The Shift of Colonial Discourse of Academia Historica

TheS 、ift of Coloni刮目斑。UN.' of Academia H的toric.1， I啊7 to the prl,.'<;cnt The Shif• of Colonial Discourse of Academia His•onca, 1957 •o the presen•* 演講 Academia Historica is the English translation for Guoshiguon 闊史館. I• refers to an acodemic institution tha• studies historγFrom • he available da•obase. Ihis English ↑ ransla竹。n has been used since Mr. Chu Hυ卜sen 朱匯n become ils presidenl since June 1984 (1。 Sep• ember 1990). From Ihe lilerol meaning of Guoshiguan, i• moy be m。吧。ppropr間te 10 translote it os "S怕↑e His↑0叩 Acodemγ "Since Zhou Dynasly ( 1134-256B.C. ) . Chino has hod official historions responsible for the recording of mojor events of the Slole. bul Ihe ↑err啊。f guoshiguon has not been coined_ When Zhou Dynosty WQS divided into numer。υs smoll Sla• es , those small S怕他s had • heir respective officlal historians: Confucius' Annals of • he Spring and Aulumn 的↑he hislory 01 Ihe Slo悟 。1 Lu. In •he Soulhern ond Norlhern Dynoslies (220-581 ) • Ihe lerm guoshiguan was used sometimes , Man-houng Lin** s 。 Hiciol Documenls concerning Ihe loundolion 01 Academia 叫“。nco • Keyn。他 Speech lor 'W。他shop on Divided Mem明es ond Reconciliation: History Textbo。她。nd War 們帥io" , Cenler 1研帥io-Pociflc Area Sludies (CAPAS ) , RC附5， Academia Sinico, Taiwon, Republic 。f Chino, Seplember 3, 2∞8 •• Presidenl, Acodemio 卅storic。 • bul nol conlinuously. Since Ihe Tang Dynas↑γ(618-907). hislorical institutions named as Guoshiguan are 5et up offi口。lIy in each dynas↑γ' 。nd contestants who excelled in the State exorns were made responsible for collecting ond collating files for writing the history of the reigning dynaslγ Prior t。↑he Tang Dynaslγ， private historions migh• independently w卅e the state hist。即 such as Confuciu5 Since Tang , the officials assembled Ihe eftorls 10 record Ihe his↑。 ry which is an importan• milestone for establishing the Guoshiguan Since Ihe Republic of China ( ROC ) was eslablished in 1912. Guoshiguan WQS established in Beijin白. bu• not continuously. In 1947 Academio Historica WQS established o•• he curren↑ loc口行。n of the Second Hisforical Archives of China in Nanjing. Ihe residence of • he Taiping leader Hong X山quan m • he lale Qing period. After the governmer汁 。f ROC reloca• ed 10 Taiwan in 1949. the responsibility of the Academia 圈里飽飽訊。1闢 演 講 演講 Acodemio Hislorico ollhe Beiyi Rd., Xindion, 19705 - presenl doy Historico WQS first 怕ken over by the Chinese Nationa1is• Party ( KMT) Hist。何 Committee . and onlγuntil 1957 was the Academia restored Since its restorot阻n it hod undergone the following transitional stoges of colonial d的course t. KMT Era Even though the moin fosk of guoshiguan • hroughou• Chinese dγnasties have been the conection 。f historicol mater問Is in preparation for writing • he hist。呵。f the reigning dγnasty. the new ensuing dynosty 。 ften leαves records in the old dynasty's hist。即↑hat 的 unocceptoble by the new dynasty; hence 。↑her • hon recording t he history of i ts dγnas↑ y ， relevant personnel of the Gu oshiguon often set up 0 seporote committee to rev的e the history of its preceding dynasty. For example. Sun Yat-sen. the National Father of •he Republic of China was seen as 0 rebel in the Qjng History Droft left by the Qing dγnosty ， the Academio 卅肘。rica of ROC therefore had to revise il. Revising the Qing History Draft • herefore Fulure Ta ipei HeadQuarter 01 Academia Hislorica ( 即 iginally the Communicalion Bureou, Govemmer甘General's office du巾9 Japon's rule 01 Taiwan ) 圖E館館訊。 1期 演講 前且積校推舟 iE -iji--ijz 文 Ri si--gi'REit--z -jzz -4Est -Z 串串心 REf-=IeEE E aets 肉 i-i-is!iiiziiei:“ iilili--'jail-- ii; 昌﹒ !iji -aa.m-v 欄弓，『 a h .•• E.R. 恥." .• " •••••• 1. 倒也 ••• '"w ••• ba' , • • mm .-' ".* •. hz ' " •• , •••• "國 •• R.R-n ﹒民之側卒， ••• --- ••• ap 概會 -hz ••• 』‘ •• " •• ", •• , •••• S 鷗圖』 FAe-- 膺， •• aa--aa.m. 閣， *2 •••••• 8 . 「自 a.m.-aA .• ，aER ﹒→ -AT 間，。甜可樂商會 aE.E.-" 酬究研國 maR••• • ，az- -. 庸風「 E aw am a -- -H崢盲 h iieE!-iaalii-E 展提 •• , . , -Ra-- •• z •• 團 •• 』吏 "ak-- 闕，' •• K ••• m﹒卒， ••• "k ••• m防hwz'" 仇電 ", MM--" •••• R ••••• , -n ••• R.R.-'." ﹒帶 •• ", ..•.•. 司+是+ktn 。" •• ‘um--e 之 ••• 圓其原 •••• 寧主 ••• R.A." 袋， •• H圓 a.m.- 樹種之，'， •• 是•• , ••• E.R .兩個 •••••• •• 、 J •.• , •• "，食言 Em 衡， "."aRa 開azaM •• 『 •• R ••• K 敢回蝠 ，只‘ ••• 實az e--••• • hAa git--li--TZS 72.i-PE--sai ••••••• n focusing on the study of • he ROC's became an impor• an• tosk since his↑。吋 in Chlnese moinland, with the Guoshiguan's restoration in 1957 unfil relocation of the ROC government 199 1. Sixteen volumes of the Edited ↑。 Taiwan. ↑h e ROC history ;t was were thereby Q;ng History Draft compiHng 0150 consists of • he histo叩published. Though • his ed川。n has of ROC govern m en • governmg its pure academic tributes, in facf ;t Taiwan. Some colleagues' s• udies has more or Jess allowed Acαdem口 were concerned 叫th the period of Historica to proceed with the first Tαiwan under Japonese ruling , and stage colonial discourse. Because for the •ronsition in• o ROC ruling. Ea什y• he ROC , Sun Yat-sen wQS not onlγ discussion of • he topic often used not 0 band汀， but was the revol叫lon "Jαpanese occupation period ( riju mer汁。r th剖 "expelled the Tartars 日揖 ) “↑o refer to the period when and restored the Chinese World"; Taiwan was under Japanese rule from which i• wasdeduced:Manchu 。nd "Pos• Refrocession" to refer t。was an alien race • o Chinese the period of ROC governmen• 's na ↑υre governing Taiwan. The After the Academia Hi肘。nca was restored in 1957, other than Thc Shiít of口)]onia] DiscouJ'S(' 01 ACJdemia H的tOrl凹， 1957 to the pr.剖開t 演講 于1二尺草{牛檔案彙編A , ....J ' 1 ',J't av a Archives 。nd Diclionory of lhe 228 lncidenl 。 f such d 悶course tS tn essence incongrue nt with • he denia l of Qing Dyna sty . Because the word "retrocessìon" refers ↑。 fhe restorat昀n of Chinese rUling , and that dυnng Japan's rule of Taiwan. Taiwan was unjustly OCCυpied by Japanese: this would deduce Iha•• he Manchu that ruled Taiwan pr阻r 10 Japanese rule were Chinese and not an o lien race. In con • rost • o • he terms of "Dutch Occupalion (heju 荷據) " or "Japanese Occupation" • he vocabularies used 10 describe this period of Tαiwan history such os , "Zheng led" or "Ming Zheng ( 明 輯\) ". "Qing Led ( Qingling清領 ) " or "Qing Period ( Qingdai清代 ) ". seem to regard these per阻d of the Manchυs ruling during Qing Dynas•y and Zheng Familγ's ruling 05 the Chinese rulìng To州。n. Using the term "occu potion" ↑。 refer to Dutch and Japanese ru1ing period conveys the Chinese perspective of • he histo叩 Chinese' ruling of Taiwan is justified , non-Chinese ruling Taiwan 的 no ↑ justified 11. DPP Era In 2000. • he Democratic Progressive Par↑γ(DPP) replaced the KMT 10 lead Ihe ROC of Taiwan. Penghu, Jinmen ond Mazu, and the colonial discourse of the Academia Hi叫。rica varied along with • he change of • he ru ling porly. The Ordnances of Academ叩 Hi訓。nca promulgated by the Presiden↑。f↑er it was passed by the Legisla• Ive Yuan in 2001 sli p ulales Ihal: 1 。 S• reng• hen • he s• udy and research 。 f Taiwan His↑。 ry ， Taiwan Historico IS es• ablished under • he supervision of Academ的 Hist o rico. Hence . Acodemia Historica hos legol basis to include Toiwon hi s to叩 as par• 01 l• s responsibility. During this period the Taiwan hi story study ot • he Academia had quite 0 substantial progress, some interesting w凹k such os "Coalition of the government and private - the fo rmotion of 'Grass Prawn Kingdom' " (政府與民間聯手 1980年代蔓灣「草蝦王國 J 的形 成) wos published. At the same time. 。 l↑hough ↑he sludy 01 ROC hislory in Chinese moinland continues , the little introductory book of Academia His• orica published during this time did not mention 0 word of its estoblishmen• in Chinese mainland. 國E輯館訊。1闢 lel alone ils deep-ro。↑ed trodition in Chinese history , and • herefore reveals how the ROC history in mainland China during this period was neglecfed. In confras t. work with respect to fhe KMT's persecut阻n 。 f 0 large number of Taiwanese people in Ihe February 28 Incider叫 。 r ↑he white terror during its rule boomed. Intentionally or no t. this made KMT's rule of Taiwan be seen 。s coloniol 叫le from foreign power But from 0 historic ol perspective. • he descrip• ion 01 KMT's high-pressure ruling is octually quite 到 milor ↑。 Jopan 's high -pressure ruling of Toiwon os wos emphosized during KMT's ruling ero 刊。wever. in c ontras• 10 KM T' s ruling e悶，們 Ihe works published by the Acodemio Historico during the DPP's era. "Dutch Occupotion" ond "Jopanese Occupotion" gradually became "D叫ch rule" or "Jopanese rule", which inherentlγaccepts the lacls 01 Dulch and Japan governing Toiwon. The word "refrocession" WQS graduallγreplaced by "poslwar'一 演講 ThcShi“of Colonial Discoursc of Ac.ldl'mia Hislori凹 195710 t加 P'四cnl 演講 直rrøt !l﹒巾I8 rt brhltt l1 「 鉤rLpull.uf 嘔心T剛.... JeP1l. 山Ta 帶MK 國&刊本副&@間@率和發的 Treaty 01 Peace between the Republic 01 Chino ond Jopon.1952 which 1erm is derived from Jopon's "shusen ( • he end 01 • he war) " 。nd evidenfly depar• îng from pro Chînese 1ern內S 111. Present Stage A fter Maγ20 ， 200 日 ， ↑ here has been bo• h înheri • ance of 。 nd dîvergence from previous developmen• Research focus on the ROC and Taiwon histories: The Treoty of Peoce between the ROC and Japan in 1952 " ( •he Toipei Treotγ) elucidates that the ROC at Taiwan, Penghu, Jinmen ond Mozu 的。 confînuotîon of the ROC tha• was estoblished în 1912, hence i• is not 0 new S• ote. Due t。 the war between the ROC in Chinese mainland and Japan,• here was the necess廿γ ↑。 slgn 0 peoce ↑rea↑y ↑。 lormally termina•e the war. Though the ROC governmen• that executed this Treaty wîth Japon în Taipei in 1952 limited the Treaty's applicable scope • o its effective governing territ。巾， it was still the State that was formed in 1912. Hence the hist。內 。1 the S• ote noturollγconsists of the periods of ROC in Chinese moinlond ond in Toiwon. The Chinese origin in ROC's his↑。叮叮 its influence to Chino offerwards will also be covered in the Academia 's reseorch scope Fur• her, since • he lows of • he State hove lis• ed • he histo rγ 。 f Taiwon as an enhanced s• udy tocυs 01 the Academio, the history of ROC and histo呵。1 Tαiwon therefore hos become the scope of s• udy 01 the Academ盯 Chang1ng the names 01 Ihe vorlous governlng perlods in Toiwon h1slory: Using "Dutch ru1e ( Hezh 自 荷地) ", "Zheng ru1e ( Zhengzhil部 地) ", "Qing rule ( Qingzhi清治 ) "Japanese rule (Rizhi 日泊) " and "Republican rule (Minzhi rt 治) " respectively to break away from • he subjective perspective 。1 the hi訓。rian ond move to the 。bjective perspective of respecting the historical fact. Since each of the aforementioned periods are 圍里起自訊。 1期 divided on the basis 01 the ru1er in fac t.• he term "retrocession" or " postwar﹒划lill no longer be used and the term "ROC rule" will be used 10 represen• the period of governance by the ROC. 1n addi↑ l。門， since the Trea1y 01 Peace between the ROC and Japan 的。n In• ernotionol Treaty that deals with the sovereignty of Taiwon in furtherance of the Treaty of Shimonosek i. in which Qing had "ceded in perpetuity • he lu11 sovereignty" of Taiwan, there was not legol provision tor returning to Chino upon expiration as with Hong Kong's 99 year-1ease. KMTs so-called Toiwan R酬的cession Day on October 25, 1945 is the day on which the ROC began its de locto governonce 。ver Taiwan. But only until August 5, 1952 • he date on which the Treaty 。 1 peace be•ween the Republic of China and Japan became effective did the ROC 10rmal1 y assumed the sovereigntγ 。ver Taiwan and Penghu Group de jure pursuon↑↑。 internotional treoty upon which 011 natura1 and legal persons wi1hin its 演講 The 5nift of Colonial Dio，cl1u~ of A個demia Hi~torica ， 195710 tht> p仇恨"' 演講 governance became citizens of • he ROC. Though the wor between the ROC ond Jopon consolido• ed the foundation for the Treaty , the United States' Cold War struc • ure agmns• Communist forces wos • he main ingredient. The term "Postwar" causes confusion becαûsé there a have been too many wars in histo巾， ond • here is no ind ication as ↑。 which war. Many people still have the hab汁。1 rele卅ng ↑。 ↑he period 01 the ROC governmer甘 ruling T oiwan 一」 as the period 01 the "1、Jationalìs ↑ government" (guomin zhengfυ闢 民政府) . In lac t b e•ween 1928 and 1948 • he head institution of the ROC was the Na竹。 naJist governme r札 which WQS reploced by the presider汁 。fter the constitutionolizotion in 1948 The • erm Notionolis↑ governme川， IS OISO eosily mistaken to mean KMT- ruling , in foct ROC is no longer 0 。ne-Pa什y governmen• pursuant to its curren• Constitution Emphaslze the multiple connections between the world hlslory and Ihe hislory 01 Ihe ROC 。 r of Ta iwan: The • erm "colonial discourse" m。吧。r less emphasizes the domina竹。 n and exploi tation of 0 foreign force to the native In • h e post though • he foreign forces described by the Acodemio Historica's colonial discourses at differen t st oges transforms with 燭， τ..wan as .,. ttrntOll oc o ,Qonc Chmue dya國'mue M..nland心‘."Qnadyn甜， m mw u" UJm 個呵 a wUM--m』恥地 T恥WMUlernlory oC 1heROC ROC(.‘"的， M..nl筒ldQun .. U'" 棚"吋) 'N PRC The Sovereig 門 ty chonges 01 Toiw"on ond Chinese Moi州。nd the passage 01 time. but each emphasized the foreign forces' domina• ion and exploi• ation of the native: bu• the multiple connections between the world his• ory and the his• ory of the ROC or of Taiwan can been seen. For example , on the basis 01 • he Korean War and the Cold War. in 1952. • he Treaty signed betwgen Japan and the ROC ot Taiwon , Penghu , Jinmen. 。nd Mazu made the ROC 0 buffer State between the anti-communist powers of US , Ja pan and others ond Communist forces: this fac• WQS however never seen in the high school tex• book of Toi wan. The ROC 0 • Taiwan , Penghu , Jinmen , 。nd Mazu WQS allowed to represe卅 the whole of China prior to 1971 because of • he boycott agains• the People's Republic of China in the U刊ted Na• ions bγthe US camp. ond it has never been pointed out in the high school textbooks • ho• the Trea•y 。 f peace between the Republic of China ond Jopon • ha• reduced the size of the ROC government's 圈里館館訊。 1期 effective ferri↑。ry ↑o the curren• 釗血， has completed the transfer of To俐。n sovereignty. Hence the Cold Warn叫。nly brought Taiwan fo什une ， but also misf。叫une. The Academia will no• so much emphasize colonial discourses of fhe foreign powers' dominotion and exploitofion , buf wìll ins• ead emphasize the hisf。即 01 the Stote 們 relation to • he greater w。叫d. And hence though the intra governmer汁。 1 document of • he Acodemia is still do•ed in terms of the Republic's yeo的 ， o!l historicol w凹ks or the exhibltions of the 0什ifacts of the Presidents or Vice Presidents which is also a legol obligation of Academia Historica are dated mainly in A. D ond • hen followed by brocketed Chinese or Japanese years and others. such os 1936 (Showo t 1• h γeor) . This would fa口li出↑e readers 01 • he world in understαnding the year of • he historical event being discussed, os we!l as reminding any research and discourses of the state hist。叩 to be minded of some world history ot ploγ 演講 '