西语所有动词语法全集

By ZjuFhn Hay....................................................................................................................................................2 The Verb Ser......................................................................................................................................2 A bit about the verb Estar..................................................................................................................3 The Verbs Ser and Estar ....................................................................................................................3 Ir + a + Destination ...........................................................................................................................4 Ir + a and the Simple Future......................................................................................................5 Tener .................................................................................................................................................5 The Present Tense - regular verbs .....................................................................................................7 Los verbos con cambios en la raíz ....................................................................................................7 Los verbos con la forma Yo irregular ...............................................................................................8 Gustar and similar type verbs..........................................................................................................10 Saber y Conocer..............................................................................................................................11 Irregular Verbs in the Present tense.................................................................................................12 The Present Progressive in Spanish ................................................................................................14 Reflexive Constructions..................................................................................................................15 The Preterite....................................................................................................................................16 Spelling Changes in the Preterite ............................................................................................18 Changes in Meaning in the Preterite .......................................................................................19 Stem-changing verbs in the Preterite ......................................................................................20 Irregular Preterite Forms .........................................................................................................20 The Imperfect past tense .................................................................................................................21 How the Imperfect past tense is used......................................................................................23 Preterite vs Imperfect ......................................................................................................................23 Acabar de + infinitive .....................................................................................................................26 The Present Perfect .........................................................................................................................26 Some irregular Past Participles! ......................................................................................................28 The Past Perfect (the Pluperfect).....................................................................................................29 Future ..............................................................................................................................................29 The Present Subjunctive..................................................................................................................30 The Present Subjunctive form.........................................................................................................32 The Subjunctive and Indefinite or Nonexistent Antecedents ..........................................................33 The Present Perfect Subjunctive .....................................................................................................34 The Past Perfect in the Subjunctive ................................................................................................34 When not to use the Subjunctive.....................................................................................................34 Indirect Commands .........................................................................................................................35 Nosotros Commands .......................................................................................................................35 Tú commands..................................................................................................................................36 The Formal Commands...................................................................................................................37 The Conditional ..............................................................................................................................39 The Imperfect or Past Subjunctive..................................................................................................40 摘自：http://www.drlemon.net/grammar/verbs.html 习题：http://uwp.edu/~leavitt/HolaAmigos.htm 点击访问 http://club.topsage.com/forum-164-1.html By ZjuFhn Hay The word hay, from the verb Haber, is very useful, not like the stuff horses eat! Hay means "there is" or "there are" in the sense that things exist. Hay is both plural and singular: Hay tres sillas en la sala. There are three chairs in the room. Hay un mapa en la pared. There is a map on the wall. ¿Qué hay en el carro? What's in the car? Uf, ¿Hay piedras en tu mochila? Oof, are there rocks in your backpack? When we use Hay in the Imperfect past tense to indicate that there was or there were things, Había still functions as both singular and plural: Había tres sillas en la sala. There were three chairs in the room. Había un mapa en la pared. There was a map on the wall. ¿Qué había en el carro? What was in the car? Uf, ¿Había piedras en tu mochila? Oof, were there rocks in your backpack? The Verb Ser Let's take a look at our first verb, Ser. As you can see, it is very irregular (it doesn't follow the pattern of regular verb conjugation) Yo Tú Él, ella, usted Nosotros Vosotros Ellos, ellas, ustedes Soy eres es somos sois son Ser refers to things that are an integral part of you, of your identity. For example: 1) Personality 2) Nationality 3) Physical characteristics 4) Race 5) Gender 6) Origin 7) Identity 8) profession 9) Events 10) Time Examples: Soy simpatico/a. I am a nice person. Soy norteamericano/a. I am North American. 点击访问 http://club.topsage.com/forum-164-1.html By ZjuFhn Soy alto/a y rubio/a. I am tall and blonde. Soy hombre/mujer. I am a woman. Soy de California. I am from California. Soy instructor/a. I'm an instructor. La clase de español es a las diez y media de la mañana. Spanish class is at 10:30 am. El concierto de Maná es el viernes. The Maná concert is on Friday. Son las tres. It's three o'clock. Just as in English, the Spanish verbs used most often, verbs which describe life's basic activities, are irregular. Like the Spanish Ser, the English verb "to Be" is very irregular: I am, you are, it is, etc. The best way to learn Spanish irregular verbs is through simple repetition and memorization - just how you learned the English equivalents! A bit about the verb Estar Like Ser, Estar also means "to Be". And it is also irregular in form (it doesn't follow regular conjugation patterns): Yo Tú Él, ella, usted Nosotros Vosotros Ellos, ellas, ustedes estoy estás está estamos estáis están The difference is that Estar is used to indicate: 1) location of things or people (not events!) 2) moods 3) feelings 4) physical conditions 5) appearance Examples: Newark está en California. Newark is in California. Estoy en la clase de matemáticas. I'm in math class. Estoy enojado/a. I am angry. Estoy contento/a. I am (feel) happy. Estoy cansado/a. I am (feel) tired. Estamos bien. We are (feel) fine. María está bonita. María looks pretty. The Verbs Ser and Estar 点击访问 http://club.topsage.com/forum-164-1.html By ZjuFhn Both Ser and Estar mean "to Be" but in different ways. Let's review the different uses of each verb. Ser: 1) Physical description, personality traits, nationality, race, gender 2) Dates, days, seasons, time, events (which "take place") 3) What things are made of 4) Possession Review Ser! Estar: 1) Feelings/emotions, physical conditions, civil status (married, single, divorced, dead) 2) Location of things and people (not events) 3) Present Progressive tense (the immediate "-ing" form) Review Estar! Ser vs. Estar Some adjectives have different meanings depending upon which form of "to Be" you use. Generally, if you use Ser, the adjective is a characteristic of the person or thing you are describing; whereas if you use Estar, it is a description of a mood or appearance. For example: Ser Estar Él es aburrido. Yo estoy aburrido/a. (He is boring -a boring person) (I am [feel] bored.) Soy nervioso. Estoy nerviosa. (I am a nervous, high-strung person) (I am/feel nervous) Ella es bonita. Está bonita. (She is pretty -a pretty girl.) (She looks pretty.) Ir + a + Destination Ir is the verb which means 'to Go'. You might have noticed it is a pretty short verb - only two letters long! Ir is irregular - which means its conjugation doesn't follow the normal pattern for -ir verbs. Ir Yo Tú Él, ella, usted Nosotros Vosotros Ellos, ellas, Uds. voy vas va vamos vais van We can use Ir to say where you are going, when you go or with whom you go. Voy a la librería I am going to the bookstore. Vamos cada día We go everyday. Voy con mis amigos I go with my friends. 点击访问 http://club.topsage.com/forum-164-1.html By ZjuFhn Vas a casa a las tres de la tarde You go home at three in the afternoon. Los artistas van al museo hoy The artists are going to the museum today. Don't forget that when you say you are going to a place, you need to use "a" after Ir. Ir + a and the Simple Future Ir + a + infinitive is called the simple future. It is easy to form and straightforward in meaning. We conjugate Ir in accordance with the subject; add "a", and then a verb in the infinitive (unconjugated) form. Now we can say what we are going to do. Voy a practicar el español I'm going to practice Spanish. Vas a hacer la tarea esta noche You're going to do the homework tonight. Vamos a jugar al voleibol en el parque We're going to play volleyball in the park. La profesora va a darnos un examen The professor is going to give us an exam. Los estudiantes van a estudiar hoy The students are going to study today. The nosotros form of Ir, Vamos, can also mean "Let's..!" Vamos Meaning #1 Meaning #2 ¡Vamos a la playa! We're going to the beach Let's go to the beach! ¡Vamos a comer! We're going to go eat! Let's go eat! Tener Tener means "to have", but it is also used to form certain expressions ("to have to do something"), and certain conditions ("to be hungry, thirsty, hot," etc.). It has both an irregular spelling in the yo form and a stem-changing verb: Tener yo Tú Él, ella, usted nosotros vosotros ellos, ellas, Uds. tengo tienes tiene tenemos tenéis tienen I want to review Stem-changing verbs I want to review Irregular Yo verbs Examples of Tener Tengo tres libros I have three books Tienes una familia muy unida You have a very close-knit family. Tenemos la clase de música a las nueve We have music class at nine o'clock. Jenny y Chika tienen unas fotos de Leonardo Jenny and Chika have some photos of 点击访问 http://club.topsage.com/forum-164-1.html By ZjuFhn DiCaprio Leonardo DiCaprio. Tener expressions In English we say that we are hungry or we are hot, using a form of "to Be". In Spanish, if you used a form of Ser with one of these descriptions, you would be saying something entirely different. For example, to say "I am hot", we use Tener [not Ser]: Tengo calor [literally, "I have heat"] If you made the mistake of saying *Yo soy calor, you would be saying something like, "I am the incarnation of the abstract concept of Heat." This is probably not what you intended to say unless you were in a play involving the elements. So you might want to review the Tener phrases and practice them until it seems natural to say them. Some other Tener expressions include: Tengo ganas de dormir. Tengo sueño. I feel sleepy Tener calor to be hot Tener cuidado to be careful Tener éxito to be successful Tener frío to be cold Tener ganas de to feel like..., to have the desire to... Tener hambre to be hungry Tener interés to be interested Tener miedo to be afraid Tener sed to be thirsty Tener sueño to be sleepy Tener prisa to be in a hurry Tener razón to be right (correct) No tener razón to be wrong Another way we use Tener is to express that we "have to" do something. The expression is constructed with Tener + que + infinitive: Tengo que estudiar esta mañana I have to study this morning. Tienes que practicar tenis hoy You have to practice tennis today. Tenemos que hablar con la profesora We have to speak with the professor. Tienen que ir al hospital They have to go to the hospital. Ustedes tienen que leer el drama You have to read the play. And of course, we use Tener to express Age: Tengo veintiún años I'm twenty-one (years old). Tiene quince años He's fifteen. 点击访问 http://club.topsage.com/forum-164-1.html By ZjuFhn Nosotros dos tenemos veinticinco años We're both twenty five years old. Don't forget we must use the whole phrase - don't drop the word años. Remember there is a SERIOUS difference between the word año and ano. The Present Tense - regular verbs There are three types of verbs in Spanish. We call them Ar, Er and Ir verbs. We categorize verbs based on the last two letters of their infinitive form. To conjugate a verb, we start with its infinitive form: Hablar Now we take off the -ar ending: Hablar - ar = Habl Now we add on one of the present tense endings: o, as, a, amos, an Habl + (one of the endings)----> Hablo, hablas, habla, hablamos, hablan Present Tense Endings Ar verbs Ir / Er Verbs Yo o o Tú (you-casual) as es Él, Ella, Usted (He, She, You-formal) a e Nosotros (We-males/mixed group) Nosotras (we-females) amos imos / emos Ellos (they-males/mixed group) Ellas (they-females) Ustedes (you all) an en Examples Infinitive Yo Tú él, ella, usted Nosotros/as Ellos, ellas, Uds. Hablar Hablo Hablas Habla Hablamos Hablan Vivir Vivo Vives Vive Vivimos Viven Comer Como Comes Come Comemos Comen Los verbos con cambios en la raíz Stem-changing verbs change more than just the endings when you conjugate them. The vowel in 点击访问 http://club.topsage.com/forum-164-1.html By ZjuFhn the stem (the part of the verb left when you remove the -ar, -er and -ir endings) will change in these particular verbs from a single vowel to a double vowel or from one vowel to another. However, these verbs don't stem-change in the nosotros form. This is why stem-changing verbs often are refered to as "Boot" or "Shoe" verbs. When we draw a box around the stem-changed conjugations, we duck under Nosotros (because it doesn't change), which makes a boot-type shape. When stem-changing, think "No!" for Nosotros! 1. We have seen this already with the verb Tener. Verbs like Tener are called e-->ie stem-changers because the "e" in the stem changes to "ie". Another example of an e-->ie stem-changer is Querer. Other e-->ie stem-changers include Preferir, Entender, Venir and Pensar. Gumbey tiene un caballo. Gumbey has one horse. Nosotros tenemos tres perros y un caballo. We have three dogs and a horse. tener tengo tienes tiene tenemos tenéis tienen querer quiero quieres quiere queremos queréis quieren preferir prefiero prefieres prefiere preferimos preferís prefieren entender entiendo entiendes entiende entendemos entendéis entienden (to understand) venir vengo vienes viene venimos venís vienen (to come) pensar pienso piensas piensa pensamos pensáis piensan (to think, think about) 2. Other verbs are called o-->ue stem-changers. A good example of this type of stem-changer is Almorzar. Almuerzo con mis amigos. I eat lunch with my friends. Almorzamos en la cafetería. We eat lunch in the cafeteria. Dormir and Poder are two other examples. almorzar almuerzo almuerzas almuerza almorzamos almorzáis almuerzan poder puedo puedes puede podemos podéis pueden dormir duermo duermes duerme dormimos dormís duermen 3. Other verbs are called e-->i stem-changers, like Pedir. This e-->i change occurs only in "-Ir" verbs. Pido un bolígrafo. I ask for a pen. Pedimos más café. We ask for more coffee. Other examples are Decir [to say or tell], Repetir [to Repeat], and Servir [to serve]. pedir pido pides pide pedimos pedís piden decir digo dices dice decimos decís dicen 4. One verb gets its very own catagory: Jugar. It is a u-->ue stem-changer: Vershara juega al golf. Vershara plays golf. Jugamos los sábados. We play on Saturdays. jugar juego juegas juega jugamos jugáis juegan Los verbos con la forma Yo irregular 点击访问 http://club.topsage.com/forum-164-1.html By ZjuFhn These are a group of verbs which follow the normal conjugation patterns in all cases except the "Yo" form. The endings are still either "o" or "oy", * but we add extra letters not seen in the infinitive. Remember that regular present tense -Ar, -Er and -Ir verbs are conjugated by removing the -ar, -er,or -ir infinitive endings and adding the correct endings for each conjugation: 1. Hablar 2. Habl---->ar 3. Habl- 4. +one of the endings: o, as, a, amos, an we end up with ----> Hablo, Hablas, Habla, Hablamos, Hablan. But some verbs conjugate differently in the Yo form. They don't simply add "o". Dar and Ver are among the irregular Yo form verbs. Because they are three-letters long, we have to add a bit more back to the Yo form: 1. Ver 2. V---->er 3. V- 4. +one of the endings: o, es, e, emos, en we end up with ----> *Vo, ves, ve, vemos, ven We have to add the "e" back in for "yo" : V+eo----> Veo, ves, ve, vemos, veis, ven We can't have *Vo, so we need to add the "e" back. Dar adds the "oy" like Ser, Ir and Estar do. 1. Dar 2. D---->ar 3. D- 4. + oy, es, e, emos, en we end up with ----> Doy, das, da, damos, dais, dan Some irregular "Yo" verbs like Poner, Salir, Oír and Hacer have a "-go" ending for the "yo" form. Estar estoy estás está estamos estáis están Ser soy eres es somos sois son Ir voy vas va vamos vais van Saber sé sabes sabe sabemos sabéis saben Others like Dar, Estar, Ser and Ir have a "y" ending for the "yo" form And others like Conocer, Traducir and Conducir have a "-zco" ending for the "yo" form. Subject Pronoun Poner Salir Hacer Conocer Traducir Conducir Yo Pongo Salgo hago Conozco Tú Pones Sales haces Conoces Él, ella, Usted Pone Sale hace Conoce Nosotros Ponemos Salimos hacemos Conocemos Ellos, ellas, Ustede