunitsc.individualitems d.containerizedgoods10.Thefollowingsarethetypicalexamplesofindicativemarksexceptfor___________.a.Handlewithcare b.Inflammablec.Keepupright d.Keepindryplace1.Thetradetermsdefinetheresponsibilitiesandexpensesof___________.a.boththesellerandthebuyer b.boththeconsigneeandtheconsignorc.boththeshipperandcarrier d.boththesellerandtheoperator2.___________meansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodsareplacedatthedisposalofthebuyeronthearrivingmeansoftransportreadyforunloadingatthenamedplaceofdestination.a.CPT b.DDPc.DAT d.DAP3.Under___________,theriskoflossofordamagetothegoodspasseswhenthegoodsarealongsidetheship,andthebuyerbearsallcostsfromthatmomentonwards.a.DAT b.FASc.FOB d.CIF4.___________meansthatthesellerdeliversthegoodsonboardthevesselorprocuresthegoodsalreadysodelivered,andhemustcontractfortransportandinsurance.a.FAS b.FOBc.CFR d.CIF5.Insuchcircumstanceswheregoodsarehandedovertothecarrierbeforetheyareonboardthevessel,forexamplegoodsincontainers,whicharetypicallydeliveredataterminal,___________shouldbeused.a.FCA b.FOBc.CPT d.DAT6.Thebuyershouldnotethatunder___________thesellerisrequiredtoobtaininsuranceonlyonminimumcover.a.EXW b.FOBc.CIP d.DDP7.___________maybeusedforanymodeormodesoftransport.a.FCACPTDAP b.FCAFOBEXWc.FCAFASCIF d.FCACFRDAT8.___________canonlybeusedforwaterwaytransport.a.CIFCIPDAT b.CFRCPTDAPc.CPTCIFFOB d.CIFCFRFOB9.Under___________,thesellerfulfilsitsobligationtodeliverwhenithandsthegoodsovertothecarrierandnotwhenthegoodsreachtheplaceofdestination.a.CFRCIFDAT b.FCAFASFOBc.CPTCIPFCA d.DATDAPDDP10.___________requiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexportandimport,whereapplicable.a.EXW b.DDPc.DAP d.CPT1.Thecharacteristicsoflinertransportarethat___________.a.theline,theport,thetimeandthefreightratearefixedb.itsfreightisdeterminedbythemarketc.thevarietyandquantityofgoodsshippedaremoreflexibled.theobligationsandrightsofboththesellerandthebuyerarestipulatedintheB/L2.___________transportisamajormodeoftransportintermsofcapacity,onlysecondtoseatransport.a.Road b.Airc.Container d.Rail3.___________transporthasahighdistributiveabilityofofferingadoor-to-doorservice.a.Air b.Roadc.Sea d.Inlandwaterway4.Incontainertransportsituation,theshippingcompanycansupply“doortodoor”serviceundertheconditionof___________.a.FCL/FCL b.FCL/LCLc.LCL/FCL d.LCL/LCL5.Theoperatorwhosignsthemultimodaltransportdocuments___________.a.isonlyresponsibleforthefirststageofthetransportationb.mustberesponsibleforthewholetransportationc.isnotresponsiblefortransportationd.isonlyresponsibleforthelaststageofthetransportation6.Whichstipulationofthedateofshipmentisoftenusedinacontract?___________a.onespecificday b.withinseveraldaysafterthesellerreceivestheL/Cc.promptshipment d.shipmentassoonaspossible7.Whichofthefollowingisrightaboutthestipulationoftheplaceofdestinationclausesintheinternationaltradecontract?___________a.Tostipulatetheplaceofdestinationroughly.b.Onlyoneplaceofdestinationcanbestipulatedinthecontract.c.Tostipulatetwoplacesofdestination.d.Morethanoneplaceofdestinationcanbecontractedincaseitisdifficulttodecideit.8.Thesellerusuallysendsthe___________tothebuyerimmediatelyafterthegoodsareloadedonboardtheship,advisinghimoftheshipment.a.shippingadvice b.shippinginstructionsc.shippingdate d.shippingport9.Partialshipmentmaybenecessarywhen___________.a.directlinersarenotavailable b.theamountofthecargoisverysmallc.theshippingdateisveryclose d.theexportcoversalargeamountofgoods10.Transshipmentmaybenecessarywhen___________.a.directlinersarenotavailable b.theamountofthecargoisverysmallc.theshippingdateisveryclose d.theexportcoversalargeamountofgoods1.___________isthepracticeofsharingamongmanypersonsrisksthatwouldotherwisebesufferedbyonlyafew.a.Trade b.Transportationc.Insurance d.Description2.Thelossesdonetothegoodsinmarinetransportationcanbeclassifiedintotwotypes,namely___________.a.actualtotallossandconstructivetotalloss b.generalaverageandparticularaveragec.basiclossandadditionalloss d.totallossandpartialloss3.Inthemarinecargoinsurancepractice,generalaverageis___________. a.akindofpartialloss b.akindoftotallossc.partiallossortotallossdecidedbythetime d.constructivetotalloss4.Theexportricecannotbeusedforitsoriginalfunctionbecauseofitshavingbeensoakedbytheseawaterforalongtimeowingtotheaccident.Asaresult,thegoodshavetobesoldatalowerpriceatthedestination.Thelosshereinisa/an___________.a.particularaverage b.generalaveragec.actualtotalLoss d.constructivetotalloss5.WPAwascoveredforexportgoods,andpartoftheinsuredgoodsweredamagedbecauseoftsunamiontheway,thentheinsurancecompanyshould___________.a.compensateforthewholelot b.compensateforthepartdamagedc.compensatefornone d.compensateforalltheexportinggoods6.Exportclothesaresoakedheavilybecauseoftheship’shittingthesubmergedreefinthesea,ifthecostdealtwiththedamageandsentthegoodstothedestinationismorethanthevalueinsured,andthegoodswereabandoned,thenthelosscanberegardedas______.a.generalaverage b.actualtotallossc.constructivetotalloss d.particularaverage7.ThedealwasconcludedonaCIFbasisandthegoodswerecoveredagainstWPA.Ithappensthatthegoodshavebeenburntbecauseofthefireafterbeingloaded,then___.a.thelossisduetothesellerb.theselleraskstheinsurancecompanyforcompensationc.thebuyeraskstheinsurancecompanyforcompensationd.thelossisduetothepartywhopaysthefreight8.ParticularadditionalcoverageasperCIC___________.a.canbecoveredaloneb.can’tbecoveredalonec.canbecoveredalonewhenmorethantwoofthemarecoveredd.canbecoveredalonewhenonlyoneoftheinsuredappliesforinsurance9.UnderCIC,generaladditionalrisksincludethefollowingexceptfor___________.a.RiskofShortage b.TPNDc.FailuretoDelivery d.RiskofOdor10.BasiccoverageofmarinecargoinsuranceunderCICincludesthefollowingexceptfor___________.a.FPA b.WarRiskc.WPA d.AllRisks1.Thereisadraftwhosedraweranddraweearebothbankers.Whichoneisitinthefollowings?a.Commercialdraft. b.Banker’sdraft.c.Cleandraft. d.Documentarydraft.2.Therearethreepartiestoadraft.Whichoneisnotincluded?a.Drawer. b.Drawee.c.Payee. d.Bank.3.ACheckisakindof___________drawnonabanker.a.sightdraft b.timedraftc.sightpromissorynote d.timepromissorynote4.Whichoneofthefollowingisnotthemeansofremittance?a.L/G. b.M/T.c.T/T. d.D/D.5.Whichmeansofinternationalpaymentisakindofbanker’scredit?a.Remittance. b.Collection.c.L/C. d.D/D.6.WhichL/Cmeansdoubleguaranteeforthebeneficiary?a.RevocableL/C. b.DocumentaryL/C.c.ConfirmedL/C. d.TransferableL/C.7.AstoconfirmedL/C,thepaymentresponsibilityofconfirmingbankis___________.a.primary b.secondaryc.third d.fourth8.Themostimportantdocumentindocumentarycollectionis___________.a.commercialinvoice b.certificateoforiginc.billofexchange d.certificateofinspection9.Astotheexporter,theriskofD/P,D/AandL/Ccanbearranged(fromgreattosmall)asfollowings:___________.a.D/A,D/P,L/C b.L/C,D/P,D/Ac.D/P,D/A,L/C d.D/A,L/C,D/P10.Inthefollowingtermsofsettlement,whichisthemostriskyonefortheexporter?a.T/Tinadvance. b.D/A.c.D/Patsight. d.D/Paftersight.4.Ininternationalcommoditysales,thecommonlyusedwaytostipulateforcemajeureclauseis___________.a.inageneralway b.withoutstipulationc.inawaytolistthescope d.inacomprehensiveway4.Ininternationalcommoditysales,thecommonlyusedwaytostipulateforcemajeureclauseis___________.a.inageneralway b.withoutstipulationc.inawaytolistthescope d.inacomprehensiveway5.Thenecessaryconditionofsettlingdisputesthrougharbitrationisthat___________.a.thesellerandbuyerhaveanarbitrationagreementoranarbitrationclauseinthecontractb.thesellerandbuyerhavecontractc.thecasecan’tbesettledthroughconciliationd.onepartycomestonothingthroughlitigation5.Thenecessaryconditionofsettlingdisputesthrougharbitrationisthat___________.a.thesellerandbuyerhaveanarbitrationagreementoranarbitrationclauseinthecontractb.thesellerandbuyerhavecontractc.thecasecan’tbesettledthroughconciliationd.onepartycomestonothingthroughlitigation6.Thefollowingdescriptionsofarbitrationawardarecorrectexceptfor___________.a.theawardisfinal.b.thesellerorbuyercansueinalawcourtabouttheaward.c.iftheawardisnotexecutedbyoneparty,theothermayaskthecompetentcourttoenforceit.d.theawardisbindinguponbothparties.7.IfthesalescontractbetweenaChinesecompanyandaJapanesecompanystipulatesthatthearbitrationshallbeconductedindefendant’scountry.WherewillthearbitrationbeheardiftheJapanesecompanyistheclaimant?___________a.Beijing. b.London.c.Tokyo. d.NewYork.8.Generallyspeaking,anarbitrationclauseshouldspecifythefollowingpointsexceptfor___________.a.anarbitrationagency b.alocationforarbitrationc.thenumberofarbitrators d.anarbitralaward9.Thenumberofarbitratorsinanarbitrationtribunalcanbethefollowingsexceptfor____.a.1 b.3c.4 d.510.Ininternationaltrade,thebestmethodofsettlingdisputesis___________.a.negotiation b.lawsuitc.arbitration d.litigation1.Inspectioncertificatesareusedtoshowwhetherthegoodsareinconformitywiththetermsofcontract.检验证
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条款。2.Tomakeinspectionaftershipmentmeansthatthegoodsaretobeinspectedbytheinspectionagencyspecifiedinthecontractattheport/placeofdestinationorattheimporter’spremisesinimportingcountry.Theinspectioncertificateissuedthereunderisthefinalbasisofthegoodsdeliveredandtheimportercouldclaimagainsttheexportersupportedbyit.装运后检验是指由合同规定的检验机构在进口国目的港/目的地对货物进行检验，由此签发的检验证书作为交货的最后依据，买方可以以此为依据向卖方提出索赔。1.Totalcostofexportingincludes___________.a.productioncost c.productioncostandallchargebeforeexportingb.salesprice d.productioncost,allchargeandtaxesbeforeexporting2.Whichoneisthebestexpressionofunitpriceininternationaltrade?___________a.CIFLONDONUS$1010/MT b.USD1,010.00/MTc.CIFLONDONUSD1,010.00/MT d.CIFLONDON$1,010.003.Thesellerreducesthepricebyacertainpercentageoftheoriginalpriceforthebuyer,that’stosay,thesellerdoesproperfavorinpriceforthebuyer.Thefavoriscalled____.a.commission b.discountc.advancepayment d.deposit4.Whilechoosingthemoneyforthepaymentininternationaltrade,oneshould_____.a.choosehardmoneyb.choosesoftmoneyc.choosesoftmoneyforexportandhardmoneyforimportd.choosehardmoneyforexportandsoftmoneywhenimport5.Ininternationaltrade,themethodofcalculatingplaincommissionis___________.a.netpricemultipliedbycommissionrateb.commission-includedpricemultipliedbycommissionratec.netpricedividedby（oneminuscommissionrate）d.commission-includedpricedividedby（oneminuscommissionrate）6.Ininternationaltrade,thecommissionisusuallycollectedby___________.a.theexporter b.theimporterc.theinsurancecompany d.theintermediary7.Whichoneisthepriceincludingcommission?___________a.FOBS b.FOBTc.FOBST d.FOBC8.Whichoneofthefollowingquotationisimproper?___________a.FOBQINGDAOUSD10.00/PC b.CIFLIVERPOOLGBP125.00/MTc.
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