英美国家概况（英国部分）Unit 1 Geograpgy

TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandUnit1Geography,peopleandnaturalresourcesTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandThinkaboutthesequestionsbeforewestart:1.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenBritainandtheBritishIsles,GreatBritain,England,theUnitedKingdomandtheBritishCommonwealth?2.WhatisthegeographicalpositionofBritain?3.WhatisthedistributionofBritain’spopulation?Warming-upActivitiesContentsTheBritishpeopleNaturalresourcesThegeographyofBritainⅠⅡⅢTheweatherandclimateIVIII1.TheFullNameofUKIntroductionNationalFlagThecommercialcenter:theWestEndThepoliticalcenter:theCityofWebminster(Downingstreet,BuckinghamPalace)Theculturalcenter:LondonUniversity(thebiggest)ThecenterofLaborMovement(Chartism)宪章运动TheindustrialcenterCapitalCity:LondonTheofficiallanguage:EnglishThelongestriverinEngland:RiverSevern塞文河ThemostimportantriverinBritain:ThamesRiver泰晤士河ThelargestlakeinBritain:LoughNeagh: /lɒxneɪ/Lake内伊湖Mostfamousuniversities:OxfordUniversity;CambridgeUniversityOtherFactsTheNameoftheCountryLocationandSizeLandformsRiversandLakesTheCoastClimateNaturalResourcesLesson1Geography:TheLandSeveralnamestodistinguish:BritishIslesUKGreatBritainBritainEngland1.TheNameoftheCountryThe BritishIsles areagroupof islands offthenorthwestcoastof continentalEurope thatincludetheislandsofGreatBritain and Ireland andoversixthousandsmallerislands.Therearetwo sovereignstates locatedontheislands:the UnitedKingdomand theRepublicofIreland.TheBritishIslesalsoincludethree dependenciesoftheUnitedKingdom:the IsleofMan and,bytradition,the BailiwickofJersey andthe BailiwickofGuernsey inthe ChannelIslands,whichhavetheirownparliamentsandlaws.TheBritishIslesTheofficialnameoftheUKisthe"UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland".Thenamereferstotheunionofwhatwereoncefourseparatenations:England,Scotland,WalesandIreland(thoughmostofIrelandisnowindependent.OnlyNorthernIrelandispartoftheUKnow).Thenamefortheunionbetween1800andtheearly1920swasthe"UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland〞,whichchangedtoitspresentformin1927afterthe26IrishFreeStatesachievedtheirindependencein1922.UKGreatBritainhasanareaof229,850km²(88,745sq.mi.)andisthelargestislandoftheBritishIsles.GreatBritain,lyingoffthewesterncoastofEurope,comprisesthemainterritoryoftheUnitedKingdom.GreatBritainistheofficialnamegiventothetwokingdomsofEnglandandScotland,andtheprincipalityofWales.GreatBritainEnglandisthelargestcountryinGreatBritainandtheUK.Itissometimes,wrongly,usedinreferencetothewholeUnitedKingdom,theentireislandofGreatBritain,orindeedtheBritishIsles.ThisisnotonlyincorrectbutcancauseoffencetopeoplefromotherpartsoftheUK.Thename“England〞comesfromAnglo-Saxonconquerors;itmeans“Angla-land〞inOldEnglish,thelandoftheAnglo-Saxons,collectivelyknownasAngleswhomigratedfromthenorthwestoftheEuropeanContinentinthe5thcenturyA.D.EnglandOverviewEnglandScotlandWalesNorthernIrelandLandformsTheislandofGreatBritaincanberoughlydividedintothelowlandareaandthehighlandarea.TheformercomprisesMidland,SouthernandeasternEngland,andthelatterthebroadcentraluplandknownasthePennines,theLakeDistrict,mostofWalesandScotland.ScotlandandWalesarethemostmountainouspartsoftheUK.ThePennines,runsdownthecentreofnorthernEngland.Manycoastalareasarelow-lying,especiallyintheeastandsouthofEngland.TheislandofGreatBritaincanberoughlydividedintothelowlandareaandthehighlandarea.TheformercomprisesMidland,SouthernandeasternEngland,andthelatterthebroadcentraluplandknownasthePennines,theLakeDistrict,mostofWalesandScotland.OverviewEnglandcoversover130,000squarekilometersandisthelargestofthecountriescomprisingtheislandofBritain,coveringnearly60%oftheisland.NoplaceinEnglandismorethan75miles(120km)fromthesea.Theeastandsoutheastaremadeupofrollingdownsandlow-lyingplainsMiddleEnglandisaregionofmountainsformedbythePennines(thebackboneofEngland).CrossFell,893metershigh,isthehighestmountainpeakofthePennines.ThenorthandwestofEnglandarehilly,partlyformedbytheCumbrianMountainRange.ItshighestpeakScafell(977m)isthehighestpointinEngland.EnglandScotlandWalesItcoversanareaofabout20,700km2inthewestofGreatBritain,9%ofthetotallandarea.Itcanbedividedintotheindustrialsouth,thecentralplateauandlakes,andthemountainousnorth.MostofWalesismountainous,mainlyformedbytheCambrianMountainRange.ItshighestpeakSnowdon(1085m)isthesecondhighestmountaininBritain.6%ofWalesiscoveredwithforestandmuchofthecountryispasture,withonly12%oftheareaarable.ThecapitalcityisCardiff.WalesNorthernIrelandIttakesupanareaof14,147km2,thenorthernfifthofIreland.ThecentralpartofNorthernIrelandiscomposedofplainssurroundedbysuchhighlandsandmountainsasAntrim,SperrinandMourne.TheLoughNeagh/lɒxneɪ/)内伊湖hereisthelargestlakeinBritain.Itismainlyagricultural,withindustryconcentratedinBelfastandLondonderry.NorthernIreland1)RiversNavigablerivers:TheThamesRiverTheSevernRiverTheMerseyRiverTheHumberRiverTheClydeRiverTheForthRiverRiversandLakesItisthemostimportantriverinBritainandthesecondlongestriver(338kilometers)intheUnitedKingdomandthelongestriverentirelyinEngland.ItrisesinCotswoldHillsandflowsthroughthecapitalcityLondonandemptiesintoEnglishChannel.TheThamesRiverTheLakeDistrict湖区ItisalsoknownasTheLakesorLakeland.LakeDistrict,composedof20majorlakes,islocatedinaruralareainNorthWestEngland.Asapopularholidaydestination,itisfamousforitslakesanditsmountains,anditsassociationswiththeearly19thcenturypoetryandwritingsofWilliamWordsworthandtheLakePoets.LoughNeagh/ˌlɒxˈneɪ/内伊湖Withanareaof392 squarekilometers(151 squaremiles),itisthelargestlakeintheBritishIslesandranksamongthefortylargestlakesofEurope.Locatedtwentymiles(30 km)tothewestofBelfastNorthernIreland),itisapproximatelytwentymiles(30 km)longandninemiles(15 km)wide.LakeWindermere温德米尔湖ItisthelargestlakeinEngland.Itcoversanareaof16squarekilometersandislocatedintheLakeDistrict.TheLakesTheLakeDistrictLoughNeaghBritainhasagreatlengthofcoastline(about11,450kilometers).ThebestpartsofthecoastareinthesouthwestofEnglandandthewestofScotland.4importantseasideresorttownsare:Brighton,Bournemouth,SouthendandBlackpool.TheCoastFeaturesFactorsthatcontributetosuchaclimateClimateAFavorableMaritimeClimatechangeableandunpredictableweatherPeopleneverknowwhattheweatherwillbelikefromonedaytotheother.Itcanbesunnyonedayandrainythenext.Itisdifficulttopredicttheweather.mildwintersandcoolsummersItismildwithtemperaturesnotmuchlowerthan0ºCinwinterandnotmuchhigherthan32ºCinsummer.JulyandAugustarenormallythewarmestmonthinEngland.Aroundthecoasts,Februaryisnormallythecoldestmonth,butinlandthereislittletochoosebetweenJanuaryandFebruaryasthecoldestmonth.asteadyandreliablerainfallthroughouttheyear(annualaveragerainfallofover1,020millimeters)MorefogsorsmoginwinterFeaturesBritainisanislandcountry,withacomparativelymoderateclimatealthoughitliesbetweenlatitudes50-60degreesnorth.Thesurroundingwaterstendtobalancetheseasonaldifferencesbyheatingupthelandinwinterandcoolingitoffinsummer.Theprevailingsouth-westwindsblowoverthecountryalltheyearround,bringingwarmandwetairinwinterandkeepingthetemperaturesmoderate.TheNorthAtlanticDrift北大西洋暖流,awarmcurrent,passesthewesterncoastoftheBritishIslesandwarmsthem.FactorsCoalCoalindustrynationalownershipLargestcoalminingareaincentralEngland,includingYork,Birmingham,Nottingham,LeicesterandDerbyAnnualcoalproductionoutput:over120milliontonsPetroleumBigoilfieldsdiscoveredunderthenorthSea,eastoftheBritishIslesin1965.(deposit:3,000-4,500milliontons)ForestryWoodlandsonlycovers8%ofthesurface;timberneedsdependonimportFreshWaterRichinwaterresources;stillcannotmeettheneedsWildLifeWildanimalsBirdsFishesNaturalResourcesPopulationNationsandLanguagesCharacteristicsofBritishPeoplePrincipalCitiesLesson2ThePeopleThedistributionofpopulationamong4parts:W1〕NationsFournations:theEnglish,Scottish,WelshandIrishTheEnglish:DescendantsofAnglo-Saxons(early5thcenturyA.D.---1066);80%ofthetotalpopulationTheScottish,WelshandIrish:DescendantsoftheCelts(from7thcenturyB.C.)Immigrants:TheJews,theDutch,peoplefromformerEnglishcoloniesandotherplacesintheworldMostwhitepeopleborninGreatBritain,althoughBritishcitizens,donotregardthemselvesasBritishandprefertostatetheirnationalidentityasEnglish,ScottishorWelsh.EnglandisonlyoneofthethreecountriesinBritain(Scotland,EnglandandWales).TheScotsandtheWelshsometimesgetangrywhentheyarereferredtoas'English'.TheydonotliveinEnglandandtheyhavetheirownparliaments,sowhyshouldtheytaketheiridentityfromEngland?Theyhavetheirownidentity.Infact,mostpeopleinEnglandtendtosaytheyareBritishratherthanEnglish.NationsandLanguagesTheBritishareadiverse,multiculturalsociety,with"strongregionalaccents,expressionsandidentities".ThereareoftendistinctdifferencesbetweenpeoplelivingineachofthethreecountriesinBritain.Thisisbecausedifferentgroupsofpeopletendtodeveloptheirowncustomsandwayoflife.Scotland:aseparateeducationsystem,aseparatelegalsystemanddistinctlocaladministrationOn1July1999,theScottishParliamentwasopenedbyHMtheQueen,thefirstScottishParliamentfor300years.Scottishparliamentresponsibilitiesincludesocialworkservices,health,localgovernmentandeducation.Wales:Until1999,WaleswasruleddirectlyfromLondon;thatyearsawthefirstelectionstotheNationalAssemblyofWales,whichhaslimiteddomesticpowersandcannotmakelaw.NorthernIreland:ItsownParliamentinnormalcircumstancesThedifferencesbetweentheprotestantmajority(stronglyattachedtoEnglandandScotland)andtheCatholicminority(sentimentallylinkedwiththeIrishRepublic)GoodFridayAgreement /BelfastAgreement(1998.4.10)?北爱和平 协议 离婚协议模板下载合伙人协议 下载渠道分销协议免费下载敬业协议下载授课协议下载 ?2〕DifferencesbetweenNationsConservatism:theconservativeattitudeconsistsofanacceptanceofthingsthatarefamiliar,andinclinationtobesuspiciousofanythingthatisstrangeandforeign.Examples:metricsystem(公制，米制)monetarysystem(货币 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 )localconservatismCharacteristicsofBritishpeopleLondonOtherCapitalsOtherBigCitiesPrincipalCitiesGreaterLondonMapTheCityofLondonTheBuckinghamPalacePalaceofWestminsterBigBenWhiteHallSituatedon DowningStreet intheCityofWestminster,itistheheadquartersof HerMajesty'sGovernment andtheresidenceoftheFirstLordoftheTreasury第一财政大臣whoisnowalwaysthe PrimeMinisterNo.10DowningStreetHydePark isoneofthelargest parks incentral Londonandoneofthe RoyalParksofLondon,famousforits Speakers'Corner.HydeParkWestminsterAbbeyisthefamouschurchwhereareburiedthemostdistinguishedstatesmen,authors,artistsandscientistsofEngland.Besides,itisatraditionalplacewherethecoronationceremony(加冕礼)ofEnglishkingandqueentakeplace.WestminsterAbbeyLondonBridgeTheThamesTowerofLondonSt.PaulCathedral(110metershigh)TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland