Journalese Journalese I. Definition II. Structure 2.1 Headline 2.2 Lead The first one or two paragraphs of news stories are called the Lead, which often contains a brief and clear idea. Direct lead & Delayed lead w direct lead (or straight lead) It should: - a single paragraph of a single sentence - no more than 30 words - Summarize most newsworthy info. - i.e. “what”, “where” and “when” of the news (sometimes also “why” and “how”, only if there’s room) w Delayed lead - delay the real stuff of leads -- the 5W's - start with an attention grabber -"nut graf" -- a paragraph following the attention-grabber; supplies the 5W's, the message and the angle. 2.3 Body The inverted pyramid structure puts the essential and most interesting elements of the story at the beginning, with supporting information following in order of diminishing importance. The chronological structure is an opposite structure of the inverted pyramid structure. The mixed structure is the mixture of the inverted pyramid structure and chronological structure. III. Stylistic Features of Journalese 3.1 Graphological features 3.1.1 Punctuation Comma, colon, quotation mark, question mark 3.1.2 Visual aids Headlines, white pace, sentence length, paragraphs 3.2 Grammatical features 3.2.1 Heavy use of pre-modification Pre-modification is placed before a head word while post-modification is after it. 3.2.2 Ellipsis Articles, personal pronouns, linking verbs and auxiliary verbs are often omitted in headlines. 3.2.3 Tense a. Simple present tense: immediate and more vivid. b. Infinitive phrase: usually used in the headlines to express the future. 3.2.4 Participle phrase Participle phrases are often used as adverbial clause. 3.2.5 Appositive To make the sentences brief, clear and as informative as possible, especially explain person’s identity, career, age and an organization’s place, quality. 3.3 Lexical features 3.3.1. Use of nonce words ---Also called journalistic neologisms, are words created or used for temporary purpose. ---Word formation: compounding affixation using hyphen 3.3.2. Use of short words 3.3.3. Use of acronyms ---Acronym is the word formed from the initial letters of a group of words. 3.3.4. Use of abbreviations ---Composed of the letters picked irregularly out of the original word. 3.3.5. Word choice 1) Metaphorical words 2) Cliché 3) Loan words 4) Vague words 5) Speech shifting 3.4 Semantic features Rhetorical devices Discourse pattern Transitions: pronouns, transitional expressions, parallel structure 参考文献： 徐有志：《英语文体学教程》，高等教育出版社，2005 王守元：《英语文体学要略》 张建：《新闻英语文体与范文评析》，外语教育出版社，1994 辛冀秋. 论新闻英语的文体特点. 2005.01 —金姗姗 张学敏 曾文艳 曾妮
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