ISO 16047-2003 拧紧扭矩和夹紧力测试（CN）

1 Document No-ISO/TC2/SC 1/WG8 FMV-2.7 N 18 2003-17-06 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZA 国际标准化组织 ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION From: DIN DEUTSCHES INSTITUT FUR NORMUNG e.V. ZWEIGSTELLE KOLN Kamekestraβe8 D-50672Koln Telephone: int. +49-2 21-57 13-0 Nat. (0220) 57 13-0 Telefax: int. +49-2 21-57 13-4 14 nat. (02 21) 57 13-4 14 Secretariat: DIN Cologne 秘书处：科龙 DIN 标准 ISO/CD 16047 Fasteners-Torque/clamp force testing 扭紧扭矩/夹紧力测试 (Supersedes document ISO/TC 2/SC 1//WG 8N41) 2 ISO TC 2/SC 1 Date: 2003-05 ISO/CD 16047 Secretariat: DIN FastenersTorque/clamp force testing 扭紧扭矩/夹紧力测试 Warning 通知 This document is not an ISO international Standard. It is distributed for review and comment. It is subject to change without notice and may not be referred to as an international Standard. 这个文件不是 ISO 国际标准的正式文件，是供讨论和研究的草案，本文的修改不另外通知并不作为正 式的国际标准。 Recipients of this document are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation. 这个文件的收件人是被邀请的，除了注释以外，请对任意涉及到正确的专利进行告知并支持这些文件。 Document type: International Standard 文件类型:国际标准 Document subtype:文件图表类型 Document stage: (30) Committee 文件发起：（30）委员会 Document language: E 文件语言：英语 FMV/jst ((C/7.F/E/E/E/E/D/G)) 2003-06-11 3 Copyright notice 版权通知 This ISO document is a working draft or committee draft and is copyright-protected by ISO. 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The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. ISO（标准化国际组织）世界范围的国家标准成员体（ISO 成员体）。标准化组织 通过 ISO 技术标准委员会进行工作。每个成员体对感兴趣的科目制定正确的标 准提交国际化组织委员会。国际标准化组织、官方和非官方组织与 ISO 联络， 同样可以参加合作。ISO 与国际电器委员会保持密切的联系并在所有的电器标准 方面保持紧密的合作。 International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEO Directives, Part 3. 国际标准草案与 ISO/IEO 给出的规定的第三部分保持一致。 The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75% of the member bodies casting a vote. 技术委员会的主要任务是准备国际标准。国际标准草案经过技术委员会成员体投 票，出版国际标准最少要求 75%的成员体投票通过。 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the element of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. 注意这个文件的一些内容可能牵连到某些科目的专利权。ISO 将没有责任识别所 有的专利权。 ISO/CD 16047 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 2, Subcommittee SC 1. ISO/CD 16047 是 ISO/TC 2 的准备技术委员会，SC1 是附属委员会。 5 FastenersTorque/clamp force testing 扭紧扭矩/夹紧力测试 1 scope 范围 This International Standard specifies the conditions for carrying out torque/clamp force tests on threaded fasteners and related parts. 这个国际标准详细的说明在外部扭矩的条件下对螺丝紧固和有关零件夹紧力的关系。 The test basically applies to bolts, screws, studs and nuts made of carbon steel and alloy steel whose mechanical properties are specified in ISO 898-1, ISO898-2 or ISO898-6 with ISO metric threads with thread sizes M1, 6 to M39. It is also applicable to the combination of other externally and internally threaded fasteners with triangular ISO thread according to ISO 68. 这个试验基本满足螺栓、螺钉和螺帽碳钢和合金钢机械特性在 ISO 898-2 或 ISO898-6 中 ISO 米制螺纹和螺纹规格 M1.6 到 M39 的说明要求。也可以应用与其他包括形状按照 ISO68 符 合 ISO 三角形螺纹的螺纹紧固要求。 However, it does not apply to set screws and similar threaded fasteners not under tensile stresses, to screws which form their own mating thread, and to threaded fasteners having additional self locking features. 可是，不适用螺栓不受拉力和类似的螺纹紧固受力状态的测试，也不适合自攻螺钉，和有自 锁功能特性的螺纹紧固件。 Unless otherwise agreed, the tests are carried out at room temperature. Tests carried out under controlled conditions shall be made at a temperature of 10°C to 35°C. 除非有其他的 协议 离婚协议模板下载合伙人协议 下载渠道分销协议免费下载敬业协议下载授课协议下载 ，试验将在室温情况下进行，室温控制到 10°C 到 35°C This method allows determination of the tightening characteristics of threaded fasteners and related parts. 这个方法允许测试紧固件的扭紧特性和相关零件的关系。 2 Normative references 参考标准 The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. 如下标准化文件规定，通过参考这些文件，制定这个国际标准，因为参考日期和修正日期任 何出版物都不能更改。因此，合作伙伴的协议在国际标准应用可以建议参考如下文件，标准 文件的最近版本参考应用，ISO 成员和 IEO 通过国际标准登记注册。 ISO 68: 1973, ISO general purpose screw threads—Basic profile. ISO 68: 1973, ISO 普通用途螺钉螺纹—基本外型。 ISO 273: 1979, Fasteners —Clearance holes for bolts and screws. ISO 273: 1979, 紧固件—螺钉和螺栓的孔 ISO 724: 1993, ISO general purpose metric screw threads — Basic dimensions. ISO 724: 1993, ISO 米制螺纹的一般特性—基本尺寸 ISO 898: 1999, Mechnical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel-Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs. ISO 898: 1999, 碳钢和合金钢紧固件的机械特性部分 1：螺栓、螺丝钉和柱头螺钉 6 ISO 898-2: 1992, Mechanical properties of fasteners —Part 2: Nuts with specified proof load values—coarse thread. ISO 898-2: 1992, 紧固件的机械特性—部分 2：螺帽详细的负载实验值—粗纹螺纹 ISO 898-6: 1994, Mechanical properties of fasteners —Part 6: Nuts with specified proof load values—fine pitch thread. ISO 898-6: 1994, 紧固件的机械特性—部分 6：螺帽详细的负载实验值—细纹螺纹 ISO 4014: 1999, Hexagon head bolts — Product grades A and B. ISO 4014: 1999, 六角头螺栓—产品等级 A 和 B。 ISO 4017: 1999, Hexagon head screws — Product grades A and B. ISO 4017: 1999, 六角头螺钉—产品等级 A 和 B。 ISO 4032: 1999, Hexagon nuts style 1 — Product grades A and B. ISO 4032: 1999, 六角头螺帽类型 1—产品等级 A 和 B。 ISO 4032: 1999, Hexagon nuts style 2 — Product grades A and B. ISO 4032: 1999, 六角头螺帽类型 2—产品等级 A 和 B。 ISO 4042:1999, fasteners—Electroplated coatings. ISO 4042:1999, 紧固件—电镀层厚度。 ISO 4759-3:2000, Tolerances for fasteners—Part 3:Plain washers for bolts, screws and nuts — Product grades A and C. ISO 4759-3:2000, 紧固件公差—部分 3：螺栓、螺钉和螺帽平垫圈—产品等级 A 和 C. ISO 4762:1997, Hexagon socket head cap screws. ISO 4762:1997, 内六角型螺钉。 ISO 6892: 1984, Metallic materials—Tensile testing. ISO 6892: 1984, 金属材料—拉伸试验 ISO 7093-1: 2000, Plain washers—Large series—Product grade A. ISO 7093-1: 2000, 平垫圈——加大系列—产品等级 A. ISO 8673:1999,Hexagon nuts, style 1, with metric fine pitch thread—Product grades A and B. ISO 8673:1999, 六角螺帽，类型 1，米制细牙螺纹——产品等级 A 和 B. ISO 8674:1999,Hexagon nuts, style 2, with metric fine pitch thread—Product grades A and B. ISO 8674:1999, 六角螺帽，类型 2，米制细牙螺纹——产品等级 A 和 B. ISO 8765:1999,Hexagon head bolts with metric fine pitch thread—Product grades A and B. ISO 8765:1999, 六角螺栓用于米制细牙螺纹——产品等级 A 和 B. ISO 15071:1999, Hexagon head bolts with flange—Small series—Product grades A ISO 15071:1999, 带发兰六角头螺栓—小规格系列—产品等级 A ISO 15072:1999, Hexagon head bolts with flange with metric fine pitch thread—Small series— Product grades A ISO 15072:1999, 带发兰六角头螺栓用于米制细牙螺纹—小规格系列—产品等级 A 3 Definitions 定义 The following definitions apply for the purposes of this International Standard. 如下的定义适用于国际标准。 3.1 clamp force (F) 夹紧力(F) axial tension acting on bolt shank, or compression acting on clamped member during lightening. 7 作用在螺栓轴向拉力，或夹紧零件之间的压力。 3.2 yield clamp force (Fy) 屈服夹紧力(Fy) clamp force at which force under combined stress condition potentially induced before bolt shank fracture 在这个综合力作用条件下螺栓发生屈服以前的最大夹紧力 3.3 ultimate clamp force (Fu) 最终夹紧扭矩(Fu) maximum clamp force under combined stress condition potentially induced before bolt shank fracture 在这个综合力作用条件下螺栓发生以前屈服以前的最大夹紧扭矩 3.4 tightening torque(T) 扭紧扭矩(T) overall torque applied on nut or bolt head in tightening. It is commonly called wrenching torque or applied torque. 在螺栓或螺帽头部扭紧作用的全部扭矩，一般又称为扳手扭矩或作用扭矩。 3.5 yield tightening torque (Ty) 屈服点扭紧扭矩(Ty) thightening torque with which yield clamp force is gained 用于屈服点夹紧力所获得的扭紧扭矩。 3.6 thread torque(Tm) 螺纹扭矩(Tm) torque acting on bolt shank through mating threads during tightening. 在螺栓通过螺纹的配合作用在螺纹上的扭矩 3.7 bearing surface friction torque(Tb) 支承表面的摩擦扭矩(Tb) torque acting on clamped member through bearing surfaces during tightening. 在夹紧零件时期间作用在支承表面的扭矩 8 4 Symbols and their designations 符号和名称 See table1. 看表 1 Table 1Symbols and their designations 表 1-符号和名称 Symbo 符号 Designation 名称 As Stress area, As= 2 32 24    + ddπ (Area to be used calculation of stress) 受力面积， （实际使用的受力计算面积） D Nominal thread diameter 螺纹名义直径 d1 Basic minor diameter of the thread according to ISO 724 按照 ISO 724 螺纹的基本小径 d2 Basic pitch diameter of the thread 螺纹的基本中径 d3 Minor diameter of the thread. D3=d1- 6 H 螺纹的小径 d4 Diameter of the hole of test fixture 测试夹具的孔径 dh Clearance hole diameter washer or bearing part (nominal value) 螺栓通过的垫圈或支承零件孔的 直径(名义值) Db Effective diameter of bearing surface under nut or bolt head for friction 因为摩擦在螺帽或螺栓头部底下的支承表面有效摩擦直径 Do Outer diameter of bearing surface (dw min or dk min, see product standards) 支承垫圈表面的外径(dw min or dk min, 看产品标准) Dp Diameter of inscribed circle of bearing plate 支承垫圈的内圈直径 F Clamp force 夹紧力 Fp proof load according to ISO 898-1 or ISO 898-6 which ever is relevant 检验载荷按照 ISO 898-1 或 ISO 898-6 相关标准。 Fu Ultimate clamp force 最终夹紧力 Fy Yield clamp force 屈服夹紧力 H Fundamental triangle height 基本牙型高度 K Torque coefficient, K= dF T ⋅ 扭矩系数 Lc Clamp length 夹紧长度 Lt Length of complete thread between the baring surfaces 支承表面与螺纹头部表面之间的全部长度 P Pitch of the thread 螺纹螺距 ReL Lower yield stress 最低屈服压力 Rp 0.2 Stress at 0.2% non-proportional elongation 不成比例延伸 0.2%屈服压力 T Tightening torque 扭紧扭矩 Tb Bearing surface friction torque 支承表面摩擦扭矩 Tth Thread friction torque 螺纹摩擦扭矩 Tu Ultimate tightening torque 最终拧紧扭矩 Ty Yield tightening torque 屈服扭紧扭矩 0 Rotation angle 旋转角度 µb Coefficient of friction between bearing surfaces under nut or bolt head 在螺帽和螺栓头部下部支承表面之间的摩擦系数 µth Coefficient of friction between threads 螺纹副之间摩擦系数 µlot Coefficient of total friction 总摩擦系数 9 5 Principle of test 测试原理 A tightening torque is steadily applied to a bolt/nut or screw/nut assembly to generate a clamp force, and to measure and/or determine one or more of the tightening characteristics, which may include torque coefficient, coefficient of total friction, coefficient of friction between threads, coefficient of friction between bearing surfaces, yield clamp force, yield tightening torque, rotation angle and ultimate clamp force. In the range of elastic deformation, a linear relationship assumed between torque and clamp force. 扭紧扭矩是有规则的作用在螺栓螺帽或螺钉螺帽装配过程中产生的夹紧负载，测量和确定一 个或更多的扭紧特性。可以包括扭矩系数、总的摩擦系数、螺纹之间的摩擦系数、支承表面 之间的摩擦系数、屈服夹紧力、屈服拧紧扭矩、旋转角度和最终夹紧力，在弹性范围的变形， 假定扭矩和夹紧力之间是线性关系。 NOTE For studs only the coefficient of friction between threads is determined. 注意；柱头螺栓仅适用于螺纹之间的摩擦系数测定。 There are different goals for testing: 有两种不同的试验目的： a) Testing of characteristics of a fastener under uniform conditions, i.e. with test bearing plates/test washers type HH or type HL as specified in 7.2.2 and 7.2.3 and with test nuts or test bolts as specified in 7.3 and 7.4. 在相同的条件下扭紧特性的试验，例如，用盘型支承、试验垫圈类型有 HH 和 HL 的区 别，详细在 7.2.2 和 7.2.3 节和试验螺帽或螺栓详细说明在 7.3 和 7.4 节 b) Testing of characteristics of fasteners under specific conditions, see clause 9. The relationship between tightening characteristics which may be obtained and the items which may be measured are shown in table 2. 在特殊的条件下扭紧特性的试验，看第 9 条。 扭紧特性之间的关系可以在表 2 获得。 There are different methods to describe the torque/clamp force behavior of bolted joints with different surface and lubrication conditions. 有不同的方法描述扭矩、夹紧力对螺栓连接的方法与不同的表面和润滑有关。 Determination of coefficients of friction 摩擦系数的决定 To describe the most general conditions of friction without reference to shape and dimensions of the fasteners it is useful to determine the different coefficients of friction (see 10.2 to 10.4). The necessary measurement are relatively expensive due to the fact that one must have sensors for the clamp load and at least for two different torques, and one shall have knowledge about all relevant geometrical dimensions (d2, P1 Db). The determined coefficients of friction can be used in torque/clamp force calculations for all dimensional ranges of fasteners with the same frictional conditions. 在大多数摩擦条件下摩擦的不同系数取决它们本身的形状和尺寸(看 10.2-10.4)，在实际中要 测量它们的关系要很大的花费，必须有一个夹紧负载传感器和最少二个不同的扭矩传感器， 并且还必须知道所有的相关的几何形状尺寸(d2,，P1， Db)。在相同的摩擦条件下计算所有扭 紧尺寸范围扭矩/夹紧里特性能够决定摩擦系数。 Determination of torque coefficient K (K-factor) 扭矩系数 K 的决定（K-系数） The measurement is simpler if the torque coefficient K is determined which is calculated by the formula K = T/(F⋅d), see 10.1. In this case, there is a reference to the dimension d. This means, the validity of the K-factor is limited to one dimension. For the determination, it is necessary to 10 measure the clamp force F and the tightening torque T. The K-Factor can be used in torque/clamp force calculations only for fasteners with the same frictional conditions d and the same geometric proportion. 测量简单的扭矩系数 K 有下面的计算公式来决定 K=T(F•d)，见 10.1，既然这样，有参考的 尺寸 d。这就意味着系数 K 在一个尺寸中的有效是有限的。为了找出摩擦系数就必须测量夹 紧力 F 和扭紧扭矩 T。扭紧系数 K 仅用于相同的摩擦条件下和相同尺寸 d 的扭矩和夹紧力 来计算的。 Determination of the ratio T/F T/F 比例的决定 The most simple but also most limited method is to measure the pure torque/clamp force relationship. The ratio T/F is only valid for the very special joint having been investigated. There is no need to have knowledge about dimension or shape of the fasteners. 大多数最简单的也是有效的方法是测量纯的扭矩和夹紧力关系。T/F 之比仅用于非常特殊的 连接研究。不需要知道紧固件的外型和尺寸。 Table 2－Items to be measured to obtain respective tightening characteristics 表 2—根据测量的项目获得的扭紧特性表 Items to be measured 测量项目 Tightening characteristic Which may be determined 可以决定的扭矩特性 Clamp force 夹紧力 (F) Tightening Torque 扭紧扭矩 (T) Thread Torque 螺纹扭 矩 (Tth) Bearing Surface Friction Torque 支承表面 摩擦扭矩 (Tb) Rotation anglea 旋转角度 (Q) Clause 条款 Torque coefficient (K)扭矩系数 O O － － － 10.1 Coefficient of total frictionµtot 总摩擦系数 O O － － － 10.2 Coefficient of friction between threads(µth) 螺纹之间摩擦系数 O － O － － 10.3 Coefficient of friction between bearing surfaces(µb)支承表面摩擦系数 O － － Ｏ － 10.4 Yield clamp force (Fy)屈服夹紧力 O － － － O 10.5 Yield tightening torque (Ty)屈服拧紧扭矩 O O － － O 10.6 Ultimate clamp force (Fu)最终夹紧力 O － － － － 10.7 Ultimate tightening torque (Tu)最终拧紧扭矩 － O － － － 10.8 6 Apparatus 设备 6.1 Testing machine 试验机械 The testing machine shall be capable of applying tightening torque and rotation on nut, bolt head or screw head either automatically or manually, and shall be equipped with a device for measuring the items shown in table 2 within the accuracy of ±2% of the values to be measured unless otherwise specified. The accuracy of angle measurement shall be ±2° or ±2% of the measured value, whichever is greater. For referee purposes, the tightening shall be carried out using a controlled power tool with a constant speed of rotation. The results will be recorded electronically. 试验机械要求能够应用扭紧扭矩和用自动或手动旋转螺帽和螺栓头部，测量装置能够显示表 2 中的项目，显示精度值要求±2%，除非有其它的特殊要求。角度的测量精度要求无论什么 条件下必须达到显示值的±2° 或 ±2%。为了达到仲裁的目的，扭紧时使用能控制的动力工 具并控制旋转速度保持恒定。测量结果能以电子记录方式记录。 11 It is important that the stiffness of the testing machine, including load cells and test features, be constant throughout the test. 重要的是试验机械的刚度，包括负载元件和试验特性在持续试验的全过程保持不变。 6.2 Test fixture 测试夹具 The test fixture shall be capable of bearing the combination of clamp force and bearing surface friction torque without measurable permanent deformation or displacement. Figure 1 gives basic requirements for test fixtures. 测试夹具包括轴向夹紧力和支承表面摩擦扭矩，并没有测量后永久变形和位移。图 1 给出一 个测试夹具基本图形的要求。 In the case of testing washer the nut In the case of testing the blot 用螺帽测试情况 用螺栓测试情况 Figure 1  Fixture and setup of test specimen 图 1—夹具和安装试验范例 Key 关键词 1 Test bearing plate, test washer or specified washer 试验支承盘，试验垫圈或特制垫圈 2 Nut to be tested 被试验螺帽 3 Test bolt 试验螺栓 4 Test device (clamped member)试验装置（夹紧元件） 5 Bolt to be tested 被试验的螺栓 6 Test nut 试验螺帽 NOTE For testing studs a fixture and setup of test specimen similar to figure 1a is used. However, for studs, only the nut end should be tested. Before testing, the metal end of the stud shall be prevented from rotating. 12 注意：图 1a 类似柱头螺栓测试结构，这种状况，仅用于螺帽终端测试，测试前柱头螺栓的 金属未端必须防止转动。 a) Test bearing plate or test washer and bolt head or nut shall be fixed by suitable means to prevent rotation and shall be aligned 试验支承垫片或试验垫圈和螺栓或螺帽头部适当的固定手段被定位防止旋转。 b) L1 should at least be 1d in the case of yield tightening or tightening to the ultimate clamp force. L1 屈服扭紧和最终夹紧力的情况下最少 1d。 c) D4 shall be in accordance with ISO 273, fine series. D4 符合 ISO 273，最好的系列。 7 Test parts 试验零件 7.1 General 概要 Test parts are mating parts for parts to be tested. 试验时测试零件相互配合。 For testing bolts, screws or nuts under uniform conditions specified test part (test washers, test bearing plates, test nuts, test bolts, test screws) shall be used, see figure 1. These test parts are specified in 7.2 to 7.4 试验螺栓、螺钉或螺帽是使用指定的试验零件并在相同的试验条件下进行（试验 垫圈、试验支承盘、试验螺栓、试验螺钉），看图 1。试验零件的详细说明在 7.2 到 7.4 7.2 Test bearing plates or test washers 试验支承垫片或试验垫圈 7.2.1 Types 类型 Either a test bearing plate or a test washer with a high hardness (through hardened ) (type HH)