comparison and contrast 写作方法 (课堂PPT)

COMPARISONANDCONTRAST*1.PicturesBrainstorming–GeneratingIdeas*2.WritingStrategiesInmakingcontrast,wehavetocompare.Thereisnootherwaytopointoutthedifference,i.e.thecontrast.Whatisofgreatimportanceistoknowthatprofessionalwritersfrequentlyusethesetwostrategiestodevelopparagraphs.Therearetwomajorwaysoforganizingparagraphsofcomparisonandcontrast.Onewayistoexamineonethingthoroughlyandthenstarttheother–Allaboutpattern;Theotherwayistoexaminetwothingsatthesametime,discussingthempointbypoint–Seesawpattern.*2.1Toexamineonethingthoroughlyandthenstarttheother.Focus:Theaspectsexaminedinthetwothingsshouldbeidenticalandinthesameorder.Pattern:A1,A2,A3;B1,B2,B3.（AllaboutPattern）Example:Contrast1]Myhometownisquitedifferentfromwhatitusedtobe.Subtopic:2]Justalittlemorethattenyearsagomyhometownwasasmallquietplace.A（1）3]Thehousesweresmallandmean.A（2）3]Thestreetswereforthemostpartnarrowandwinding.A（3）3]Therewerefewpeopleinthestreetsandshops.*Subtopic:2]Now,everythinghaschanged.B（1）:3]Lookingineverydirectionfromthecenterofthetown,oneseesalongsuccessionofgiant,imposingbuildings.B（2）:3]Thestreets,whetherlongorshort,arestraight,spacious,andwell-shaded.B（3）:3]Crowdsofpeoplecanbefoundhereandthere,hurrying,noisy,andwell-dressed.CFromadulllittlevillagewithclustersofshabbyhousesinthepast,myhometownhasnowtransformedintoabigcity,cheerful,colorful,andprosperous.*2.2Toexaminetwothingsatthesametime,discussingthempointbypoint.Focus:Aspectsexaminedintwothingsshouldbeidenticalandinthesameorder.Pattern:A1,B1;A2,B2;A3,B3(SeesawPattern)Example:comparison.1]Despitetheirobviousdifferencesinlength,theparagraphandtheessayarequitesimilarstructurally.A（1）:2]Forexample,theparagraphisintroducedbyeitheratopicsentenceoratopicintroducerfollowedbyatopicsentence.B（1）:2]Intheessay,thefirstparagraphprovidesintroductorymaterialandestablishesthetopicfocus.A（2）:2]Next,thesentencesinthebodyofaparagraphdevelopthetopicsentence.B（2）:2]Similarly,thebodyofanessayconsistsofanumberofparagraphsthatexpandandsupporttheideaspresentedintheintroductoryparagraph.*A（3）:2]Finally,aterminator---whetherarestatement,conclusion,orobservation---endstheparagraph.B（3）:2]Theessay,too,hasadevicewhichbringsitsideastoalogicallyandpsychologicallysatisfyingcompletion:theconcludingparagraph.C]Althoughexceptionstothesegeneralizationsmaybeobservedinmoderncreativewriting,mostwellwrittenexpositoryparagraphsandessaysarecomparableinstructure.Notes:1)1],2],3]indicatesthelevelofgeneralityatwhichasentenceisintheparagraph.2)C]istheshortformofconclusion,thatis,theconcludingsentence.*2.3AnAnalysisofAnEssayThesetwopatternscanalsobeusedtocomposeanessay.NowreadthefollowingshortessayandanalyzeitaccordingtowhatyouhavelearnedsofarParisandWashingtondifferinageandpopulation;however,anyonewhohasseenthetwocitiescantellthattheyareverysimilar.Ofcourse,ParisismucholderthanWashington.TheFrenchcityisover2000yearsold.Washington,incontrast,isveryyoung.Itislessthan250yearsold.ThepopulationofParisisalsomuchlargerthanWashington’s.Parishasmorethan2,500,000people.Washingtonhasjustover700,000.*Inspiteofthesedifferences,thesimilaritiesarestriding.First,bothcitiesarethepoliticalcentersoftheircountries.ThepresidentofFrancelivesintheheartofParis,intheElyseesPalace.Likewise,thepresidentoftheUnitedStateshasitsmeetingplaceinWashington,intheCapitol.Second,thetwocitieslooksimilar.L’Enfant,theFrenchengineerwhodesignedWashington,wasgreatlyinfluencedbythelayoutofthecapitalofFrance.Forthisreason,manyofthebuildingsandmonumentsinWashingtonaresymmetricallylocatedinviewsofoneanother,justastheyareinParis.Bothcitiesarealsothesitesofmagnificentmonuments,importanthistoricallandmarks,finemuseums,beautifulparks,andboard,treelinedavenues.Finally,tourismisasimportantforWashingtonasitisforParisEveryyearmillionsoftouristsfromallpartsoftheworldvisitthesecitiestoviewtheirattractions*Questions1.Whichisthethesisstatementoftheessay?2.Findthetopicsentenceandcontrollingideaofthe2ndand3rdparagraph.3.Findtheconnectivesinthe3rdparagraph.4.Whichpatterndoesthisessayfollow?*2.4PlanesofGeneralityoftheEssay1]ParisandWashingtondifferinageandpopulation;however,anyonewhohasseenthetwocitiescantellthattheyareverysimilar.(Thesisstatement:tellthereaderswhattheycanexpecttoreadintheessay.)2]Thetwocitiesdifferinageandpopulation.3]Ofcourse,ParisismucholderthanWashington.4]TheFrenchcityisover2000yearsold.Washington,incontrast,isveryyoung.Itislessthan250yearsold.3]ThepopulationofofParisisalsomuchlargerthanWashington’s.4]Parishasmorethan2,500,000people.Washingtonhasjustover700,000.*2]Inspiteofthesedifferences,thesimilaritiesarestriding.3]First,bothcitiesarethepoliticalcentersoftheircountries.4]ThepresidentofFrancelivesintheheartofParis,intheElyseesPalace.Likewise,thepresidentoftheUnitedStateshasitsmeetingplaceinWashington,intheCapitol.3]Second,thetwocitieslooksimilar.4]L’Enfant,theFrenchengineerwhodesignedWashington,wasgreatlyinfluencedbythelayoutofthecapitalofFrance.*5]Forthisreason,manyofthebuildingsandmonumentsinWashingtonaresymmetricallylocatedinviewsofoneanother,justastheyareinParis.Bothcitiesarealsothesitesofmagnificentmonuments,importanthistoricallandmarks,finemuseums,beautifulparks,andboard,treelinedavenues.3]Finally,tourismisasimportantforWashingtonasitisforParis.4]Everyyearmillionsoftouristsfromallpartsoftheworldvisitthesecitiestoviewtheirattractions*3.ExpressionsandSentencePatterns*3.1Similaritya.      ModelAisthesameasModelBstructurally.identicalwithindesign.similartolikeb.      ThetwoModelsarealikestructurallyidenticalindesignthesamesimilarc.Sweden,likeFinland,hasverylargeresourcesoftimber.*3.2DifferenceModelXisdifferentfromModelYstructurallyisnotthesameasindesign.differsfrom *3.3ComparisonModelAischeap.Similarly,ModelBisinexpensive.*3.4contrastwhilewhereas,whilst…..而（含有相对之意）whilea.ModelAisstylish,whereasModelBisold-fashioned.whilstWhileWhereasModelAisstylish,ModelBisold-fashioned.Whilstb. but,however,nevertheless……但是，然而butModelAisstylish,howeverModelBisold-fashioned.nevertheless c. unlike与…有别,comparedwith,与…相比incontrastto与…成对比UnlikeComparedwithModelA,ModelBisold-fashioned.Incontrasttod.ontheotherhand然而……ModelAisstylish.Ontheotherhand,ModelBisold-fashioned.*3.5In-ClassPracticeAgentsofGenderSocializationBoys(A)Girls(B)ToysToyguns(A1)Dolls(B1)DressBlueordark-colored(A2)Inpastelshades(B2)PlayPlayingcopsandrobbers(A3)Playinghousewithdolls(B3)*3.6ExerciseWriteaparagraphtocontrastdepartmentstoresandsupermarketsfollowingtheallaboutpatternandanotherfollowingtheseesawpattern.DepartmentstoresSupermarketsFunction:shoppingshoppingLocation:downtownuptownService:warmheartedserviceself-serviceCommodities:specializedinclothesspecializedinfoodandhouseholdsPrice:expensivecheapTopicSentence:Althoughdepartmentstoresandsupermarketsaresimilarinfunction,theydifferfromeachotherinseveralaspects.*5.2ExerciseStudytheexampleofthecomparisonandcontrastbetweenParisandWashingtoncarefully,andwriteanessayofcomparingandcontrasttwothingsfollowingthemodel.*