第6讲：科技翻译 - final

Chapter6科技翻译科技语域的类别专用科技文体普通科技文体译文的得体翻译举要比较Foodisdigestedasitpassesalongthelongtubewhichbeginsatthemouthandendsattheanus.Theprocessofdigestionbeginsinthemouthwherethefoodiscrushedbytheteethandmadewetbythejuicesinthemouth.Afteritisswallowed,itpassesdownthegullet,atubehavingmusclesandgoingtothestomach.Foodisdigestedasitpassesalongthealimentarycanal.Theprocessofdigestionbeginsinthemouthwherethefoodischewedandmoistenedbythesaliva.Afterbeingswallowed,itpassesdownthegullet,amusculartubeleadingtothestomach.专用科技文体特征语义客观用词正式结构严密1.语义客观(1)语义结构显性化原文：Thespecimencanbeinsertedbetweenpiecesofsimilarhardness;thesamplecanbeplated;whenusingcastingresins,aslurryofresinandaluminamadeforjustthispurposecanbepouredaroundthespecimen;thespecimencanbesurroundedbyshot,smallrevetmentrings,etc.,aboutthesamehardness.译文：试样可夹在具有同样硬度的工件之间，可镀层。当用充填料时，可将树脂与矾土的浆料注入试样周围，使试样被短小的护壁、环状填料（硬度差不多）等所包围。试比较原文：TomspoketoTom’smother，butTom’smotherdidn’thearTom．译文：汤姆对汤姆的母亲说话，但汤姆的母亲没有听见汤姆的话。 原文：Tomspoketohismother，butshedidn’thearhim．译文：汤姆对他母亲说话，但她没有听见。(2)非人称化Suchasmallexperimentwasdesignedmerelytoestablishwhethertheapproachwassafe.Asoilisfounddeepinthegrounditspresencecannotbedeterminedbyastudyofthesurface.Consequently,ageologicalsurveyoftheundergroundrockstructuremustbecarriedout.Ifitisthoughtthattherocksinacertainareacontainoil,a“drillingrig”isassembled.Themostobviouspartofadrillingrigiscalleda“derrick”.Itisusedtoliftthesectionsofpipe,whichareloweredintotheholemadebythedrill.Astheholeisbeingdrilled,asteelpipeispusheddowntopreventtheinsidesfromfallingin.Ifoilisstruck,acoverisfirmlyfixedtothetopofthepipeandtheoilislowedtotheescapethroughaseriesofvalves.(3)名词化A.Recentdevelopmentsintheutilizationofsalinitypowerbyreverseelectrodialysisandothermethodsarediscussed.B.Salinitypowerisutilizedbyreverseelectrodialysisandothermethods.Therecentdevelopmentsinthisfieldarediscussed. 译文：本文讨论采用逆电流法和别的方法来利用盐动力的最新进展。“这种不带人称、时间、语气特征的抽象而令人费解的文体（“行为抽象名词”）主要用于学术研究。它有利于人们 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 达深刻的哲理，却不适用于人们的日常生活”。这种名词“是表达科学思想的一种工具”。（O.Jesperson）（ThephilosophyofGrammar,1924）2.用词正式专用科技文体多采用专业术语、大词、专用缩略语，辅以数学语言和工程图学语言，多为专家对专家的语言，外行往往不得要领。结构严密原文：Protectionagainstcompletestructuralfailureisachievedinthreedifferentways:first,byproperselectionofmaterial,especiallyinhighloadareas,toprovideaconsistentslowrateofcrackpropagation,andhighresidualstrength;second,byprovidingsuchmultipathstructureontheairplanethatthelossofanyonesegmentwouldnotendangertheairplane;andthird,byprovidingreadilyaccessiblestructurewhichcanbeinspectedandmaintainedproperly. 译文：用三种方法来防止整个结构的损坏：一、适当选用材料，特别是在高载荷区的材料，要具有一致的、迟缓的裂痕扩散速率特性以及高剩余强度；二、采用多路传力结构，使某一局部损坏不危急整个飞机；三、使结构具有易卸性，便于检查与维修。词法特点谓语动词使用一般现在时，表示真理的普遍性，在时态上属于“零时态”；常用被动语态；普遍使用名词词组及名词化结构；宁用单个动词而不用短语动词。句法特点“无生命主语+及物动词+宾语（+宾语补足语）”的句型比较常见；常用it作形式主语或宾语；宁用紧缩性状语从句而不用完整的句子；割裂修饰比较普遍（包括短语或从句被割裂）；句中并列成分（各种并列短语、单词或从句）较多；句子长而复杂，句套句的情况较多。普通科技文体特征：用词平易句法简单多用修辞格1.用词平易用常用词代替专业词例：Scientistshavemademapsshowingthe“earthquakebelts”.地震带通俗词语：earthquakebelt专业术语：seismicregions(2)用动词代替抽象名词例：Weaskthatallemployeescooperate.Weaskforthecooperationofallemployees. 例：Thepropertywasacquiredthroughlongandhardnegotiations.Theacquisitionofthepropertywasaccomplishedthroughlongandhardnegotiations.(3)多用代词例：WhenyouchoosetheShutDowncommandfromtheStartMenu,youseeadialogboxthatasks,“Hey,whatdoyoumean,‘shutdown’”?2.句法简单(1)使用短句OurfieldtripfortheprojectrequiredthatweconductresearchintheDaweiMountain,whereweobservedanumberofspeciesthatwehadnotseenonpreviousfieldtrips.Hareswerecommoninthecampgrounds,alongwithmonkeysthatweresoaggressivethattheywouldcomeouttowardthecampfireforahandoutwhilewewerestilleating.Wesawthepangolinsthatarefairlycommonintheareaandwereintroducedtherebyhunterscenturiesago,aswellasafewwolvesthatwereintroducedfairlyrecentlyinhopesofcheckingtheexpandingpopulationofhares.OurfieldtriprequiredthatwecompleteresearchintheDaweiMountain.Thereweobservedmanyspecieswehadnotseenonprevioustrips.Bothharesandmonkeyswerecommoninthecampgrounds.Whereastheharesweredocile,themonkeyswerequiteaggressive.Theywouldapproachthecampfireforahandoutwhilewewerestilleating.WealsoencounteredDaweishan’sfamouspangolins,introducedcenturiesagobyhunters.Anotherinterestingsightingwasapairofwolves.Theywerebroughttothearearecentlytochecktheexpandingharepopulation.多用主动语态例：InordertocompletethischapterandouroverviewoftheInternet,weneedtospendafewmomentstalkingaboutTCP/IP.Asyouknow,theInternetisbuiltonacollectionofnetworksthatcovertheworld.Thesenetworkscontainmanydifferenttypesofcomputers,andsomehow,somethingmustholdthewholethingtogether.ThatsomethingisTCP/IP.多用修辞格原文：Usingthisinstrumentisliketryingtopickuponegrainofricewithchopsticks:possible,butdifficultfortheuninitiated.译文：使用这一仪器就像要用筷子夹一粒米那样：能用，但对外行来说是困难的。原文：Butwearebrainwashedbyoureconomicsystemuntilweendupinatombbeneathapyramidoftimepayments,mortgages,preposterousgadgetry,playthingsthatdivertourattentionfromthesheeridiocyofthecharade. 译文：但是，经济 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 却说服我们去购买商品，直到我们进入“金字塔之墓”而告终。这个金字塔是由转移我们对赤裸裸的愚蠢行为的注意力的分期付款、抵押贷款、怪诞的小东西以及各种玩物铸成的。译文的得体词的得体词组的得体句子的得体语段的得体词的得体例：配料：面粉、薯粉、玉米淀粉、棕榈油、调味料、白砂糖、鲜虾粉。Ingredients:WheatFlour,PotatoStarch,CornStarch,PalmOil,Seasonings,Sugar,ShrimpPowder.原文：Althoughallpetroleumiscomposedessentiallyofanumberofhydrocarbons,theyarepresentinvaryingproportionsineachdepositandthepropertiesofeachdeposithavetobeevaluated.译文：虽然石油主要由各种碳氢化合物组成，但是这些碳氢化合物以不同的比例存在于各种矿床中，因此必须对各种矿床的特点作出评价。词组的得体例：chainreaction连锁反应nuclearpowerplant核电站fuelrod燃料棒convertwastesintousefulmaterials废物利用withoutlossoftime不失时机inthelongrun归根到底原文：把药品放在远离阳光直射的阴凉干爽的地方。译文1：Medicinesaredisplayedorstoredinacooldryplaceawayfromdirectsunlight.译文2：Medicinesaredisplayedorstoredintheplacewhereiscoolanddry,awayfromthedirectsunshine.句子的得体原文：Vehiclessteeringintheconventionalmannerlackedtherapidresponse,shortrunningradius,andeaseofhandling.译文：传统的专项结构反应迟钝，转弯半径大，操作不便。原文：可以预言，钛材在飞机或各种飞行器上的应用将会与日俱增，并且在其他工业中的应用也会扩大。译文1：Itcanbeprophesiedthattitaniummaterialinaeroplanesorsundryflyingobjectswillbeincreasinglyappliedanditsusewillalsobeincreasedinotherindustries.译文2：Itcanbeprophesiedthattitaniummaterialswillbeusedincreasinglyinaerospaceandinotherindustrialproducts.语段的得体原文：如果没有不断地创造，宇宙就会向静止发展，万物就会凝聚成无数的死星。只用不断地发展，宇宙才有无限的未来，万物的特征得以长存。译文：Withoutcontinuouscreationtheuniversemustevolvetowardsadeadstateinwhichallthematteriscondensedintoavastnumberofdeadstars.Withcontinuouscreation,ontheotherhand,theuniversehasaninfinitefutureinwhichallitspresentfeatureswillbepreserved.原文：最奇异的用途莫过于将金刚石做成拉丝模。那就是钻有许多细孔的金刚石板。当你把金属丝从这些小孔中拉出来以后，就成了细丝。译文：Mostmarvelousofallarethediamonddies,whichareflatdiamondwithanumberofsmallholesdrilledthroughit.Whenmetalispulledthroughthesmallholesinthediamond,itcomesoutasthinwires.原文：对于这种现象，在过去很长时间里，连科学家们都感到惊奇，人们把它称为“魔镜”。今天我们已经可仿制出售，作为旅游纪念品，很受外国游客的欢迎。译文：Foralongtimeinthepast,evenscientistsweresopuzzledatthephenomenonthatiswascalleda“magicmirror”.Today,reproductionsofthismirrorarebeingmadeandsoldassouvenirsandtheyappealverymuchtoforeigntourists.词义的选择英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意思。一词多义就是说同一个词在同一个词类中，又往往有几个不同的词义。根据词类选择词义1Anelectronisanextremelysmallcorpusclewithnegativechargewhichroundsaboutthenucleusofanatom.电子是绕着原子核转动带有负电荷的极其微小的粒子。（动词）2Theearthgoesroundthesun.地球环绕太阳运行。（介词）3Roundsurfacereflectorisakeyunitforthesolarenergydevice.弯曲面反射器是太阳能装置的关键元件。（形容词）4Thetreemeasuresfortyinchesround.这棵树树围40英寸。（副词）5Thisisthewholeroundofknowledge.这就是全部的知识范围。（名词）根据上下文选择词义1Ourworktodayistoworkoutthedesign.我们今天的工作是把 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 做出来。2Tomovesomethingistodowork.移动物体就是作功。3Welikehisworksverymuch.我们非常喜欢他的著作。4Thebuildingofthesegiantironandsteelworkswillgreatlyacceleratethedevelopmentoftheironandsteelindustryofourcountry.这些大型钢铁厂的建立会大大地加速我国钢铁工业的发展。5Theworksofthesewatchesandclocksareallhome-produced.这些钟表里的机件全部都是国产的。试译下列各句，注意根据上下文确定划线词的词义：Whensunlightfallsontheleavesofplants,itistransformedintochemicalenergy.Thereisnophysicalcontactbetweenworkpieceandtool.Theamountofworkisequaltotheproductoftheforcebythedistance.Thethickerthewire,themorefreelyitwillcarrycurrent,andthelessitsresistance.Whenthepressuregetslow,theboilingpointbecomeslow.Key:当阳光照在植物的叶子上时，就变成化学能。工件和刀具不直接接触。功的大小等于力和距离的乘积。导线越粗，就越容易导电，电阻也就越小。气压低，沸点就低。Packagedsoftwareisdevelopedtoservethespecificneedsofoneuser.Noisesmaydevelopinawornengine.Shortsfrequentlydevelopwheninsulationisworn.Sureenough,80percentoftheplantsdevelopedthedisease.Otherisolationmethodsarebeingdeveloped.Indevelopingthedesign,wemustconsiderthefeasibilityofprocessing.Afterthewarmuchofthisknowledgewaspouredintothedevelopingofthecomputers.1Packagedsoftwareisdevelopedtoservethespecificneedsofoneuser.软件包的开发只是为某一用户的特定需要服务。2Noisesmaydevelopinawornengine.磨损了的引擎里可能会产生各种噪声。3Shortsfrequentlydevelopwheninsulationisworn.绝缘被磨损时往往会发生短路。4Sureenough,80percentoftheplantsdevelopedthedisease.果然，80%的庄稼都染上了这种病。5Otherisolationmethodsarebeingdeveloped.目前正在研究其他隔离方法。6Indevelopingthedesign,wemustconsiderthefeasibilityofprocessing.在进行设计时，必须考虑加工的可能性。7Afterthewarmuchofthisknowledgewaspouredintothedevelopingofthecomputers.战后，这项知识大量地应用于研制计算机。翻译练习Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChineseusingthetechniquesmentionedabove.蛋白质由氨基酸构成，而氨基酸可以用来建造和修补人体组织。1)Proteinsaremadeofaminoacids,whichbuildandrepairbodytissues.2)Wearetestinganeurobiologicalmodelofbrainfunctionwiththeseexperiments,whichproposescertainneuralfilingpatternsinthebrain.我们通过这些实验测试大脑的神经生物学模式，这种模式提供了大脑神经处理信息及接受刺激的方式。SectionA第五章：科技英语翻译——翻译练习3)PioneeringstudiesinGermanyreportedthatwhenpeoplewereputtogetheringroupsisolatedfromexternaltimecuesoflight,temperatureandhumidity,theirowncomplexinternaltimekeepingrhythmsbecamedesynchronized;thentheyresynchronizedinunison.根据在德国进行的开拓性研究 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 ，当人们被分成小组，一起置身于光、温度、湿度等外部时间提示因素相隔绝的环境时，他们自身内部复杂的时间节奏无法（与外部时间）同步了；但他们的生物钟随后又恢复了相互间一致的同步节奏。第五章：科技英语翻译——翻译练习4)Behavioralscientistslongattributedsuchdifferencestopersonaleccentricitiesorearlyconditioning.ThisthinkingwaschallengedbyatheorylabeledchronobiologybyphysicianbiologistFranzHalberg.行为科学家们长期以来一直认为这些差异是个人异常习惯或早期训练的结果。但这种想法遭到了内科医生兼生物学家弗朗兹·哈尔伯格称为时间生物学的一种理论的置疑。第五章：科技英语翻译——翻译练习5)WignetandfellowNASAchronobiologistCharlesDeRoshiaalsoofferadvicetodiminishthedebilitatingeffectsofjetlag:aweekorsobeforedeparturebeginadjustingyourdailyactivitiessothattheycoincidewiththetimescheduleofyourdestination.温格特和同在国家航空和宇宙航行局工作的时间生物学家查尔斯·德罗西亚还就如何缓解飞行时差反应所带来的疲劳提出了一些建议：在出发前一周左右开始调整日常活动时间，使之与你到达目的地的时间安排一致。第五章：科技英语翻译——翻译练习InJanuary2002,Dirbytownshipexperiencedseverewatershortagesasaresultofprolongeddroughtperiodsduring2000and2001.TheDirbyShireCouncilhasmadeitapriorityforthissituationtoberemediedsothatthissituationdoesnotoccurinthefuture.TheShireCouncilhadconductedinvestigationsintoprovidingadamfortheregioninthemid-1990sbutplanswerehaltedduetopublicdissatisfactionwiththeoutcomeofthoseinvestigations.Furtherenvironmentalstudiesneededtobeconductedoveralongerperiodtodeterminetheimpactofthedamonneighbouringfarms.SectionBDirections:TranslatethefollowingParagraphintoChinese.第五章：科技英语翻译——翻译练习ThisseriesofinvestigationswerecompletedinDecember2002.Theoutcomesuggestednosignificantnegativeenvironmentaloreconomicimpactswouldbefelt.InJune2004,theShireCouncilproposedthatthefinalstagesofthefeasibilitystudyshouldbeconducted,andconclusionsandrecommendationsfromtheentirestudyshouldbepresentedattheCouncil’sPlanningCommitteemeetingscheduledfor12January2005.ThisfeasibilitystudyreportshouldthusenabletheCounciltomakeafinaldecisionregardingimprovingwatersuppliestotheShire.第五章：科技英语翻译——翻译练习InJanuary2002,Dirbytownshipexperiencedseverewatershortagesasaresultofprolongeddroughtperiodsduring2000and2001.TheDirbyShireCouncilhasmadeitapriorityforthissituationtoberemediedsothatthissituationdoesnotoccurinthefuture.因为2000年和2001年连续的旱灾，2002年1月德比镇遭受了严峻的缺水问题。德比郡议会已经把解决这个问题放在首位，以便今后不再出现这种情况。Sample:第五章：科技英语翻译——翻译练习TheShireCouncilhadconductedinvestigationsintoprovidingadamfortheregioninthemid-1990sbutplanswerehaltedduetopublicdissatisfactionwiththeoutcomeofthoseinvestigations.Furtherenvironmentalstudiesneededtobeconductedoveralongerperiodtodeterminetheimpactofthedamonneighbouringfarms.郡议会早在90年代中期曾就在这一地区筑坝进行过调查，但是由于当时公众对调查结果不满意使计划受阻，需要做进一步的环境调查以确定筑坝对周围农场的长期影响。第五章：科技英语翻译——翻译练习ThisseriesofinvestigationswascompletedinDecember2002.Theoutcomesuggestednosignificantnegativeenvironmentaloreconomicimpactswouldbefelt.这一系列的调查已于2002年12月完成。调查结果显示对环境和经济没有明显的负面影响。第五章：科技英语翻译——翻译练习InJune2004,theShireCouncilproposedthatthefinalstagesofthefeasibilitystudyshouldbeconducted,andconclusionsandrecommendationsfromtheentirestudyshouldbepresentedattheCouncil’sPlanningCommitteemeetingscheduledfor12January2005.2004年6月郡议会提议施行可行性研究的最后阶段，整个研究的结论和建议将在拟定于2005年1月12日举行的议会计划委员会议上提交。第五章：科技英语翻译——翻译练习ThisfeasibilitystudyreportshouldthusenabletheCounciltomakeafinaldecisionregardingimprovingwatersuppliestotheShire.这份可行性研究报告将帮助议会对改善该郡的水供应状况作出最后决定。第五章：科技英语翻译——翻译练习