英语国家概况课件(修订版)_Chapter 1

AGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries英语国家概况TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandChapterOneGeography,PeopleandLanguageContentsGeographyIPeopleIITheEnglishLanguageIIIIGeography1.GeographicalFeatures2.Climate3.MajorCitiesMapoftheUKReadthemaptofind:AtlanticOceanNorthSeaIrishSeaTheEnglishChannelTheRepublicofIrelandGeographyTheofficialtitleoftheUKtheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandTheUKismadeupof:GreatBritain(England,ScotlandandWales)NorthernIrelandLocationandterritoryLocationoftheUK:Themainlandareasliebetweenlatitudes49°Nand61°Nandlongitudes8°Wto2°ETotalterritory:about243,000squarekilometersInterestingFact:NooneintheUKlivesmorethan120km(75miles)fromthesea.TopographyNorthernIreland:It’smostlyhilly.Wales:It’smostlymountainous.SouthWalesislessmountainousthanNorthandMid-Wales.Scotland:Itsgeographyisvaried,withlowlandsinthesouthandeastandhighlandsinthenorthandwest.England:Itconsistsoflowlandterrain,withsomemountainousterraininthenorthwest,northandsouthwest.BenNevisinScotland—thehighestpointinUKRiversandLakesThelongestriver:SevernRiver(about980kmkilometerslong)Thesecondlongestriver:Thames(330kmkilometerslong)ThelargestLakeintheBritishIsles:LoughNeaghThamesTheRiverThames(泰晤士河)thelongestriverinEnglandandthesecondlongestintheUnitedKingdom(332kilometerslong)ahistoricallandmarkinthecityofLondon.AboatridealongtheThamesisalsosomethingthateveryvisitorshouldexperience.Severalboatracesandactivitiestakeplacealongorattherivereachyear.LakeDistrictLakepoets"IWanderedLonelyasaCloud"—WilliamWordsworth IwanderedlonelyasacloudThatfloatsonhigho'ervalesandhills,WhenallatonceIsawacrowd,Ahost,ofgoldendaffodils;Besidethelake,beneaththetrees,Flutteringanddancinginthebreeze.ContinuousasthestarsthatshineAndtwinkleonthemilkyway,Theystretchedinnever-endinglineAlongthemarginofabay:TenthousandsawIataglance,Tossingtheirheadsinsprightlydance.LakepoetsThewavesbesidethemdanced;buttheyOut-didthesparklingwavesinglee:Apoetcouldnotbutbegay,Insuchajocundcompany:Igazed—andgazed—butlittlethoughtWhatwealththeshowtomehadbrought:Foroft,whenonmycouchIlieInvacantorinpensivemood,TheyflashuponthatinwardeyeWhichistheblissofsolitude;Andthenmyheartwithpleasurefills,Anddanceswiththedaffodils.KiltsKnee-lengthskirtlikegarmentthatiswornbymenasamajorelementofthetraditionalnationalgarbofScotland.HighlanddressisalsotheuniformofScottishregimentsintheBritisharmy,andkiltshavebeenworninbattleasrecentlyasWorldWarII.InBraveheart,WilliamWallace,aScottishfreedomfighter,wearshiskilthighonthethighwhileriding.2.ClimateMaincharacteristics:Temperate,withwarmsummers,coolwintersandplentifulprecipitationthroughouttheyearThreemajorfeatures:WinterfogRainydaysInstability/Changeability3.MajorCities—LondonTheRiverThamesthecapitalofEnglandandtheUnitedKingdomthepolitical,industrial,culturalandfinancialcenterofthecountryoneoftheworld'sleadingbankingandfinancialcentersLandmarks&SymbolsofLondonThePalaceofWestminsterLandmarks&SymbolsofLondonWestminsterAbbeyBigBenLandmarks&SymbolsofLondonGuildhallLandmarks&SymbolsofLondonHydeParkTowerofLondonLandmarks&SymbolsofLondonTowerBridgeBuckinghamPalaceLandmarks&SymbolsofLondonLondonEyeMajorCities—EdinburghCapitalofScotlandadministrative,financial,legal,medicalandinsurancecenterofScotlandbeautifulsceneryrenownedarchitectureUniversityofEdinburgh（爱丁堡大学）oneofthemostnotedofScotland'suniversities.Itwasfoundedin1583as“theTown'sCollege”.Alumni:CharlesDarwin,SirWalterScott,thenovelistRobertLouisStevenson,andtheinventorAlexanderGrahamBell.Landmarks&SymbolsofEdinburghEdinburghCastlePalaceofHolyroodMajorCities—CardiffthecapitalcityofWalesfor58yearsEurope’syoungestcapitalcityhometoanenormousamountofurbanregenerationandrestorationoneofthemostfashionablecitiesintheUnitedKingdomLandmarks&SymbolsofCardiffCardiffCityHallLandmarks&SymbolsofCardiffMillenniumStadiumCardiffCastleMajorCities—BelfastCityHallthelargestcityandthecapitalofNorthernIrelandanimportanthistoriccityOncethehomeoftheIrishlinenindustry,tobaccoproduction,ropemakingandtheworldfamousHarlandandWolffshipbuilders.Landmarks&SymbolsofBelfastBelfastCastleIIPeopleOverallpopulation:about63million(2012)Distribution:England:about53millionScotland:around5.2millionWales:around3.1millionNorthernIreland:around1.8millionEthnicityThemajorityofthepopulationisdescendentsoftheAnglo-Saxons.MostpeopleinWalesandScotlandaredescendentsoftheCelticpeople.TheIrishpeoplearealsoofCelticorigin.Immigrants:Italians,Greeks,Australians,NewZealanders,etc.PercentageoftotalUKPopulationEthnicGroupsPercentageofTotalWhite:British80.5White:Other5.4White/BlackCaribbean0.8White/BlackAfrican0.3White/Asian0.6OtherMixed0.5Indian2.5Pakistani2.0Bangladeshi0.8Chinese0.7OtherAsian1.5African1.8Caribbean1.1OtherBlack0.5Anyotherethnicgroup/Arab1.0IIITheEnglishLanguage1.OldEnglish2.MiddleEnglish3.ModernEnglish4.StandardEnglish1.OldEnglish(5th~11th)LanguageofAngle-SaxonsInfluencedbyOldNorseLatinandGreekwordsFrench-speakingNormansBeowulfThemostfamousworkfromtheOldEnglishperiodistheepicpoemBeowulf.Hwæt!WeGar-Denaingeardagum,þeodcyninga,þrymgefrunon,huðaæþelingasellenfremedon.OftScyldScefingsceaþenaþreatum2.MiddleEnglish(11th~15th)StatusFrenchreplacedEnglishastheofficiallanguage,andEnglishbecamethelanguageoflowerclasspig—porksheep—muttoncattle—beefDevelopmentEnglishincreasedinimportanceaftertheBlackDeath.TheCanterburyTalesGeoferyChaucer(c.1342-1400)WhanthatAprill,withhisshouressooteThedroghteofMarchhathpercedtotherooteAndbathedeveryveyneinswichlicour,Ofwhichvertuengendredistheflour;TheCanterburyTales3.ModernEnglish(15th~)Theprintingpress—broughtstandardizationtoEnglishSamuelJohnson’sdictionary—establishedastandardformofspellingRenaissance—assimilatedforeignwordsTheIndustrialRevolution—necessitatedtheintroductionofnewwordsfornewthingsandideasTheriseoftheBritishEmpireandthegrowthofglobaltrade—ledtotheassimilationofwordsfrommanyotherlanguagesOthelloWilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)La:Thointhetradeofwarre,Ihaueflainemen,YetdoeIholditveryftuftofConfcience.Todoenocontriu’dmurrher;IlackeiniquitySometimestodoeferuice:nineortentimes,Ihadthoughttohaueierk’dhimhere,Vndertheribbes.Oth.:Tisbetterasitis.Whichcanbetranslatedas:La:ThoughinthetradeofwarIhaveslainman,YetdoIholditverystuffo’theconscience.Todonocontrivedmurder:IlackiniquitySometimestodomeservice:nineortemtimesIhadthoughttohaveyerk’dhimhereundertheribs.Othello:‘Tisbetterasitis.Shakespeare4.StandardEnglishbasedonthespeechoftheupperclassofsoutheasternEnglandadoptedasabroadcastingstandardintheBritishmediaalsocalled“theQueen’sEnglish”or“BBCEnglish”basedontheLondondialectbecomingauniversallinguafranca—theworldlanguage