最新考研《英语一》新题型密押：排序题及答案

考研《英语一》新 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 型密押：排序题及 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 Passage1Directions:Forquestion1—5,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthelistA-Gandfillthemintothenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext.ParagraphsAandDhavebeencorrectlyplaced.Subscriptionhasprovedbyfarthebestwayofpayingforhighqualitytelevision.Advertisingveersupanddownwiththeeconomiccycle,andcanbeskippedbyusingdigitalvideorecorders.Andanyoutfitthatdependsonadvertisingisliabletoworrymoreaboutoffendingadvertisersthanaboutpleasingviewers.Vluntarysubscriptionisalsopreferabletothecompulsory,universalvarietythatpaysfortheBBCandotherEuropeanpublicbroadcasters.Abroadcastersupportedbyataxoneveryonemusttrytopleaseeveryone.Andagovernmentcanstarvepublicbroadcastersofmoney,too—astheBBCispainfullylearning.Whatbeganasaninterestingexperimenthasbecomethestandardwayofsupportinghighqualityprogramming.MostofthegreattelevisiondramasthatarewatchedinAmericaandaroundtheworldappearfirstonpayTVchannels.Havingshownothershowtomakegangsterdramaswith“TheSopranos”,HBOislayingdownthestandardforfantasywith“GamoofThrones”OtherpayTVchannelshavedelvedinto1960sadvertising("MacMen'),drugdealing(aBreakingBad")andRenaissancecourtsociety("ThBorgias"PayTVfirmsoutsideAmerica,likeBritainsBSkyB,arebeginningtopourmoneyintooriginalseries.Talentisdriftingtopaytelevision,inpartbecausetherearefewerappealingrolesinfilm.Meanwhile,broadcastnetworkshaveretreatedintoasafezoneofsitcoms,policeproceduralsandsingingcompetitions.Butpaytelevisionisnowunderthreat,especiallyinAmerica.Priceshavebeendrivensohighatatimeofeconomicmalaisethatmanypeoplesimplycannotaffordit.Disruptive,deeppocketedfirmslikeAmazonandNetflixlurk,whisperingpromisesofinternetdeliveredfilmsandtelevisionshowsforlittleornomoney.Whetherthelureofsuchalternativesorpovertyiswhatiscausingpeopletocanceltheirsubscriptionsisnotclear.ButtheproportionofAmericanswhopayforTVisfalling.Othercountriesmayfollow.PayTVexecutivesarguethatpeoplewillalwaysfindwaysofpayingfortheirwares,perhapsbycuttingbackoncinematicketsorbottledwater.Thatnotionseemsincreasinglyhopeful.EverymonthitappearsmorelikelythatthepayTVsystemwillbreakdown.Theeraofevergrowingchannelchoiceiscomingtoanend;cableandsatellitedistributorswillbegintoprunetheleastpopularones.Theymaypush“besofbasic"packages,offeringthemostdesirablechannelsandperhapsleavingoutsport.Inthemostdisruptivescenario,nolongerunimaginable,payTVwouldbecomeafreeforall,withchannelshawkingthemselvesdirectlytoconsumers,perhapssendingtheircontentovertheinternet.Howcanmediafirmssurviveinsuchaworld?Fifteenyearsagonearlyallthetelevisionshowsthatexcitedcriticsandwonawardsappearedonfreebroadcastchannels.Paytelevision(or,asmanyAmericanscallit,“cable")wasthedomaofrepeats,musicvideosandtelevangelists.ThenHBO,asubscriptionoutfitmostlyknownforboxingandfilms,decidedtotryitshandathourlongdramas.Buttelevisionasawholeshouldemergestronger.Ifpeoplebuyindividualchannelsratherthanahugebundle,theywillhavetothinkaboutwhattheyreallyvalue—themoresobecauseeachchannelwillcostmorethanitdoesatpresent.Mediafirmswillimprovetheirgameinresponse.TheactivitythatdivertstheaverageAmericanforsomefourandahalfhourseachdayshouldbecomemoregripping,notless.Itwontbeeasy.Theywillhavetostartmarketingheavily:atpresentthepayTVdistributorsdothatforthem.Theymustproducemuchmoreoftheirownprogramming.Repeatsandoldfilmslosetheirappealinaworldinwhichconsumerscaninstantlycallupvastarchives.Iftheyaretoselldirectlytotheaudiencetheywillhavetobecometechnologyfirms,buildingappsandmuchslickerwebsitesthantheyhavenow,whichanticipatewhatcustomersmightwanttowatch.1—2—K3—殴4f5Passage2Directions:Forquestion1—5,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthelistA-Gandfillthemintothenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext.ParagraphsDandEhavebeencorrectlyplaced.Forpublishers,though,itisadangeroustime.Bookpublishingresemblesthenewspaperbusinessinthelate1990s,ormusicintheearly2000s.Althoughrevenuesarefairlystable,andthetraditionalrouteisstilltheonlywaytolaunchablockbuster,theclimateischanging.Someofthepublishersfunctions—packagingbooksandpromotingthemtoshops—arebecomingobsolete.Algorithmsandonlinerecommendationsthreatentoreplacethemasarbitersofquality.Thetideofselfpublishedbooksthreatenstoswamptheirproducts.Asbookshopsclose,theyloseacrucialshowcase.Andtheyface,astherecordcompaniesdid,anearmonopolycontrollingdigitaldistribution:Amazon'sgripovertheebookmarketismuchlikeApple'scontrolofmusicdownloads.Theyalsoneedtobecomemoreefficient.Digitalbookscanbedistributedglobally,butpublisherspersistindividingtheworldintoterritorieswithseparateeditorialstaffs.Inthedigitalageitisdafttotakemonthsorevenyearstogetabooktomarket.Andiftheyaretodistinguishtheirwaresfromselfpublisheddross,theymustgetbetteratchoosingbooks,honingideasandpolishingcopy.Ifpublishersaretoholdreadersattentiontheymusttellabetterstory-andeditoutallthespellingmistakesaswell.Forreaders,thisissplendid.JustasAmazoncollapseddistancebybringingahugerangeofbookstooutofthewayplaces,itisnowcollapsingtime,byenablingreaderstodownloadbooksinstantly.Moreover,anybodycannowpublishabook,throughAmazonandanumberofotherservices.Duringthenextfewweekspublisherswillreleaseacrushofbooks,pilethemontodeliverylorriesandfighttogetthemonthedisplaytablesatthefrontofbookshopsintherunuptoChristmas.Itisanimpressivedisplayofcompetitivecommercialactivity.Itisalsoincreasinglypointless.Yettherearestilltwoimportantjobsforpublishers.Theyactastheventurecapitalistsofthewordsbusiness,advancingmoneytoauthorsofworthwhilebooksthatmightnotbewrittenotherwise.Andtheyareeditors,pickinggoodbooksandimprovingthem.Soitwouldbegood,notjustfortheirshareholdersbutalsoforintellectuallife,iftheysurvived.Morequicklythanalmostanyonepredicted,ebooksareemergingasaseriousalternativetothepaperkind.Amazon,comfortablythebiggestebookretailer,hasloweredthepriceofitsKindleereaderstothepointwherepeopledonotfeartotakethemtothebeach.InAmerica,themostadvancedmarket,aboutonefifthofthelargestpublisherssalesareofebooks.Newlyreleasedblockbustersmaysellasmanydigitalcopiesaspaperones.Theproportionisgrowingquickly,notleastbecausemanybookshopsareclosing.Theyaredoingsomethingsright.HavingwatchedtherecordcompaniesimpotenceafterApplewrestedcontrolofmusicpricingfromthem,thepublishershavemanagedtoretaintheirabilitytosetprices.Buttheyaremissingsometricks.Themusicandfilmindustrieshavestartedtobundleelectronicwithphysicalversionsoftheirproducts—by,forinstance,providingthosewhobuyaDVDofamoviewithacodetodownloaditfromtheinternet.Publishers,similarly,shouldbundleebookswithpaperbooks.殴1-2-3—-4-5Passage3Directions:Forquestion1—5,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthelistA—Gandfillthemintothenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.thatitwouldntgoanywhere,FifteenyearsagoVincentBollor,aFrenchindustrialist,decidedtogetintothebusinessofelectricitystorage.HestartedaprojecttoproducerechargeablebatteriesintwosmallroomsofhisfamilymansioninBrittany."Iaskedwhatareyoudoing?andItoldhimtostop,saysAlainMinc,abusinessconsultantinPariswhohasadvisedMrBollorformanyyears.Fortunately,hesays,MrBollorcontinued.TherealaimforMrBollor,however,istoshowcasehisbatterytechnology.Hisgrouphasdevelopedatypeofrechargeablecell,calledalithiummetalpolymer(LMP)battery.Thisisdifferentfromthelithiumionbatteriesusedbymostofthecarindustry.MrBollorebelievesferventlythathisbatteriesaresuperior,mainlybecausetheyaresafer.Lithiumionbatteriescanexplodeiftheyoverheat—whichinthepasthappenedinsomelaptops.Carmakersincorporatesafetyfeaturestopreventthebatteryscellsfromoverheating.ThecityofPariswillcovermostofthecostofthestations,butMrBollorewillpayanestimated105mtosupplyhisdesignof”Bvehiclesandtheirbatteries.Hewillbearafurther80mayearinrunningcosts.Thecitysestimatesforhowpopularthenewservicewillbearehighlyoptimistic,saidarecentstudybythegovernment.Autolibcouldmake33mayearforMrBollor,eaccordingtothestudy,butitcouldeasilyjustbreakevenorloseasmuchas60mannually.Autolibwillalsobethefirsttimethegrouphasoperatedinabigconsumerfacingbusinesswhereitwillbehelddirectlyresponsibleforproblemssuchasvandalismorbreakdowns.Goingupagainsttherestofthecarindustrymayseemquixotic.BeforehewonAutolib,MrBollorsays国eoplemaywellhavethoughtheandhisteamweremadtoventureintosuchanewarea.Buttheyunderestimatedhisgroupsknowledgeofelectricitystorage,hemaintains.Andifthegrowingnumberofelectriccarsontheroaddoesleadtosafetyconcernsoverbatteries,thenMrBolloresLMPtechnologycouldmovefromthemargintothemainstream—provided,ofcourse,theypasstheirtestonthestreetsofParis."Beingafamilycompanymeanswecaninvestforthelongterm,saysMrBollor,whohasspent1.5billiononbatterydevelopmentsince1996.Mostofhisgroupsmoneycomesfromtransportandlogistics,withastrongpositioninAfrica,andfrompetroldistributioninFrance.MrBollorhasalsomadebillionsfromfinancialinvestmentssuchasinRueImperiale,aholdingcompany.Autolibwillbekeenlywatchedthroughoutthecarindustry.Itisthefirstlargescalecitycarsharingservicetouseonlyelectricvehiclesfromtheoutset;aschemeinUlminGermany,bycontrast,startedwithdieselvehicles.RunningAutolibcouldmeanshoulderingsubstantiallossesfortheBollorGroup.MrBollorewasnotexpectedtowinthecontract,butdidsomainlybecauseheofferedlowrentalchargesfordrivers.MrBolloresLMPbatteriesaresaidtobemorestablewhenbeingchargedanddischarged,whichiswhenbatteriescomeundermoststrain.JusttwoEuropeancarmakershaveseenthebatteries,whicharemadeonlybytheBollorGroup.OnecarindustryexecutivesaysthatthoughtheLMPtechnologyisattractivefromasafetypointofview,thebatterieshavetobeheateduptofunction-whichtakespowerandmakesthemlessconvenienttouse.MrBollorstechnologyisabouttohittheroad.InhisgroupwonacontracttorunAutolib,acarsharingschemedesignedbyBertrandDelane,themayorofParis,whichwillput3,000electricvehiclesonthecitysstreetsalongwith1,120stationsforparkingandrecharging.Constructionofthestationsstartedinthesummer,andMrBollorwillbegintestingtheserviceonOctober1stbeforeopeningittothepublicinDecember.Rechargeablebatteriesarenowanimportanttechnologyfortheglobalcarindustryasitstartstomakeevermoreelectricandhybridvehicles.Renault,aFrenchmanufacturer,isaloneinvesting4billion($5.6billion)inarangeofelectricmodelswhichitwillstartsellingthisautumn.ManyproducerswillunveilnewelectricvehiclesnextweekwhentheFrankfurtMotorShowopens.1―2—3—54fF—5Passage4Directions:Forquestion1—5,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthelistA—Gandfillthemintothenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext.ParagraphsAandDhavebeencorrectlyplaced.Thecontesthasbeenheldinanticipationofaneweraofpylonbuilding.ByXX,aquarterofthecountryscurrentgeneratingcapacitywillneedreplacing;thegovernmenthopesthenewsupplywillcomefromrenewablesourcessuchasonshoreandoffshorewindfarms.Todaysoffshorecapacityisjust7%ofministerstargetsfortheendofthedecade—andallofthenewgenerationouttoseawillneedtolandtransmissioncablesashore.Theexistingelectricitygridisinthewrongplaceformanyofthesenewsourcesofpower.Thatcreatesaparadox:tryingtosavetheworldbycuttingcarbonemissionsmeansscarringparticularbitsofitbydraggingnewpowerlinesthroughsceniccountryside.Thisisanoldproblem.ThelaunchofBritainsnationalelectricitygridin1933wasdecriedfordesecratingthelandscape.Morerecently,thelocationofwindfarmshaspromptedsimilardebates.Thedifficultywithpylonsisthattheygoeverywhere.Scotlandhashadnearlyfiveyearsofdisputesovertheplanned600pylonupgradeofatransmissionlinerunningfromBeaulyintheHighlandstothecentralbeltwheremoreelectricityisused.ThesameclasheswillnowplayoutinEnglandandWales.Anewplanningcommissionwassetupin2009tospeeduptheglacialpaceofinfrastructuredecisionmaking.Butweighingeconomicdemandsagainstbeautyremainsathornyandpotentiallytime-consumingjob.Opponentsoftoweringpylonssaytheansweristoburypowerlines:atpresentonly950kmofBritains13,000kmofhighvoltagecablerunsunderground,mostofitinurbanareas.Butsinkingwires,whichmeansclearingacorridor17mto40mwideandcannotbedoneinallterrains,carriesanenvironmentaltolltoo."Youareeffectivelysterilisinglanduseinthearea,“saysRichardSmithofNationalGrid;noplanting,diggingorbuildingisallowed.Thatmakesinstallingsubsurfacecables12to17timesaspriceyasoverheadlines,accordingtoNationalGrid(theyalsoneedreplacingsooner).Sinceconsumerspayforthisthroughtheirelectricitybills,everyonewouldhavetoforkouttoprotecttheviewsandhousepricesofafewpeople.Sofindinganewshapeforpylonsmaybeonlyoneaspectofthecomingpowerrows.Butitwillbeatrickyone.Typicallythebestdesignscombineelegancewithutility.Yetratherthanbeingafeatureinitself,theoptimalpylonblendsinwithnature.Thatsatoughtaskfor20tonsofsteel,howeverimpressivelyshaped.Theskeletal,latticedesignofBritainselectricitypylonshaschangedlittlesincethefirstonewasraisedin1928.Manycountrieshavecopiedtheseastridingsteelsentries”,asthepoetStephenSpendercallthem;morethan88,000nowmarchacrossthecountrysintermittentlygreenandpleasantland.Nowsixnewmodelsarevyingtoreplacethesefamiliarsteeltowers.Thefinalistsinagovernmentsponsoredcompetitiontodesignanewpylonincludeasingleshardspikingintotheskyandanarced,openbow.AfterawinnerispickedinOctober,NationalGrid,whichrunstheelectricitytransmissionnetwork,willdecidewhethertoconstructit.Butthepriceofdespoilingprettysceneryishardtocalculate.Theriskisthatthecostofdamagingthelandscapeisignoredbecauseitisnotascribedamonetaryvalue,saysSteveAlbon,coauthorofagovernmentcommissionedreportonhowmuchthenaturalenvironmentcontributestoBritainseconomy.Asyet,though,noonehasfoundaneasyoracceptedmeasureofthisworthtohelpmakedecisions.1—2—K3—4—5fDPassage5Directions:Forquestion1—5,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthelistA—Gandfillthemintothenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext.ParagraphsCandEhavebeencorrectlyplaced.NorcanitbuycompaniesasfreelyaspostalservicesinEurope,CanadaorAsiahavebeendoingforthepastdecade.ManyEuropeancountries,aswellasNewZealandandJapan,havealreadyprivatisedorliberalisedtheirpostalservices.Combined,foreignpostsnowgetmostoftheirrevenuefromnewbusinessessuchasretailingorbankingforconsumers,orwarehousingandlogisticsforcompanies.THEUSPostalServicehasanunofficialcreedthatharksbacktoHerodotus,whowasadmiringthePersianEmpiresstalwartmessengers.Itsownhistoryisimpressivetoo,datingtoaroyallicensebyWilliamandMaryin1692,andincludingBenjaminFranklinasanotablepostmaster,bothforthecrownandthenforthenewlyindependentcountry.Eversince,theposthasexisted“tobindtheNationtogether”.Quasiindependentsince1970,thepostgetsnopublicmoney.Andyetitisobliged(asFedExandUPSarenot)tovisiteverymailbox,nomatterhowremote,sixdaysaweek.Thishasdriventheaveragecostofeachpieceofmailupfrom34centsin2006to41cents.Yetthepostisnotallowedtoraiseprices(ofstampsandsuch)willynilly;a2006lawsetformulasforthat.Soineffect,thepostcannotcontroleitheritscostsoritsrevenues.SoAmericaspostislookingforothersolutions.Itisplanningtoclosepostoffices;upto3,653,outofabout32,000.Thismonthitannouncedplanstolayoffanother120,000workersby,havingalreadybiddenadieutosome110,000overthepastfouryears(foratotalofabout560,000now).Italsowantstofiddlewithitsworkerspensionsandhealthcare.Ultimately,saysMrDonahoe,thepostwillhavetostopdeliveringmailonSaturdays.Thenperhapsonotherdaystoo.Theposthassurvivednewtechnologiesbefore,hepointsout."In1910,weownedthemosthorses,by1920weownedthemostvehicles.”Buttheinternetjustmightsenditthewayoftheponyexpress.ButasevermoreAmericansgoonlineinsteadofsendingpaper,thevolumeofmailhasbeenplummeting.Thedeclineissteeperthanevenpessimistsexpectedadecadeago,saysPatrickDonahoe,thecurrentpostmastergeneral.Worse,becausethepostmustdelivertoeveryaddressinthecountry—about150m,withsome1.4madditionseveryyear—costsaresimultaneouslygoingup.Asaresult,theposthaslost$20billioninthelastfouryearsandexpectstoloseanother$8billionthisfiscalyear.Andalthoughtherecessionmadeeverythingworse,theinternetisthemainculprit.AsChristmascardshavegoneonline(and“green"),jhavebills.In2000,5%ofAmericanspaidutilitiesonline.Lastyear55%did,andeventuallyeverybodywill,saysMrDonahoe.PhotosnowgoonFacebook,magazinescomeoniPads.Already,atleastforAmericansunderacertainage,thepostdeliversonlybadnewsornuisances,fromjurysummonsestojunkmail.PleasantdeliveriesprobablyarrivebyaparcelservicesuchasUPSorFedEx.1—2—3—54—5—EPassage6Directions:Forquestion1—5,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthelistA—Gandfillthemintothenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext.ParagraphsAandBhavebeencorrectlyplaced.Amongnationalnewspapers,paywallsarestillrare,thoughtheNewYorkTimesandtheTimesofLondonbothhavethem.Mostwallbuildingisbeingdonebysmalllocaloutfits."Locahewspapersaremorevitaltotheircommunities,andtheyhavelesscompetition,“explainsKenDoctor,theauthorof“Newsonomics”Thepaywallbuilderstendtoreportadropinonlinetraffic.Butnotusuallyasteepdrop,andnotalwaysanenduringone.OklahomasTulsaWorld,whichstarteddemandingsubscriptionsfromheavyonlinereadersinApril,reportsthattrafficinAugustofthisyearwashigherthanayearearlier.Onepossibleexplanation,oddasitmaysound,isthatreadersarestilldiscoveringitswebsite."Wehavepapersubscriberswantnothingtodowiththeinternet,“explainsRobertLorton,theTulsaWorldspublisher.Fewerthanhalfofthenewspapersprintsubscribershavesofarsignedupforunrestrictedfreeaccesstothewebsite.Othernewspapersreportsimilarproportions.Thatsuggeststhegameisnotover.Theearlyadoptingyoungabandonedprintnewspaperslongago.Butmanynewspapershaveasurprisinglylarge,ifdwindling,herdofpayingcustomers.Theywillmilkthemashardastheycan.OnOctober10ththeBaltimoreSunwilljoinafastgrowingclub.Thenewspaperwillstarttrackingthenumberoftimespeoplereaditsstoriesonline;whentheyreachalimitof15amonth,theywillbeaskedtopay.Localbloggersmaysquawkaboutcontentwantingtobefree.Butperhapsnotasmuchastheywouldhavedoneafewmonthsago.Thereisasenseofinevitabilityaboutpaywalls.InAprilPaidContent,anonlinepublication,found26Americanlocalandmetropolitannewspaperschargingforonlineaccess.Severaltimesthatnumbernowdoso.Morethan100newspapersareusingPress+,anonlinepaymentsystemdevelopedinpartbyaformerpublisheroftheWallStreetJournal.MediaNews,anewspapergroup,putuptwopaywallsin;ithaserected23sofarthisyear.Whytherush?Onereasonisthatbuildingpaywallshasbecomeeasier:Press+andGooglesOnePasswillcollectonlinesubscriptionsonbehalfofnewspapers,skimmingalittleoffthetop.ThepopularityofApplesiPadisanotherexplanation.Manynewspapershavecreatedpaidforapps.Thereislittlepointdoingthatifatabletusercansimplyreadthenewsforfreeonawebbrowser.Butthebigpushcomesfromadvertising—orthelackofit.ThemostambitiousarchitectsareinEurope.SinceMaySlovakiahashadavirtualnationalpaywall—asinglepaymentsystemthatencompassesnineofthecountrysbiggestpublications.Slovakswhowanttoreadnewsonlinepay2.90($3.90)amonth,whichissplitbetweenthenewspapersaccordingtoaformulathataccountsforwherepeoplesignedupandhowheavilytheyuseeachpublicationswebsite.PianoMedia,whichbuiltthesystem,planstolaunchanothernationalpaywallinEuropeearlynextyear.JimMoroney,publisheroftheDallasMorningNews,saystheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingand20%camefromsubscriptions.Thosedaysareover.Newspaperadvertising,printandonlinecombined,hascrashedfrom$9.6billioninthesecondquarterof2008to$6billioninthesecondquarterof,accordingtotheNewspaperAssociationofAmerica.Fewbelieveitwilleverfullyrecover.Sotheraceisontobuildasubscriptionbusiness,bothinprint(coverpricesaregoingup)andonline.Americannewspapersusedtoabidebyan20"ruThatis,80%of1—K2—3—4—B—5Passage7Directions:Forquestion1—5,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthelistA—Gandfillthemintothenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext.ParagraphsAandGhavebeencorrectlyplaced.AGOODunitofmeasurement,writesRobertCrease,mustsatisfythreeconditions.Ithastobeeasytorelateto,matchthethingsitismeanttomeasureinscale(nopointusinginchestodescribegeographicaldistances)andbestable.Inhisnewbook,“WorldntheBalance”MrCrease,whoteachesphilosophyatStonyBrookUniversityonLongIslandandwritesacolumnforthemagazinePhysicsWorld,describesmansquestforthatmetrologicalholygrail.Intheprocess,heshowsthatthestoryofmetrology,notobviousmaterialforapageturner,canintherighthandsmakeforarivetingread.Inresponsethemetre,fromtheGreekmetron,meaning“measure”,wasusheredin,helpedalongbyFrenchrevolutionaries,eagertoreplacetheBourbontoise(justundertwometres)withanallnew,universalunit.ThemetrewastobedefinedasafractionoftheParismeridianwhoseprecisemeasurementwasunderway.Togetherwiththekilogram,initiallythemassofadecaliterofdistilledwater,itformedthebasisofthemetricsystem.SuccessfulFrenc