核安全文化的十项特征

INPO12-0122012年12月INPOTraitsofaHealthyNuclearSafetyCulture健全的核安全文化特征OPENDISTRIBUTION：Copyright©2012bytheInstituteofNuclearPowerOperations.Notforsaleorcommercialuse.Allotherrightsreserved.公开发行：版权©2012美国核电运行研究所。非卖品。版权所有。NOTICE:ThisinformationwaspreparedinconnectionwithworksponsoredbytheInstituteofNuclearPowerOperations(INPO).NeitherINPO,INPOmembers,INPOparticipants,noranypersonactingonbehalfofthem(a)makesanywarrantyorrepresentation,expressedorimplied,withrespecttotheaccuracy,completeness,orusefulnessoftheinformationcontainedinthisdocument,orthattheuseofanyinformation,apparatus,method,orprocessdisclosedinthisdocumentmaynotinfringeonprivatelyownedrights,or(b)assumesanyliabilitieswithrespecttotheuseof,orfordamagesresultingfromtheuseofanyinformation,apparatus,method,orprocessdisclosedinthisdocument.注：该信息是由美国核电运行研究所发起准备的。无论是INPO组织，INPO成员，INPO的代表，或者任何人，(a)不对该文件的准确性，完整性或有效性做任何承诺。使用该文件中的信息，仪器，方法或过程不得侵犯私人权利。(b)因使用这些信息，仪器，方法或者过程，承担责任。TABLEOFCONTENTS/目录TOC\o"1-5"\h\zHYPERLINK\l"bookmark10"\o"CurrentDocument"INTRODUCTION/介ffi4HYPERLINK\l"bookmark13"\o"CurrentDocument"BACKGROUND/背景...6THETRAITSANDTHEIRATTRIBUTES/特征及其特点11HYPERLINK\l"bookmark19"\o"CurrentDocument"IndividualCommitmenttoSafety/个人对安全的承诺11PersonalAccountability/个人职责11HYPERLINK\l"bookmark37"\o"CurrentDocument"QuestioningAttitude/质疑的态度11HYPERLINK\l"bookmark49"\o"CurrentDocument"SafetyCommunication/安全沟通12HYPERLINK\l"bookmark22"\o"CurrentDocument"ManagementCommitmenttoSafety/管理者对安全的承诺14HYPERLINK\l"bookmark58"\o"CurrentDocument"LeadershipAccountability/领导职责14Decision-Making/决策15RespectfulWorkEnvironment/彼此尊重的工作环境16HYPERLINK\l"bookmark31"\o"CurrentDocument"ManagementSystems/管理体系17HYPERLINK\l"bookmark76"\o"CurrentDocument"ContinuousLearning/持续学习17ProblemIdentificationandResolution/识别问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 、解决问题17EnvironmentforRaisingConcerns/关注的氛围18WorkProcesses/ 工作流程 财务工作流程表财务工作流程怎么写财务工作流程图财务工作流程及制度公司财务工作流程 19Acknowledgements/致^21《健全的核安全文化特征》是基于2004年出版的核安全文化原则的知识和经验而产生的。标题的变化，thatused体现了核工业的商业化与美国核管理委员会的一致。此文件由美国核行业人员和美国核电运行研究所（INPO）成员共同努力而成。《健全的核安全文化特征》整合了两套用于描述核安全文化的术语：美国核电运行研究所（INPO）和核能产业以领导者的身份定义了安全文化的主要原则和特征，而美国核管理委员会定义了安全文化的组成。每一套术语都有其特定的功能，但两套术语同时使用容易在运营INTRODUCTIONTraitsofaHealthyNuclearSafetyCulturebuildsontheknowledgeandexperiencedevelopedsincethepublicationofPrinciplesofaStrongNuclearSafetyCulturein2004.Thechangeinthetitlereflectsthecommercialnuclearindustry’salignmentofitsownterminologywithbytheU.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommission.ThisdocumentwasdevelopedthroughacollaborativeeffortbyU.S.industrypersonnelandthestaffoftheInstituteofNuclearPowerOperations(INPO),withinputfromrepresentativesofvariousregulatoryagencies,thepublic,andthenuclearindustryworldwide.TraitsofaHealthyNuclearSafetyCulturereflectsanalignmentintwosetsoftermsthathavebeenusedtodescribenuclearsafetyculture:INPOandtheindustrydefinedsafetycultureinleadershiptermsofprinciplesandattributes,andtheU.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommissiondefinedsafetycultureinregulatorytermsofcomponentsandaspects.Whereaseachsetoftermsserveditsspecialfunction,theresultcreatedconfusionwithinoperatingorganizationsastotheessentialelementsofahealthysafetyculture.组织中引起混淆，这是一个健全的安全文化应当避免的。《健全的核安全文化特征》描述了一个健全的核安全文化的特征和他特点，目的在于在整个商用核电工业领域中建立一个自由交流，持续改进安全文化的框架。根据该文件的目的，TraitsofaHealthyNuclearSafetyCulturedescribestheessentialtraitsandattributesofahealthynuclearsafetyculture,withthegoalofcreatingaframeworkforopendiscussionandcontinuingevolutionofsafetyculturethroughoutthecommercialnuclearenergyindustry.Forthepurposesofthisdocument,atraitisdefinedasapatternofthinking,feeling,andbehavingsuchthatsafetyis将特征定义为一种思维方式、感观、行为，认为安全重于一切。经验表明，该文件中描述的个人和组织的特征反映在一个积极的安全文化中。缺少这些特征，将对电厂事故产生重要影响。emphasizedovercompetingpriorities.Experiencehasshownthatthepersonalandorganizationaltraitsdescribedinthisdocumentarepresentinapositivesafetycultureandthatshortfallsinthesetraitsandattributescontributesignificantlytoplantevents.该文件描述的是基本特征，而不是特殊程序或者实施办法。一个组织及其成员的价值观、理念、行为、信念、 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 将体现这些特征和特点。理想地讲，这里所述的特征描述的是在一^核电环境中，做什么工作及怎样Ratherthanprescribingaspecificprogramorimplementationmethod,thisdocumentdescribesthebasictraits.Thesetraitsandattributes,whenembraced,willbereflectedinthevalues,assumptions,behaviors,beliefs,andnormsofanorganizationanditsmembers.Ideally,thetraitswilldescribewhatitisliketoworkatanuclearfacilityandhowthingsaredonethere.Traitsappearinboldface.Theattributesclarifytheintentofthetraits.绩效经理应在该特征与其它日常准则之间做深入对比，并以此为基础，持续改进。除了这些特征和特点，还有两个附件可供参考。附件1：《支持健全核安全文化的行为》，描述了总经理，高级经理，监查人员以及个人对核安全文化作用行为。另附有表格，描述了每一个特征的具体行为和行动。附件工作。特征以黑体字出现。特点阐明特征的含义。Utilitymanagersareencouragedtomakein-depthcomparisonsbetweenthesetraitsandtheirday-to-daypoliciesandpracticesandtouseanydifferencesasabasisforimprovements.Inadditiontothetraitsandattributes,twoaddendumsareavailable.AddendumI:BehaviorsandActionsThatSupportaHealthyNuclearSafetyCulture,describesexecutive,seniormanager,manager,supervisor,andindividualcontributorbehaviorsthatcontributetoahealthysafetyculture.Anadditionaltableisprovidedtodescribedetailedbehaviorsandactionsforeachattribute.AddendumII:Cross-References,providescross-referencesfromINPO12-012,TraitsofaHealthyNuclearSafetyCulture,tothepreviousPrinciplesofaStrongNuclearSafetyCulture,U.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommissionoperatingreactorassessmentprogramcross-cuttingareacomponents,andtheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgencysafetycultureattributes.Thiscross-referencecanhelpindividualsunderstandhowthecommonlanguagewasdevelopedandcanbeusefulinchangemanagementeffortsinthisimportantarea.2:《交叉弓I用》，包括从INPO12-012,《健全的核安全文化特征》、以及之前的《核安全文化准则》、美国核管理委员会相关文件、及国际原子能机构安全文化特征中的引用。这些交叉引用可以帮助员工理解这些通俗易懂的语言是如何发展而来，以及怎样在这一重要领域改变管理方式。BACKGROUNDWatershedeventsovertheyearshaveinfluencedthesafetycultureatU.S.commercialnuclearpowerplants.Theindustryhaditsfirstsignificantwake-upcallin1979asaresultoftheaccidentatThreeMileIslandNuclearStation.过去几年，一些转折性事故影响了美国商用核电站的核文化。第一次警示是发生在1979年的三里岛核电站事故。这次事故涉及许多基础性问题，如硬件、程序、培训、安全态度以及监管。Manyfundamentalproblemsinvolvinghardware,procedures,training,andattitudestowardsafetyandregulationcontributedtotheevent.1986年，切诺贝利事故是对核技术危害的另一个重要提醒。这次事故由许多与三里岛事故相同的原因造成。此外，它强调了设计结构，核电In1986,theChernobylaccidentwasastarkreminderofthehazardsofnucleartechnology.ThisaccidentresultedfrommanyofthesameweaknessesthatledtotheThreeMileIslandaccident.Inaddition,ithighlightedtheimportanceofmaintainingdesignconfiguration,plantstatuscontrol,lineauthorityforreactorsafety,andculturalattributesrelatedtosafety.站运行控制，核反应堆安全业务权限，以及安全文化特点的重要性。核工业领域以及监管组织对这两次事故的反应是彻底的。对安全的改进体现在许多方面，如 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 、硬件、应急措施、程序、培训（包括模拟的1应急预案、设计与结构控制、测试、人员绩效、安全态度等。2002年发现戴维斯-贝斯核电站反应堆压力容器封头老化，这表明，如果不重视安全环境，便可能出现问题。Responsefromindustryandregulatoryorganizationstoboththeseeventswassweeping.Improvementsweremadeinstandards,hardware,emergencyprocedures,processes,training(includingsimulators),emergencypreparedness,designandconfigurationcontrol,testing,humanperformance,andattitudestowardsafety.The2002discoveryofdegradationoftheDavis-BesseNuclearPowerStationreactorvesselheadhighlightedproblemsthatdevelopwhenthesafetyenvironmentataplantreceivesinsufficientattention.最近的一次事故，2011年日本福岛核电站核事故，证实了对假设可能发生的极端外部事故全面评估的重要性。它也证实了对类似事故紧急反应指挥与控制，培训，资源有效性是非常重要的。Mostrecently,the2011nuclearaccidentattheFukushimaDaiichipowerplantillustratestheimportanceofthoroughlyassessingpossiblenuclearsafetyimpactsofahypothetical,yetcredible,extremeexternalevent.Italsoillustratestheimportanceofemergencyresponsecommandandcontrol,training,andresourceavailabilityforsuchanevent.这些事故的一个共性就是，一段时间内问题不知不觉出现。这经常与电站的核文化有着直接的关系。如果人们认识到这些问题，勇于挑战这些问题，解决这些问题，那么这些事故Athemecommonintheseeventsisthat,overtime,problemscreptin,oftenrelatedtooradirectresultoftheplantculture.Hadtheseproblemsbeenrecognized,challenged,andresolved,theeventscouldhavebeenpreventedortheirseveritylessened.Theseriesofdecisionsandactionsthatresultedintheseeventscanusuallybetracedtothesharedassumptions,values,andbeliefsoftheorganization.是可以避免的，或者这些事故的严重性是可以降低的。通常可以从共有的理念，价值观，以及组织的信条中找到这些决策及行为的某些踪迹。Theseeventsandthenotionthatcultureisakeyingredientintheoverallsuccessoftheplantformthebasisforthisdocument.这些事故、以及文化是核电站全面成功的关键因素的概念，形成了本文件的基础。组织文化是一个组织在其学习和解决问题过程中形成的共有理念。这些理念之前运用的很好，因此组织的新成员会继续学习，认为这些信念是理解、思考、以及感受的正确方法。文化是一个组织学习的总和。文化对于一个企业而言，就如同性格对于一个人的意义。Inadditiontoahealthyorganizationalculture,eachnuclearstation,becauseofthespecialcharacteristicsanduniquehazardsofthetechnology—radioactivebyproducts,concentrationofenergyinthereactorcore,anddecayheat—needsahealthysafetyculture.Nuclearsafetycultureisdefinedasthecorevaluesandbehaviorsresultingfromacollectivecommitmentbyleadersandindividualstoemphasizesafetyovercompetinggoalstoensureprotectionofpeopleandthe由于核电站的特殊性和技术的特殊危害性——副产品有辐射、核反应堆能量集中、衰变热，除了有一个健全的组织文化，每个核电站还需要有一个健全的安全文化。核安全文化定义为，领导及个人为了保护员工和环境，集体做出"安Organizationalcultureisthesharedbasicassumptionsthataredevelopedinanorganizationasitlearnsandcopeswithproblems.Thebasicassumptionsthathaveworkedwellenoughtobeconsideredvalidaretaughttonewmembersoftheorganizationasthecorrectwaytoperceive,think,act,andfeel.Cultureisthesumtotalofagroup’slearning.Cultureisforthegroupwhatcharacterandpersonalityarefortheindividual.environment.全高于一切“的核心价值观和行为。该定义广泛地适用于所有运用核技术的工业。对于商用核电工业，核安全具有至高的重要性。尽管放射安全，工业安全，环境安全具有相同的特征，核安全是核电站的第一价值观，并且永不废弃。Thisupdateddefinitionwasdevelopedtoapplybroadlyacrossallindustriesthatusenucleartechnologies.Forthecommercialnuclearpowerindustry,nuclearsafetyremainstheoverridingpriority.Althoughthesametraitsapplytoradiologicalsafety,industrialsafety,security,andenvironmentalsafety,nuclearsafetyisthefirstvalueadoptedatanuclearstationandisneverabandoned.核安全是集体的责任。核安全的概念适用于所有工作在核电组织的人员，从董事长到每一位员工。组织中的任何人都有责任确保"安全第一"，无一例外。Nuclearsafetyisacollectiveresponsibility.Theconceptofnuclearsafetycultureappliestoeveryemployeeinthenuclearorganization,fromtheboardofdirectorstotheindividualcontributor.Nooneintheorganizationisexemptfromtheobligationtoensuresafetyfirst.个人及组织的表现具有可监测性和可跟踪性，因此可以做为一个组织安全文化的指标。然而，根据安全文化推广程度不同，一个健全的安全文化存在于一个广泛的连续范围内。尽管安全文化是一个无形的概念，但确认一个核电站是否持续发展还是可能的。Theperformanceofindividualsandorganizationscanbemonitoredandtrendedand,therefore,mayserveasanindicatorofthehealthofanorganization’ssafetyculture.However,thehealthofafacility’ssafetyculturecouldlieanywherealongabroadcontinuum,dependingonthedegreetowhichtheattributesofsafetycultureareembraced.Eventhoughsafetycultureissomewhatofanintangibleconcept,itispossibletodeterminewhetherastationtendstowardoneendofthecontinuumortheother.商用核电站是为了发电而设计、建造和运行的。安全、生产、成本控Commercialnuclearpowerplantsaredesigned,built,andoperatedtoproduceelectricity.Safety,production,andcostcontrolarenecessarygoalsfortheoperationofsuchaplant.制对于此类核电站来说是必要目标。而这些目标是互补的，现代的核电站大多从长远的眼光来做决策和行动，因此核电站运营较为安全、产出高、Theseoutcomesarequitecomplementary,andmostplantstodayachievehighlevelsofsafety,impressiveproductionrecords,andcompetitivecosts,reinforcedbydecisionsandactionsmadewithalong-termview.Thisperspectivekeepssafetyastheoverridingpriorityforeachplantandforeachindividualassociatedwithit.成本低。这种远见使每一个电站和个人将安全放在第一位。核安全文化是一种领导层的责任。经验证实，组织中具有健全的安全文化观的领导在生产活动中注重以Nuclearsafetycultureisaleadershipresponsibility.Experiencehasshownthatleadersinorganizationswithahealthysafetyculturefostersafetyculturethroughactivitiessuchasthefollowing:下方面:Leadersreinforcesafetycultureateveryopportunity.Thehealthofsafetycultureisnottakenforgranted.领导利用每一次机会强化安全文化。领导不会理所当然地认为安全文化是健全的。Leadersfrequentlymeasurethehealthofsafetyculturewithafocusontrendsratherthanabsolutevalues.领导经常是通过关注趋势，而不领导就构成健全的安全文化与他人交流，确保每一个人理解他/她在促进安全文化中的角色。领导认识到安全文化并不是全部，但也不是无足轻重，而是认是根据绝对值来检验安全文化的健全度。Leaderscommunicatewhatconstitutesahealthysafetycultureandensureeveryoneunderstandshisorherroleinitspromotion.Leadersrecognizethatsafetycultureisnotallornothingbutis,rather,constantlymovingalongacontinuum.Asaresult,thereisacomfortindiscussingsafetyculturewithintheorganizationaswellaswithoutsidegroups,suchasregulatoryagencies.ThetraitsdescribedinthisdocumentaredividedintothreecategoriesthataresimilartothethreecategoriesofsafetycultureinInternationalNuclearSafetyAdvisoryGroup(INSAG)-4,SafetyCulture.Thecategoriesandtheirprimarytraitsareasfollows:IndividualCommitmenttoSafety—PersonalAccountability—QuestioningAttitude—SafetyCommunicationManagementCommitmenttoSafety—LeadershipAccountability—Decision-Making—RespectfulWorkEnvironment识到，它是连续的，不断变化的。因此，在组织内部和夕陪B（如监管机构）讨论安全文化是非常必要的。本文所描述的特征分为三个类别，与《国际核安全顾问团（INSAG）-4——安全文化》中的分类相似。分类及其主要特征如下：个人安全承诺一个人职责一质疑的态度—安全沟通管理者安全承诺—领导职责—决策一彼此尊重的工作环境管理体系一持续学习一识别问题、解决问题一关注的氛围—工作流程ManagementSystems—ContinuousLearning—ProblemIdentificationandResolution—EnvironmentforRaisingConcerns—WorkProcessesTHETRAITSANDTHEIRATTRIBUTES特征及其特点IndividualCommitmenttoSafety个人对安全的承诺PA.PersonalAccountabilityPA.个人职责Allindividualstakepersonalresponsibilityforsafety.Responsibilityandauthorityfornuclearsafetyarewelldefinedandclearlyunderstood.Reportingrelationships,positionalauthority,andteamresponsibilitiesemphasizetheoverridingimportanceofnuclearsafety.每个人对安全负责。明确理解自己的核安全职责和权限。在隶属关系，职位权力，团队职责中强调核安全重Attributes:PA.1Standards:Individualsunderstandtheimportanceofadherencetonuclearstandards.Alllevelsoftheorganizationexerciseaccountabilityforshortfallsinmeetingstandards.PA.2JobOwnership:Individualsunderstandanddemonstratepersonalresponsibilityforthebehaviorsandworkpracticesthatsupportnuclearsafety.PA.3Teamwork:Individualsandworkgroupscommunicateandcoordinatetheiractivitieswithinandacrossorganizationalboundariestoensurenuclearsafetyismaintained.QA.QuestioningAttitudeIndividualsavoidcomplacencyandcontinuouslychallengeexistingconditions,assumptions,anomalies,andactivitiesinordertoidentifydiscrepanciesthatmightresultinerrororinappropriateaction.Allemployeesarewatchfulforassumptions,values,conditions,oractivitiesthatcanhaveanundesirableeffectonplantsafety.Attributes:QA.1NuclearisRecognizedasSpecialandUnique:Individualsunderstandthatcomplextechnologiescanfailinunpredictableways.于_切。特点:PA.1标准：个人理解遵守核电标准的重要性。对不满足标准的情形，各级组织应履行相应职责。PA.2工作主导权：个人理解和践行自己有利于核安全的行为和工作。PA.3团队协作：为确保维持核安全，个人和团体在组织内外就所从事的活动进行沟通和协调。QA.质疑的态度为了识别可能导致错误或不适当操作的差异，个人应避免自满,不断质疑现有状况、假设、异常和活动。所有员工警惕可能对电厂安全造成不良影响的理念、价值观、情况或活动。特点:QA.1认为核技术是特殊的和独特的：个人应认识到，复杂的技术可QA.2ChallengetheUnknown:Individualsstopwhenfacedwithuncertainconditions.Risksareevaluatedandmanagedbeforeworkproceeds.QA.3ChallengeAssumptions:Individualschallengeassumptionsandofferopposingviewswhentheybelievesomethingisnotcorrect.QA.4AvoidComplacency:Individualsrecognizeandplanforthepossibilityofmistakes,latentissues,andinherentrisk,evenwhileexpectingsuccessfuloutcomes.能在不可预知的情况下失效。QA.2质疑不明情况：个人面临不确定性时应停止操作。工作前应评估和控制风险。QA.3质疑假设：当人们认为某件事不正确时，应质疑假设，并提出相反观点。QA.4避免自满：即使认为有成功的结果，个人也应意识到错误、潜在问题、内在风险可能存在，并做好应对 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 。CO.安全沟通Communicationsmaintainafocusonsafety.Safetycommunicationisbroadandincludesplant-levelcommunication,job-relatedcommunication,worker-levelcommunication,equipmentlabeling,operatingexperience,anddocumentation.Leadersuseformalandinformal沟通时应以安全为中心。有关安全的沟通非常广泛，包括电厂级沟通、工作相关的沟通、工人级沟通、设备CO.SafetyCommunication标识、操作经验和文档管理。领导利用正式和非正式的沟通传达安全的重要性。组织中上行和下行的信息流同Attributes:等重要一、」L-r~LOcommunicationtoconveytheimportanceofsafety.Theflowofinformationuptheorganizationisseenasimportantastheflowofinformationdowntheorganization.CO.1WorkProcessCommunications:Individuals特点:incorporatesafetycommunicationsinworkactivities.CO.2BasesforDecisions:Leadersensurethatthebasesforoperationalandorganizationaldecisionsarecommunicatedinatimelymanner.CO.3FreeFlowofInformation:Individualscommunicateopenlyandcandidly,bothup,down,andacrosstheorganizationandwithoversight,audit,andregulatoryorganizations.CO.4Expectations:Leadersfrequentlycommunicateandreinforcetheexpectationthatnuclearsafetyistheorganization’soverridingpriority.CO.1工作过程沟通：个人在工作过程中就安全信息进行沟通。CO.2决策依据:领导确保运营和组织决策的基础及时地得以沟通。CO.3信息自由流通：个人开放、坦率地在组织中进行上行和下行的沟通。监督、审核和管理机构时也如此。CO.4预期:领导经常沟通和强化预期：在组织中核安全高于一切。ManagementCommitmenttoSafetyLA.LeadershipAccountabilityLeadersdemonstrateacommitmenttosafetyintheirdecisionsandbehaviors.Executiveandseniormanagersaretheleadingadvocatesofnuclearsafetyanddemonstratetheircommitmentbothinwordandaction.Thenuclearsafetymessageiscommunicatedfrequentlyandconsistently,occasionallyasastand-alonetheme.Leadersthroughoutthenuclearorganizationsetanexampleforsafety.Corporatepoliciesemphasizetheoverridingimportanceofnuclearsafety.管理者安全承诺LA.领导职责领导在决策和行为中体现承诺。总经理和高级经理是核安全文化的倡导者，他们在言行上对核安全起到模范作用。应经常和不间断地对核安全信息进行交流，偶尔做为一个独立主题进行交流。领导在整个核电组织中确立一个安全案例，公司法规强调核安全重于一切。AttributesLA.1Resources:Leadersensurethatpersonnel,equipment,procedures,andotherresourcesareavailableandadequatetosupportnuclearsafety.LA.2FieldPresence:Leadersarecommonlyseeninworkingareasoftheplantobserving,coaching,andreinforcingstandardsandexpectations.Deviationsfromstandardsandexpectationsarecorrectedpromptly.LA.3Incentives,Sanctions,andRewards:Leadersensureincentives,sanctions,andrewardsarealignedwithnuclearsafetypoliciesandreinforcebehaviorsand特点:LA.1资源：为支持核安全，领导确保提供足够和适当的人员、设备、程序和其他资源。LA.2巡视现场：领导经常巡查工作场所：观察、指导，强化标准和预期。对于偏离标准和预期的情况，迅速纠正。LA.3激励、惩罚和奖励：领导确保激励、惩罚和奖励与核安全方针一致，并强调，行为和结果体现出安全重于一切。LA.4StrategicCommitmenttoSafety:Leadersensureplantprioritiesarealignedtoreflectnuclearsafetyastheoverridingpriority.LA.5ChangeManagement:Leadersuseasystematicprocessforevaluatingandimplementingchangesothatnuclearsafetyremainstheoverridingpriority.LA.6Roles,Responsibilities,andAuthorities:Leadersclearlydefineroles,responsibilities,andauthoritiestoensurenuclearsafety.LA.7ConstantExamination:Leadersensurethatnuclearsafetyisconstantlyscrutinizedthroughavarietyofmonitoringtechniques,includingassessmentsofnuclearsafetyculture.LA.8LeaderBehaviors:Leadersexhibitbehaviorsthatsetthestandardforsafety.DM.Decision-MakingLA.4安全战略承诺：领导确保电厂的优先考虑的事与核安全高于一切的信念相一致。LA.5变化管理：为确保安全重于一切，领导使用一个系统的过程评估和实施变化。LA.6角色、责任和权力：为保证核安全，领导明确定义角色、责任和权力。LA.7持续检查：为确保对核安全进行持续检查，领导使用多种监测技术，包括核文化评估。LA.8领导者行为：领导演示为安全确立标准的行为。DM.决策outcomesthatreflectsafetyastheoverridingpriority.Decisionsthatsupportoraffectnuclearsafetyaresystematic,rigorous,andthorough.Operatorsarevestedwiththeauthorityandunderstandtheexpectation,whenfacedwithunexpectedoruncertainconditions,toplacetheplantinasafecondition.Seniorleaderssupportandreinforceconservativedecisions.决策可以系统、严格、彻底地支持或影响核安全。当面对非预期或不确定的情况时，为确保电厂置于安全状态，操作者拥有权限，并且了解预期。高层领导支持和强化做出保守决策。特点:incorporatedasappropriate.DM.1一至攵的过程：个人使用一个DM.2ConservativeBias:Individualsusedecision-makingpracticesthatemphasizeprudentchoicesoverthosethataresimplyallowable.Aproposedactionisdeterminedtobesafeinordertoproceed,ratherthanunsafe一致的、系统的方法来作决策。适当地洞察风险。DM.2保守的偏见个人在决策时inordertostop.谨慎选择那些简单可行的选项。不是DM.3Accountabilityfordecisions:Single-pointaccountabilityismaintainedfornuclearsafetydecisions.WE.RespectfulWorkEnvironment为了工作进行，而确认一个建议活动是安全的，也不是为了停工而确认其不安全。Trustandrespectpermeatetheorganization,creatingarespectfulworkenvironment.AhighleveloftrustisDM.3决策职责有关核安全决策的单点责任应保持下来。Attributes:DM.1ConsistentProcess:Individualsuseaconsistent,systematicapproachtomakedecisions.Riskinsightsareestablishedintheorganization,fostered,inpart,throughWE.彼此«K的工作环境timelyandaccuratecommunication.Differingprofessionalopinionsareencouraged,discussed,andresolvedinatimelymanner.Employeesareinformedofstepstakeninresponsetotheirconcerns.组织中应存在信任和尊重，创造一个彼此尊重的工作环境。通过及时准Attributes:确地沟通，高度信任可以局部地在WE.1RespectisEvident:Everyoneistreatedwithdignityandrespect.WE.2OpinionsareValued:Individualsareencouragedtovoiceconcerns,providesuggestions,andraisequestions.Differingopinionsarerespected.WE.3HighLevelofTrust:Trustisfosteredamongindividualsandworkgroupsthroughouttheorganization.个组织中建立，培养起来。鼓励和讨论不一致的专业观点并及时解决矛盾。对于员工的关注应给予回应。特点：areusedtoresolveconflicts.WE.1尊重是明显的：尊重每个人。WE.4ConflictResolution:FairandobjectivemethodsWE.2重视意见：鼓励个人说出顾虑，提出建议和问题。尊重不同观点。WE.3高度信任:在组织中的个体和工作团队之间培养信任。WE.4解决冲突:解决冲突时使用公平和客观的方法。ManagementSystemsCL.ContinuousLearningOpportunitiestocontinuouslylearnarevalued,soughtout,andimplemented.Operatingexperienceishighlyvalued,andthecapacitytolearnfromexperienceiswelldeveloped.Training,self-assessments,andbenchmarkingareusedtostimulatelearningandimproveperformance.Nuclearsafetyiskeptunderconstantscrutinythroughavarietyofmonitoringtechniques,someofwhichprovideanindependent“freshlook.”管理体系CL.持续学习评估、寻求、实现持续学习的机会。重视操作经验，提高从以往经验学习的能力。为了激励学习和提高能力，可以应用培训、自我评估、对照管理。用不同的监测技术对核安全进行持续的、详细的审查，其中的一些技术可以提供独立的新视角。Attributes:特点:CL.1操作经验：组织适时、系统、有效地收集、评估和应用内部和夕陪B的操作经验信息。CL.2Self-Assessment:Theorgani