Read and Discover Level 6-clothes then and now

Clothes Then and Now Richard Northcott Read and discover at l about c lothes in thc rr , ' . r and clothes today ... . Where were your clothes made? . What is a fashion victim? Read and discover more about the wortd! This series of non-fiction readers provides interest ing and educat ionaI content, wi th activit ies and project work. Series Editor: Hazet Geatches r? Audio CD Pack available word word文档格式规范word作业纸小票打印word模板word简历模板免费word简历 count for thls prder: 3,716 Levet 3 600 headwords Level 4 750 headwords Level I 900 [ te,r , /afffi|"u.,,. , Cover photograph: Getty lmages (Woman in sari factory/Bruno Mor,ilr{lr I 2-03-1 1 3 2-50 Th,e,ll orh,d N;o,w Richard Northcott Introduction 3 1 Why Do We Wear Clothes? 4 2 The History of Clothes 8 3 The Language of Clothes L2 4 Chitdren's Clothes 16 5 Fabrics 20 5 The Clothing Industry 24 7 Fashion 28 8 Crazy Ctothes 32 Activities 36 Projects 52 Glossary 54 About Read and Discover 56 OXTORD UNI\/BRSITY PRESS ()xF()R.D l rNt\ ' IRst l Y I ' l< l iss (;r(. i l l ( l l irrcn(lon Strcct, Oxlbrd ox2 6Dp Oxfdrd tlniversily l)ress is a department ofthe University ot Oxtord. lt tirnhers the University's objective ofexcellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTom Dares Salaam HongKong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melboume Mexico City Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Cuatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine VietnaD oxFoRD and oxFoRD ENGLISH are registered trade marks ofOxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countrlcs o Oxford Uuiversity Press 2o1o The moral rights ofthe author have been assefted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) l ' irst published 2o1o 2074 2013 2012 2011 2O1O 1098765432 No unauthorized photocopying All rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior pemission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly pemitted by law, or under tems agreed with the appropdate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope ofthe above should be sent to the ElI Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Any websites referred to in this publication are in the public domain and their addresses are provided by Oxford University Press for information only. Oxford University Press disclains any responsibility for the content rsBN: 928 o 19 464561 4 AnAudio CD Pack containingthis book and a CD is also available rsBN: 978 o 19 464601 7 The CD has a choice ofAnerican and British English recofdings ofthe cQmplete text. Au n( coulpnnying Activity Book is also available fsrN: 978 o 19 464571 3 l'r ' inle(l iD Clrira 'l his lxxrk is prinled on paper ftom certif ied and w('l l-DlrDlgcd sources ACK N OWLE DGEMENTS llhrstrdttofls hy: Arlene Adams p.26: Kelly Kennedy pp.7, 9, 13, 20: Alan Rowe pp.35. 38, 45, 46. The Publishers would qho like to thank the Jollowing Jbr their kiwl pcmission to rcproduce photographs and other coptright matcrial: The AdvertisingArchives p.31 (1950s Levi's advert); Akg- images p.9 (spinninglTrod,e, orts ond, rafts in Chind. Spinning and needlruork. Copper engraving, original colour'. From: Carl Bertuch, Bilderbuch fuer Kinder, vol.8, Weimar (landes- Industrie- Comptoir) 1813, nL99, fig.4.Coll. Archiv f.Kunst & Ceschichte): Alamy pp.6 (Rosemary Behar),9 (me Amolfrni MTfiage (7434lvat EyckrThe London Art Archive), 14 (buba/ SELX Paule/hemis.fr), 15 (Peru/Paul Kingsley), 27 (Helen Rogers), 29 (Amanda Ahn/dbimages), 30 (Martin Thomas Photography), 34 (Coths/Allan hy): Bridgeman Art Library pp.7 lPortrait ofoLody (oil on panel), Donck, Genit van (161040)/Private Collection/Photo O Bonhams, London, UK), l7 (lcs Meniaos, detail of the lwer half depicting the family of Philip M (1605-65) of Spoin, 1 655 (oil on canvas) (detail of 405) by Velazquez, Diego Rodriguez de Silva y (1599-1660) Prado, Madrid. Spain/Giraudon), 33 (Monstrositiesof 1818, (w/c) by Cruikshank, Ceorge (1792-1878)ivictoria & Albert Museum, London, UK): The Brit ish Library Board p.10: Corbis pp.6 (children/Roben Wallis), 12 (newsreaders ljrance/Erik Robefticorbis Sygma), 20 (Hugh Sitton), 21 (Pallava Bagla), 24 {Massimo Listri). 25 (Viviane Moos), 28 (Frank Caroll/ Sygma), 34 (Harajuku girl/Everett Kennedy Brom/epa): Getty Images pp.12 (newsreaders Malaysia/tTengku Bahar/ AFP), 22 (silkworms/China Photos), 32 (Dominique Chariaq Wiretmage): W. L. Cnre & Associates p.23; Vivienne Lee p.14 (hanbok); Oxford Uniyersity Press pp.3, 5 (modem clothes),11, 13, l5 (kimono), 16, 18, 19, 22 (silk fabdc), 31 (jeans close-up); Press Association Images p.4 (Bel Uribe/Landov); Scala London p.8 (Coptic art: Tuic, 5fh century. New York, Metropolitan Museum ofArt. Linen, wool, 72 in. high 53.00 in. wide (183 cm high 135 cm wide). Gift ofEdward S. Harkness, 1926. Acc.n.: 26.9.8 @ 2009. Image coplright The Metropolitan Museum ofArt/Art Resource/Scala, Florence); Science and Society p.5 (past clothes/National Media Museum/SSPL). The author wishes to thonk Ursula Hudson, London CoIIege of Fashion ilnffi@dseffi@m Let's think about clothes. Jeans, T-shirts, dresses, and sweaters ... you can find these clothes in most countries around the world. Look at the photos below. Which clothes are the same as clothes in your country? Which are different? What clothes can you see What are your favorite clothes? What are they made of and where were they made? What do you know about clothes in the past? Nowread and discover more about in the past and clothes today!clothes Whv Do :e WeamCil@ffies? We wear clothes because we want to be comfortable. We wear clothes because we want to look good. Do we always wear the same ctothes? Of course not! We wear different clothes when we do different things. Clothes For lmportant Days Are you wearing your best clothes today? Maybe not. We wear good clothes at school, but we wear better clothes at parties or on important days. \Teddings are very important days. In this photo of a wedding, the people are wearing beautiful clothes. They are made of an expensive fabric called silk. $Tedding clothes are different in different countries, but one thing is the same everywhere - people wear their best clothes on the most important days. Clothes For Every Day In the past, clothes were often big and heavy. The old clothes above don't look very comfortable. Most people couldn't buy clothes made of light fabrics, like silk, because they were too expensive. There were no synthetic fabrics like nylon. Today, our clothes are light and easy to wear. They are made quickly in big factories. Millions of clothes are made every day. Most people have lots of different clothes because they are cheaper now. Staying Cool or Warm S7e wear clothes because we want to be comfortable in hot or cold weather. In hot weather, tight clothes are uncomfortable. If we wear loose clothes, the air can move around our bodies and help us to stay cool. The men above live in a hot country. They are wearing long, white shirts called dishdashas. White clothes are cool in hot weather. The men's turbans and scarves protect their heads from the sun. In colder countries, people also cover their heads. This is because they don't want to lose heat. In places where the winter is very cold, people wear hats made of wool or fur. Heat from the bodv stavs in the wool or fur and keeps people warm. Looking Good 'That's a greatT:shirt!Where did you buy it?' ... We're always happy when our friends like our clothes.'We like wearing nice clothes because we want to look good. How do we look good? People's ideas about that have sometimes changed. About 400 years ago, people in Europe wore big white collars around their necks.You can see one in this painting of a woman from Holland. To look good today, men wear ties, and women wear scarves or jewelry. The head and neck have always been important in the design of clothes. $(/hen we meet people, we usually look at the top half of their body - their face and their eyes. Some people want to look rich and important. They buy expensive clothes made by famous designers. Presidents and politicians usually wear expensive clothes. 7/ ln Ancient China, yeltow was the emperor's color. Onty the emperor could wear yetlow clothes. I I : bil " .1s t?i-JL;VI- .?* W ) Go to pages 36-37 for activities. ffieffiMffiy @ffiCil@Gh@s People started wearing clothes about 100,000 years ago. Their ctothes were made of animaI skins. People also used to weave grass together to make rough fabric. Clothes were probably the same for men and women. Making Fabrics About 81000 years ago, people learned to weave threads together to make pieces of fabric. They used threads of wool, cotton, or linen. They sewed the pieces of fabric together to make simple tunics. These early clothes were like ourT:shirts today but they were longer. Later, people used looms for weaving. The spinning wheel was invented about 21500 years ago in India.rVith spinning wheels, people could make thread more quickly, so making fabric was easier. Fabrics became more comfortable. If you were rich, you could buy lots of different clothes. This picture was painted in L434.It 's from Belgium in Europe and it shows a rich man and woman. The man is wearing a long tunic. At this time, men in Europe and in Asia wore tunics. The woman is holding the front of her dress. There's beautiful decoration on her dress, but its shape is simple. It's like a tunic, but it's longer than the man's tunic. This linen tunic from ancient Egypt is now in a museum. It's about 11500 years old.\We don't have many clothes as old as this tunic. Fabric doesn't usually last long, so people throw old clothes away. If we want to know about clothes in the past, we can look at old paintings. iHU. 6ffi Ncl/ People carried their money in smatl\i:=,/ purses tied around their waists. They cut slits in their tunics to reach their purses. Later, these stits became pockets. The First Pants The first pants, or trousers, were very simple. They were made of two pieces of fabric sewn together - a front piece and a back piece. They were worn under a tunic. This photo is from about 1870 and it shows a woman from Pakistan wearing a salwar kameez, which means 'pants-tunic'. In America and Europe at that time, women wore long dresses or skirts. Modern Clothes The first clothes were made of a few pieces of fabric. Then people got better at sewing, and clothes became more complicated. There were different pieces of fabric for the front and the back of a coat, for the sleeves, and for the collar. In a modern jacket, there are sometimes 60 different pieces of fabric. Not all modern clothes are as complicated as a jacket.You can make aT:shirt or a sweatshirt with only four pieces of fabric. Look carefully at some of your clothes. How many pieces of fabric are there? I Go to pages 38-39 for activities. t{ Fh* ffiehngqog@ ffiCil@Gh@s With television, magazines, and the Internet, we see pictures of people from all around the world. We can look at their ctothes and learn many things. What is their job? Are they rich or poor? Clothes are a type of language. Suits for Work The people below are newsreaders on television. Their clothes are almost the same. They are wearing suits. The men are wearing ties. The people in the first picture are in France. In the second picture, you can see newsreaders in Malaysia. France is a very long way from Malaysia - about 10,000 kilometers. They are different countries in different continents. Their climate is different and so is their culture. The people speak different languages. So why are these newsreaders wearing similar clothes? Jobs and Uniforms Newsreaders wear a suit because they want to sayr'I'm a serious person. I'm telling you something important-' People often choose their clothes because they want to send a message to other PeoPle. In many countries, doctors wear a white coat. A doctor's white coat sends a message that everyone understands. It saysr'I'm a doctor and I can help you.' Police officers usually wear a uniform.\7hat does that uniform tell us? It saysr'I'm a police officer and I'm very serious.' -+ifl!x, elgM[_. .Wryfl Ine Tlrst British police officers had - to wear their uniform atl the time - not just when theY were working! L" k l l :rY ft I t l * *tr t - Sometimes we wear the special clothes of our own country. The clothes that belong to one country or place are called traditional costume. A traditional costume says, 'I 'm proud of my country and my culture.' The two women above live in Mali in Africa. They are wearing traditional bLtbas. A buba is a long dress made of colorful fabrics. $fomen also wear a scarf on their head, sometimes made of the same fabric as their buba. The traditional costume of South l(orea is the hctnboh, which means 'I(orean costume'. The hanbok is made of bright fabrics and it 's comfortable. For women, rhe hartbok is a long skirt and a short jacket. For men, it 's a jacket and loose trousers. The traditional costume of Peru is very colorful. Traditional Peruvian clothes are usually made of wool. Women wear lots of skirts. Sometimes thev wear 15 skirts at the same time! The traditional costume of Japan is the kimono. \fomen's kimonos are made of beautiful fabrics. usuallv silk. Men's kimonos are darker than women's kimonos, and they have simpler sleeves. The decoration on a kimono matches the season. For example, in spring, women wear kimonos with pictures of ftowers on them. Go to pages 40-4L for activit ies. -6, ChflfldnenbCil@ffi@s Look in a big ctothes store and you witt find children's ctothes in many different designs and cotors. Millions of chitdren's ctothes are made every year. Ctothes for children are big business. Clothes Today Like most clothes today, children's clothes are made by machines in factories. Children's clothes can be made more quickly and cheaply than in the past, so more people can buy them. When children play, their clothes get dirty. Today's clothes are easy to wash and dry because some of the fabrics are synthetic. Children's clothes are usually brighter than adults' clothes.Young children like bright, happy colors. Clothes in the Past In the past, life for children was often difficult. In poor families the children had to work. They didn't have much time to play or have fun. The poorest children didn't have nice clothes, and they probably didn't have any shoes. There are more paintings of rich children than of poor children, so we know more about their clothes. Rich children dressed like adults and they had to live like adults. They had lots of lessons and they didn't play much.This picture was painted in 1656.It shows the daughter of the king of Spain. The little girl is only seven. but she is dressed like an adult. School Uniforms At some schools, children wear special clothes. \We call these clothes school uniform. School uniforms are made in the school's special colors. They often have the school's badge on rhe front of the jacket or the sweater. Some schools have different uniforms for summer and for winter. School uniforms don't have much decoration. There is sometimes a jacket and a tie, and maybe a hat. In the language of clothes, a school uniform says, 'I'm a serious student and I work hard.' Clothes for Babies Clothes just for babics urc a new idea. In the past, poor people wrapped long pieces of fabric around their babies to keep them warm. They didn't have enough money to buy clothes for their babies. In rich families, baby boys and baby girls wore the same long, white dresses. Their clothes were nice and clean, but they weren't very interesting. Rompers were invented in about 1910 and they were the first clothes made just for babies. In rompers, a baby can play and crawl easily. It doesn't matter if the rompers get dirty because they are easy to wash. In many countries it's traditional to dress girls in pink colors and boys in blue colors. This only began about 60 years ago, but people also dress their babies in manv different colors. Babies grow quickty, but that's not a -" :{G s' probtem! Modern rompers are made of loose, tight fabric, so they can stretch. ) Go to pages 42-43 for activities. : i& . rJr For thousands of years, people have used woo[, cotton, and linen to make clothes. Scientists have invented new synthetic fabrics, but people stitt like the otd fabrics, too. OI People have always worn clothes made of wool, especially in cold countries. The wool comes from sheep, alpacas, and other animals. There are different types of wool. In some wool, the threads are thin. This wool is used to make sweaters and scarves. Thicker threads are used to make blankets and carpets. Cotton Most shirts, T:shirts, jeans, socks, and underwear are made of cotton. Cotton clothes are lighter than clothes made of wool, but they are also very strong. Cotton is a soft, comfortable fabric. Cotton clothes are good in hot countries because the air goes through the fabric and keeps you cool. Do you know how cotton is made? Cotton plants grow in fields. The white balls on the cotton plant are pickcd and washed, then they are made into cotton threads. Most of the world's cotton is grown in China, India, and the USA. When you wash cotton clothes, they crease a lot, so you have to iron them. If cotton is mixed with synthetic threads like polyester, it doesn't crease so much. Wo ffi ffi@ We can make seven sweaters with the wool from one sheep. @ .: *";e. F , \ I . . t ,*i t r l1', Clothes made of cotton and polyester dry quickly after you wash them. The first silk was made in China about 51000 years ago. At first, it was a secret. Only a few people knew how to make silk. Then, other people discovered that the secret of silk is a tiny animal, called a silkworm. The silkworm makes a thin thread and wraps the thread around its body. In two or three days the silkworm can make about 900 meters of thread. Then people take the thread and wash it. Some people think that this is bad because the silkworm dies. People weave the silkworm's thread and make silk. Silk is expensive because it's difficult to make. Silk reflects the light and shines. Dresses made of silk move easily when the person walks. Silk clothes are comfortable because silk is verv soft. Synthetic Fabrics Synthetic fabrics don't come from plants or animals. They are made of chemicals, and the chemicals usually come from oil. There are many different synthetic fabrics. Nylon, polyester, Spandexo, and Gore-Tex(t" are some of the most important ones. Spandex@ is light and strong. It stretches and fits close to the body, so it's often used for sports clothes, for example, shirts and shorts for cyclists. Gore-Texu is strong and waterproof. \When a synthetic fabric is invented, it is tested on machines. Is it strong enough? Will it stretch and not tear? Scientists do lots of tests to answer these questions.This machine is testing Gore-Tex"'. The machine stretches the fabric thousands of times. I Go to pages 44-45 for activities. rtr .? -f r- ' i :r, i i :11 t All around the world, miltions of people work in the clothing industry. Famous designers and models make a lot of money. Other people don't make much money, especia[[y the workers in factories. ' t l Iw-r., lil Buyers Buyers work for big department stores or for supermarket chains. They choose clothes for their stores. They tell the factory how many clothes they need. Big stores buy thousands of clothes every year. They usually want a summer collection and a winter collection. Before one winter ends, the buyer chooses the clo