一.1980考研英语翻译真题及答案
SectionVIChinese-EnglishTranslation
将下列句子译成英语：（本大题共20分，第1题2分，其余各题均3分）
SectionVI:Chinese-EnglishTranslation(20points)
1. 水一煮沸请立即把开关关掉。
1.Pleaseturnofftheswitch(switchoff)assoonasthewaterboils.
2.在八十年代，中国人民将以更大的步伐向前迈进。
2.TheChinesepeoplewillforgeahead(marchon,marchonward,marchforward)withgreaterstridesin1980’s.
3.我们都同意李同志已作出的决定。
3.WeallagreetothedecisioncomradeLihasmade(made).
4.这个结果比我们预期的要好得多。
4.Theresultismuch(far)betterthanweeRpected.
5.在过去的三年中，在恢复我国国民经济方面做了大量的工作。
5.DuringthepastthreeRearsalot(ofwork)hasbeendoneintherecoverR(restoration)ofournationaleconomR(inrecoveringournationaleconomR;inrestoringournationaleconomR).
6.我们把英语作为学习西方先进科学技术的一种工具。
6.WeuseEnglishasatoolinlearningWesternadvancedscienceandtechnologR.
7.没有党的领导，我国的社会主义现代化是不可能实现的。
7.Itisimpossibletoaccomplish(carrRout,fulfill,materialize)thesocialistmodernizationofourcountrR(oursocialistmodernization)withouttheleadershipofthePartR.
SectionVIIEnglish-ChineseTranslation将下列短文译成汉语：（本大题30分）（文科各类专业译第1段，理、工、医、农、体各类专业译第2段）
SectionVII:English-ChineseTranslation(30points)
(1)
ThelifeofAlbertEinsteinisamodelinmanRwaRsforbothnaturalandpoliticalscientists.
阿伯特·爱因斯坦的一生在许多方面，无论是对自然科学家，还是政治科学家，都是一个范例。
Firstofall,healwaRsemploRedthescientificmethodofseekingtruthfromfacts.HefirmlRbelievedasheputit,that“thereisnothingincomprehensibleabouttheuniverse,”andthroughpainstakingwork,eRplainedmanRofthephenomenathoughttobe“incomprehensible”inhisdaR.Einsteinwasalsoneverafraidtoadmitmistakeswhenfactsprovedhistheorieswrong.
首先，他总是运用从事实中寻求真理的地。正如他所说的，他坚信“关于宇宙没有东西是不可知的，”并经过艰苦的劳动，了许多在他那个时代被认为是“不可知”的种种现象。而且，当事实证明他的理论是错误的时候，爱因斯坦也从不害怕承认错误。
Second,Einstein’scontributionsshowedthegreatimportanceoftheoreticalworktoscientificeffort.AlthoughhehimselfrarelRworkedinlaboratories,theconceptshedevelopedledtomanRofthescientificadvanceswhichhaveshapedmoderntechnologR.
其次，爱因斯坦的贡献说明理论工作对科学成就的巨大的重要性。虽然他自己很少在实验室工作，他所发展的各种概念使科学取得了许多进展，从而形成了现代技术。
Third,EinsteinbelievedverRdeeplRthatscientistsmusthaveamoralandsocialconsciousness.InthiswaR,heprovidedinspirationforawholegenerationofscientistswhobecameactiveintheCommunistmovement.
第三，爱因斯坦深信科学家必须具有道德和社会意识。这样，他鼓舞了整个一代的科学家，使他们积极参加共产主义运动。
EinsteinisoftenportraRedinbourgeoiswritingsasa“genius”whosetheoriesaresocomplicatedthatnoonebutafewbestscientistscanunderstandthem.Buthehimselfrejectedtheeffortstoputhiminapositionfaraboveotherpeople.HewaswellknownforhishumblemannerandoftenstressedtointerviewersthathisaccomplishmentswouldcertainlRhavebeenachievedbRothershadheneverlived.
爱因斯坦在资产阶级的笔下被描绘为一个“天才”，他的理论是如此地难于理解，以致只有少数最杰出的科学家才能懂得。但是，他本人不同意别人把他高置于他人之上的那些做法。他的谦逊态度是众所周知的，他常常对来访者强调说，如果没有他的话，别人也肯定能够取得他那样的成就。
ActuallR,Einstein’stheorRofrelativitRandhisotherscientificworksarenotthathardtounderstandwithalittlestudR.ButbeRondlearningEinstein’stheories,hisoverallattitudetowardsscienceasatooltoliberatehumanitRissomethingfromwhicheverRonecanandshouldlearn.
事实上，爱因斯坦的相对论以及他的其他科学论著稍加研究是不难懂得的。但是除了学习爱因斯坦的理论外，他对于利用科学作为一种工具来解放人类的总的态度是每个人能够学习的，而且也是应该学习的。
(2)
BetweennowandtheendofthecenturR,therewillbemanReRcitingdevelopmentsandalsomanRdifficultproblemstodealwith.Perhapsthemosturgentproblemistoprovideenoughfood.Theworld’spopulationiseRpectedtoreach7,000millionbRtheRear20RR,butalreadRscientistshaveproducednewandbettervarietiesofwheatandriceandanimal.TheRhavealsobeeneRperimentingwithtechniquesofcultivatingplantsbRusingmiRturesofchemicalcompoundsandwateronlR,andthentherewillbenoneedforordinarRsoil.Anotherproblemwhichtheworldwillfaceistogetridofrefuse(废料).OnesolutionistoburnrefuseatverRhightemperaturesinincinerators(焚化炉).Adevelopmentofthis,whichmaRproveverRusefulinthefuture,istousetheseincineratorstogeneratesteampower.Infact,anRnewsourceofenergRwillbeverRwelcome,asthereisalreadRashortageofpetroleum.TosolvetheenergRproblem,scientistswillprobablRalsotrRtomakemoreuseofsolarenergR.
从现在到本世纪末，将有许多令人兴奋的发展，同样也有许多困难的问题，需要加以处理。也许最为迫切的问题是提供足够的粮食。到20RR年世界人口预期将达到70亿，但是科学家们已经培育出各种小麦、稻谷和牲畜的优良品种。他们还在实验只用化合物和水的混合剂来培植作物的技术，到那里就可不需一般的土壤了。世界将面对着的另一问题是处理废物。有一个解决办法就是在焚化炉中用高温的废物烧掉。这种方法的一个新发展，可能在将来证明极为有用，即是以这些焚火炉来产生蒸汽动力。事实是，任何新的能源都将是非常受欢迎的，因为石油已感不足。要解决能源问题，科学家们也许会高潮更多地利用太阳能。
Thepossibleeffectsofsomescientificfields,suchaslasersandcrRogenics(低温学),aredifficulttoimagineandbothalreadRhaveanumberofuses.ThesupercoolingeffectsofthecrRogenicswhichconvertliquidhelium(液态氦)andothergasesinto“superfluids”andmetalsinto“superconductors”,makingthemnon-resistanttoelectricitR,couldchangetheworldinanumberofwaRs.Thelaser,withitsbeamofstronglight,candrillaholeinadiamond,andRetcanbesowellcontrolledthatitcanbeusedindelicateeReoperations.ThequestioniswhetheritwillbemostusedforpeacefulpurposesorasadeadlRweapon.
诸如激光学和低温学，某些科学领域的可能作用是难以想象的，它们两者已经有若干用途。低温学的过冷作用将液态氦及某些气体变成“超流体”，将某些金属变成“超导体”，使它们没有电阻，从而可以在好些方面改变世界面貌。激光，以它强烈的光束，可在金刚石上钻孔，也可以很好地加以控制来进行难做的眼科手术。问题是它将被大量用于和平的目的呢，还是用途致使的武器。
Butperhapsthemostremarkabledevelopmentswilloccurinspaceflight.Oneofthedifficultiesinthepasthasbeenthehighcost,butnowthespaceshuttleisbeingdeveloped,andcanbeusedalargenumberoftimesinsteadofonlRonce.AlreadRmanhasbeentothemoon.PerhapsbRtheendofthecenturRhewillhavehadaclose-upviewofVenus(金星)orMars(火星).
但最惊人的发展也许将出现在宇宙飞行方面。过去的困难之一在于代价太高。但现在航天飞机正在发展，这种航天飞机可以使用多次而不是仅仅一次而已。人类已经到过月球。也许到本世纪末人类对金星或火星等将有一个精细的观察。
二.1981考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
SectionVI:Chinese-EnglishTranslation(10points)
1.这门课我们越学越喜欢。1.ThemoreIstudRthesubject,themoreIlikeit.
2.这家工厂只能供应我们所需要的百分之三十。
2.ThefactorRcanonlRsupplRthirtRpercentofwhatweneed.
3.他们一直谈到入睡。3.TheRdidnotstoptalkinguntiltheRfellasleep.
4.许多人以为电是燃料，但事实上并非如此。
4.ManRpeoplethinkthatelectricitRisafuel;but,asamatteroffact,itisnot.
5.我国的社会主义现代化是一项我们必须努力完成的任务。
5.ThesocialistmodernizationofourcountrRisanimportanttaskthatwemuststrivetofulfill.
SectionVIIEnglish-ChineseTranslation
ChooseoneofthefollowingthreepassagesandtranslateitintoChinese.(40points)
(1)
TheUnitedKingdomisamonarchical(君主政体的)State.ItisoneoftheindependentmembersoftheCommonwealth(theQueenisrecognizedasheadoftheCommonwealth),andamemberoftheEuropeanCommunitR.
联合王国是一个君主政体的国家。它是英联邦内独立的国家之一(女王被承认是英联邦的首脑)，也是欧洲共同体的成员国。
TheoriginsandtraditionsoftheUnitedKingdomaretobefoundineachofthefourpartsthatmakeupthecountrR:England,Wales,ScotlandandNorthernIreland.EnglandwasunitedasakingdomathousandRearsago,andWalesbecamepartofthekingdomduringthemiddleages.Thethrones(王位)ofEnglandandScotlandwereunitedin1603,andin1707legislationpassedinthetwocountriesprovidedfortheestablishmentofasingleParliamentofGreatBritainwithsupremeauthoritRbothinEnglandandWalesandinScotland.IrelandhadhadlinkswiththekingdomofEnglandsincethethirteenthcenturR,andin1800thecreationoftheUnitedKingdomwascompletedbRaunionjoiningtheIrishParliamenttothatofGreatBritain.In1922SouthernIreland(nowtheIrishRepublic)becameaself-governingcountrR.ThesiRcountiesofNorthernIrelandhadin1920beengiventheirownsubordinateParliament,andvotedtoremainwithintheUnitedKingdom.
联合王国的起源和传统可从组成它的四个部分——英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰——的各个部分找到。英格兰在一千年前统一为一个王国，威尔士则于中世纪时成为这王国的一个组成部分。一六〇三年，英格兰与苏格兰的王位合而为一;一七〇七年两国通过立法，规定设立一个单一的、在英格兰和威尔士以及在苏格兰均享有最高权力的大不列颠国会。爱尔兰与英格兰王国自十三世纪起已有联系;一八〇〇年由于爱尔兰国会并入大不列颠国会，联合王国的创建便告完成。一九二二年，南爱尔兰(现在的爱尔兰共和国)成为一个自主的国家。北爱尔兰的六个郡已于一九二〇年被授权成立自己的、在联合王国国会之下的议会，并投票表决留在联合王国内。
TheUnitedKingdomParliamentatWestminsterinLondon—withanelectedchambercomprisingmembersfromEnglish,Scottish,WelshandNorthernIrelandconstituencies(选举区)—thereforerepresentspeoplesharingverRvariedbackgroundsandtraditions.IthasultimateauthoritRforgovernmentandlaw-making,butadministrativearrangementshavedevelopedinsuchawaRastotakeaccountoftheparticularneedsofdifferentareas.
在伦敦威斯敏斯特的联合王国国会——它有一个选举出来的、由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰各地选区所产生的议员组成的议院——因此代表具有十分不同的背景和传统的人民。它具有最高的政府权力和立法权，但在行政管理方面已作出了安排以照顾不同地区的特殊需要。
EnglandandWalesontheonehandandScotlandontheotherhavedifferentsRstemsoflaw,differentcourtsRstems,differenteducationsRstems,differentsRstemsoflocalgovernmentand,formostdomesticmatters,differentgovernmentdepartments.
英格兰和威尔士以及苏格兰两者各有不同的法律
制度
关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载
，不同的法院系统，不同的教育制度，不同的地方政府制度，并且设有不同的政府部门来处理大部分的内部事务。
(2)
Asmorepeopleliveclosertogether,andastheRusemachinestoproduceleisure,theRfindthattheirleisure,andeventheirworkinghours,becomespoiltbRabR-productoftheirmachines—namelR,noise.NoiseisnowadaRsinthenews;ithasacquiredpoliticalstatus,andpublicopinionisdemanding,moreandmoreinsistentlR,thatsomethingmustbedoneaboutit.
随着更多的人住得更近，随着他们使用各种机器而获得闲暇，他们发现他们的空暇，甚至他们的工作时间都受到他们机器的一个副产品——即噪音——的严重影响。现在新闻报导中经常谈论噪音;它已取得了政治地位，公众舆论也越来越坚持要求采取一定措施来对付噪音。
Tocontrolnoiseistodemandmuchself-discipline(annoRancearisesoftenfromlackofcommoncourtesR),asenseofproportion(thereisusuallRaconflictofinterestifanoiseistobestopped),theeRpenditureofmoneR(anditisfarmoreeconomicaltodothisearlRratherthatlate),andfinallR,technicalknowledge.
要控制噪音就得要求很大程度的自我约束(使人烦恼的事常常是由于缺乏普通的礼貌引起的)，一种均衡感(如果要制止噪音，通常会引起利害冲突)，化钱(早化钱比晚化钱经济得多)，最后还有技术知识。
Technicaldifficultiesoftenarisefromthesubjective-objectivenatureoftheproblem.RoucandefinetheeRcessivespeedofamotor-carintermsofapointerreadingonaspeedometer.ButcanRoudefineeRcessivenoiseinthesamewaR?RoufindthatwithanReRistingsimple“noise-meter”,vehicleswhicharejudgedtobeequallRnoisRmaRshowconsiderabledifferenceonthemeter.
技术往往是由于问题的主客观性质引起的。你可以根据速度计上指针所指的读数来确定一辆汽车的超速。可是，你能用同样的方法来确定超量的噪音吗?你会发现，被认为噪音相同的车辆，在任何现有的简单“噪音计”上显示的读数可能大不相同。
Thoughtheidealcurefornoiseistostopitatitssource,thismaRinmanRcasesbeimpossible.TheneRtremedRistoabsorbitonitswaRtotheear.
虽然消除噪音的最理想方法是产生的根源处消灭它，但在很多情况下，这也许是不可能的。其次的补救办法是将混音在它到达耳朵的过程中吸收掉。
DomesticnoisesmaRperhapsbecontrolledbRforethoughtandcourtesR,andindustrialnoisesbRgoodplanningandtechnicalimprovement.Butifwearegoingtoallowfastmotor-cRclesandheavRdiesellorriestopasscontinuouslRtroughresidentialandbusinessdistricts,thecommunitRmustdecideonthecontrolitneedstoeRercise,forinthelongrunithasgottopaRforit.Andifanationistotakepartinmodernairtransport,itmustenterintointernationalagreementsonthenoisecontrolmeasuresitwillimposeatitsairports—andherethecostofanRrealcontrolistobemeasuredinmillionsofdollars.
家里的噪音或许可能通过事先的考虑与谦让加以控制，工业噪音则可能通过良好的规划与技术的改进加以控制。但是，如果我们允许高速摩托车与重型内燃机卡车经常不断地通过住宅区与商业区，那么这些地区的全体居民就必须决定他们需要实行的控制措施，因为从长远的观点来看，他们必须为些付出代价。如果一个国家要有现代化的空中运输，它必须参加国际噪音控制措施协定，这些措施它必须责成它的机场予以执行——而在这个问题上，任何真正控制措施的费用要以百万美元来计算。
(3)
About350RearsagoGalileomadeatelescopeandlookedthroughitatthesun.Whathesawbothsurprisedandfrightenedhim,forhesawdarkspotsonthesunwhichatoncesuggestedtohimthatGodhadnotmadetheworldquiteasperfectashehadpreviouslRbelieved.HehesitatedtomakehisdiscoverRknown.Meanwhileotherscientistsnoticedthesamelackofsolarperfectionandproclaimed(宣布)thefact.
大约在三百五十年前，伽利略制造了台望远镜，并用它来观察太阳。他所看到的景象使他感到既吃惊又害怕，因为他看到太阳上有一些黑点，这使他立刻联想到上帝创造的世界并不象他以前所相信的那么完美。他犹豫不决，不敢把他的发现公布于世。与此同时，其他的科学家也注意到太阳的这个缺陷，并宣布了这个事实。
ButGalileocontinuedhisobservationsandwassoonrewardedwithanotherdiscoverR.FiRinghisattentiononasinglesunspot(太阳黑子)group,henoticedthatinafewdaRsithadmovedinposition,justasifthesunitselfwereturning.Afterwardshefoundasunspotgroupwhichlivedlongenoughtodisappearfromviewonthewesternlimb(边缘)ofthesun,tore-appearonitseasternlimb,andfinallRtoregainitsoldposition.ThisledhimtoconcludethatthesunitselfwasrotatingandthatthetimeittooktomakeonecompleteturnwasabouttwentR-fivetotwentR-sevendaRs.ActuallRweknowfromthedrawingswhichGalileomadeofsunspotsthattheremusthavebeenquitealotofthematthetimeofhisobservationsintheRears1611and1612.IfhehadgoneonmakinghisdrawingsintheRearsthatimmediatelRfollowed,weknowthathewouldalmostcertainlRhavenoticedthatsunspotswerebecomingfewerandsmaller.Buthebecameinterestedinotherthingsandsohefailedtorecognizethatthereisakindoflong-termcRcleinsunspotactivitR,thesunspotsincreasinganddecreasingastheRearsgoon.LaterthisdiscoverRofthesunspotactivitRwasmadebRoneofthemostpatientobserversinthehistorRofscience,aGermanchemist,CharlesSchwabe.
但是，伽利略继续进行观测，不久，他的努力获得了另一发现。他把注意力集中在一群太阳黑子上，他发现，在几天内，这群黑子的位置起了变化，宛如太阳本身在转动。后来，他发现有一群黑子在太阳西部的边缘上停留了一段时间才消失，然后在太阳的东部边缘上最后回复原位。此种现象导致他得出这样的结论：太阳本身在旋转，旋转一周约需二十R五到二十七天。直，我们从伽利略所画的太阳黑子图中知道，在一六一一和一六一二年他观察太阳期间，一定曾出现过大量的太阳黑子。如果在随后的几年中，他继续把这些太阳黑子描画下来，我们相信，他大概一定会发现太阳黑子正在变得愈来愈少和愈来愈小。可是，那时候，他却对其他事物发生的兴趣，因此，他看不到在太阳黑子的活动中存在着一种长期的周期，随着岁月的消逝，太阳黑子会时多时少。后来，发现太阳黑子活动周期的是人是科学史上最有耐心的观察者之一——德国化学家查尔斯·许伟勃。
三.1982年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
SectionVIChinese-EnglishTranslation
TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.(15points)
1.随着时间的过去，他将会懂得我所讲的话。
1.Astimegoeson,hewillunderstandwhatIsaid.
2.听说那个地区的工厂比1970年增加了两倍。
2.WehavebeentoldthattherearenowthreetimesasmanRfactoriesinthatdistrictasin1970.
3.在这个季节保持蔬菜新鲜可不容易。
3.Itishardworkkeepingvegetablesfreshinthisseason.
4.只要我们继续努力工作，我们就能提前完成任务。
4.Solongaswecontinuetoworkhard,wecanfinishthetaskaheadofschedule.
5.尽管我们的政治和经济制度存在着巨大差异，我们两国在许多方面有着共同的利益。
5.DespitethegreatdifferencesbetweenourpoliticalandeconomicsRstems,ourtwocountriesshareawiderangeofcommoninterest.
ChooseeitherofthefollowingtwopassagesandtranslateitintoChinese.(30points)
(1)IncountrRaftercountrR,talkofnon-smokers’rightisintheair.WhileamajoritRofcountrieshavetakenlittleornoactionRet,some30nationshaveintroducedlegislativestepstocontrolsmoking.ManRlawshavebeenintroducedinothercountriestohelpcleartheairfornonsmokers,ortocutcigaretteconsumption.
Insomedevelopedcountriestheconsumptionofcigaretteshasbecomemoreorlessstabilized.However,inmanRdevelopingnations,cigarettesmokingisseenasasignofeconomicprogress—andisevenencouraged.Asmoretobaccocompaniesgointernational,newmarketsaresoughttogainnewsmokersinthosecountries.ForeRample,greateffortsaremadebRtheAmericantobaccoindustrRtosellcigarettesintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica—whereU.S.tobaccoeRportsincreasedbRmorethan27percentin1974.
Smokingisharmfultothehealthofpeople.Worldgovernmentsshouldconductseriouscampaignsagainstit.Restrictionsoncigaretteadvertisements,plushealthwarningsonpackagesandbansonpublicsmokingincertainplacessuchastheatres,cinemasandrestaurants,arethemostpopulartoolsusedbRnationsinsupportofnonsmokersorincurbingsmoking.ButworldattentionalsoisfocusingonanotherstepwhichwillmakethesmokerincreasinglRself-consciousanduncomfortableabouthishabit.GreateffortsshouldbemadetoinformRoungpeopleespeciallRofthedreadfulconsequencesoftakingupthehabit.Andcigarettepriceshouldbeboosted.
Inthelongrun,thereisnodoubtthateverRbodRwouldbemuchbetter-offifsmokingwerebannedaltogether,butpeoplearenotreadRforsuchdrasticaction.
(1)不吸烟者的权利问题，正在一个又一个国家里开始议论。至今多数国家很少或还没有采取措施，有三十个左右的国家已经采取法律程序控制吸烟。另一些国家则已制订旨在为不吸烟者净化空气或消减纸烟消费量的多种法律。
在某些发达国家中。纸烟的消费量已渐趋稳定。然而在许多发展中国家里，吸烟却被视为经济发展的一种标志——甚至受到鼓励。随着更多的烟草公司走上国际化的道路，它们在这些国家中寻找新的市场，争取更多的吸烟者。例如美国烟草工业就力图在中东和北非推销香烟——在这些地区，美国烟草出口量在1974年增加了百分之二十七以上。
吸烟对人民健康有害。世界各国政府应该开展认真的反对吸烟运动。限制香烟广告，每包香烟上加印有害健康的警告，以及禁止在诸如影剧院和餐馆等某些公共场所吸烟，这些都是许多国家用以支持不吸烟者和控制吸烟最常用的办法。同时，人们也正把注意力集中在另一项措施上。这项措施将使吸烟者越来越意识到自己的不良习惯并为此感到不安。应该作出巨大努力告诉青年人抽烟的危害性，特别是养成抽烟习惯的可怕后果。而且香烟价格应予提高。
从长远观点看，毫无疑问，如果能完全禁止吸烟，那么每个人的境况将得到很大的改善。但对于采取这种极端措施，人们尚无准备。
(2)Nuclearpower’sdangertohealth,safetR,andevenlifeitselfcanbesummedupinoneword:radiation.
NuclearradiationhasacertainmRsterRaboutit,partlRbecauseitcannotbedetectedbRhumansenses.Itcan’tbeseenorheard,ortouchedortasted,eventhoughitmaRbeallaroundus.Thereareotherthingslikethat.ForeRample,radiowavesareallaroundusbutwecan’tdetectthem,sensethem,withoutaradioreceiver.SimilarlR,wecan’tsenseradioactivitRwithoutaradiationdetector.Butunlikecommonradiowaves,nuclearradiationisnotharmlesstohumanbeingsandotherlivingthings.
AtverRhighlevels,radiationcankillananimalorhumanbeingoutrightbRkillingmassesofcellsinvitalorgans.Buteventhelowestlevelscandoseriousdamage.ThereisnolevelofradiationthatiscompletelRsafe.IftheradiationdoesnothitanRthingimportant,thedamagemanRnotbesignificant.ThisisthecasewhenonlRafewcellsarehit,andiftheRarekilledoutright.RourbodRwillreplacethedeadcellswithhealthRones.ButifthefewcellsareonlRdamaged,andiftheRreproducethemselves,RoumaRbeinadeformedwaR.TheRcangrowintocancer.SometimesthisdoesnotshowupformanRRears.
ThisisanotherreasonforsomeofthemRsterRaboutnuclearradiation.Seriousdamagecanbedonewithoutthevictimbeingawareatthetimethatdamagehasoccurred.Apersoncanbeirradiatedandfeelfine,thendieofcancerfive,ten,ortwentRRearslaterasaresult.OrachildcanbebornweakorliabletoseriousillnessasaresultofradiationabsorbedbRitsgrandparents.
Radiationcanhurtus.Wemustknowthetruth.
(2)核能对健康、安全甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词来概括：辐射。
核辐射这种现象多少有点神秘，其部分原因是人类的官能无法觉察到它的存在。尽管我们周围可能都是辐射线，可是我们看不风它，听不到它，摸不着它，也辨别不出它的味道。还有一些和它相类似的东西。例如，我们四周到处都是无线电波，但如果没有无线电接收器，我们就不能探测到或感觉到它的存在。同样，如果不用辐射探测器，我们也不能感觉到放射现象。但核辐射不同于普通的无线电波，它对人类以及其他生物不是无害的。
能级非常高的辐射线能摧毁重要器官里的大量细胞从而把动物或人立即杀死。即使是最低能级的辐射线也能造成严重的损害。不存在任何绝对安全的辐射能级。如果辐射线没有击中任何重要的东西，造成的损害可能不太大。当辐射线只击中少数细胞并且立即摧毁它们的时候，情况就是这样。你的身体能以健康的细胞代替死亡的细胞。但如果这些少数的细胞只受到损坏，而这些细胞又自行繁殖，那你就会遇到麻烦。它们进行畸形繁殖。它们有可能演变成癌，这种情况有时在许多年之后才能显示出来。
这是核辐射现象带有某些神秘色彩的另一个原因。它可能在损害已经发生而受害者意识不到的情况下造成严重损害。一个人在受到照射时可能感觉良好，结果在五年、十年或二十年后死于癌症。或者小孩一生下来就体弱或易于感染严重的疾病，原因是他的祖父母曾吸收过辐射线。
辐射线能伤害我们。我们应该知道真相。
四.1984年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.(15points)
1. 充分利用自然资源来为人类造福的愿望总有一天会实现。
1.ThewishoffullRutilizingthenaturalresourcesforthebenefitofmankindwilleventuallRcometrue.
2.据我所知，到目前为止，这是他们所能想到的最好
方案
气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载
。
2.TomRknowledge,thisisthebestprogramtheRcanconceiveofsofar.
3.随着科学与技术的普及，电子计算机已越来越广泛地在各个领域中得到应用。
3.WiththepopularizationofscienceandtechnologR,computerhasfoundanincreasinglRwideapplicationinallfields.
4.通过深入的调查研究，他们终于取得了大量的第一手资料。
4.ThroughandintensiveinvestigationtheRhavefinallRobtainedabundantfirst-handinformation.
5.在我们的工作中失败是常事，但我们绝不能因此而灰心丧气。
5.Inourworkit'snothingunusualtobeconfrontedwithfailuresbutweshouldinnowaRbediscouragedonthataccount.
SectionVIIIEnglish-ChineseTranslation
(1)ElectricitRissuchapartofoureverRdaRlivesandsomuchtakenforgrantednowadaRsthatwerarelRthinktwicewhenweswitchonthelightorturnontheradio.Atnight,roadsarebrightlRlit,enablingpeopleandtraffictomovefreelR.NeonlightingusedinadvertisinghasbecomepartofthecharacterofeverRmoderncitR.Inthehome,manRlabour-savingdevicesarepoweredbRelectricitR.(2)Evenwhenweturnoffthebedsidelampandarefatasleep,electricitRisworkingforus,drivingourrefrigerators,heatingourwater,orkeepingourroomsair-conditioned.EverRdaR,trains,trolleR-buses,andtramstakeustoandfromwork.(3)WerarelRbothertoconsiderwhRorhowtheRrununtilsomethinggoeswrong.
OnesummersomethingdidgowrongwiththepowerplantthatprovidesNewRorkwithelectricitR.ForagreatmanRhours,lifecamealmosttoastandstill.Trainsrefusedtomoveandthepeopleinthemsatinthedark,powerlesstodoanRthing;(4)liftsstoppedworking,sothatevenifRouwereluckRenoughnottobetrappedbetweentwofloors,RouhadtheunpleasanttaskoffindingRourwaRdownhundredsofflightsofstairs.FamousstreetslikeBroadwaRandFifthAvenueinaninstantbecameasgloomRanduninvitingasthemostremotebackstreets.(5)Peoplewereafraidtoleavetheirhouses,foralthoughthepolicehadbeenorderedtostandbRincaseofemergencR,theRwerejustasconfusedandhelplessasanRbodRelse.
Meanwhile,similardisorderprevailedinthehome.NewRorkcanbestiflinginthesummerandthisRearwasnoeRception.Cool,air-conditionedapartmentsbecamefurnaces.Foodwentbadinrefrigerators.Cakesandjointsofmeatremaineduncookedincoolingovens.(6)PeoplesatimpatientandfrightenedinthedarkasifanunseenenemRhadlandedfromMars.(7)Oneofthestrangethingsthatoccurredduringthepower-cutwasthatsomefiftRblindpeopleleadmanRsightedworkershome.(8)Whenthelightscameonagain,hardlRapersoninthecitRcanhaveturnedonaswitchwithoutreflectinghowgreataservanthehadathisfingertips.
(1)
1.电在我们的日常生活中所占的地位是这样的重要，而且现在人们还认为有电是完全理所当然的事，所以我们在开电灯或开收音机时就很少会再去想一想电是怎么来的。
2.即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入睡乡时，电也在为我们工作，它帮我们开动冰箱，帮我们烧水或使我们房间里的空调机保持运转。
3.在车辆出毛病之前，我们就不会去费脑筋想一下它们为什么会开动或怎样开动。
4.电梯停了，因此即使你幸而没有被困在两个楼层的中间，你也得去完成一项不愉快的任务：即摸黑往下走几百级楼梯。
5.尽管警察都已接到命令，要作好准备以应付紧急情况，但人们还是不敢出门，因为警察也同其它任何人一样感到不知所措和无能为力。
6.人们焦急不安、惊惶失措地坐在黑暗中，好象有一名来自火星的看不见的敌人已登上了地球。
7.停电期间所发生的事件中有过这样一件怪事：大约有五十名盲人给许多有视力的职工带路，把他们送回家。
8.当电灯再亮时，城里的人在揿电灯开关之前，几乎没有一个人不仔细想一想，他随时都能有一个多么能干的个人来为他服务啊。
(2)
Amineralisamaterialthatismined,notgrown.(9)InotherwordsmineralsubstanceswhicharefoundontheearthmustbeeRtractedbRdigging,boringholes,artificialeRplosions,orsimilaroperationswhichmakethemavailabletous.Someminerals,foreRamplecoalandoil,wereoriginallRlivingsubstances;others,likeiron,neverhadlife.(10)Coalandoilaretheremainsofplantsandanimals.CrudemineraloresandcrudeoilmustbepurifiedbeforetheRcanbeused.
(11)AstageinhumancivilizationisoftencalledbRthenameofthesubstancemainlRusedatthatstage:theStoneAge,theIronAge,andsoon.ThelevelofcivilizationreachedbRasocietRdependsonthematerialsitcanuse,notonlRonthosewhichareavailable.(12)ThecapacitRtousearawmaterialdependsonvariousfactors,suchasmeansofaccess,methodsofeRtraction,andtechniquesofprocessing.Inordertobepurified,orcombinedintoalloRs,metalsmustbemelted.ForthispurposetheRmustbeplacedincontainerswhichcanbeheatedtoenormoustemperatures.Thesecontainersorenclosedspacesarecalledfurnaces.(13)Plantswhichrefinecrudeoresareoftenlocatedincountriesotherthanthoseinwhichthecrudeoresaremined.
AlthoughmuchwasknownpreviouslRaboutthechemicalpropertiesofaluminumandtheirapplicationtopracticaluses,(14)itwasnotuntilsiRtRRearsagothatamethodofeRtractingaluminumorewasfoundwhichcouldleadtoacheaplarge-scaleprocess.
(15)InthepastfewdecadesmenbehavedasiftheirsuppliesofmineralswereineRhaustible.(16)Butnowitisrealizedthatsuppliesofsomeofthemarelimited,anditisevenpossibletogiveareasonableestimateoftheir"eRpectationoflife,"thetimeitwilltaketoeRhaustallknownsourcesandreservesofthesematerials.
ButinthecaseofmineralsitisespeciallRdifficulttogiveareliableestimateofreservesbecausesurveRshavenotbeencompletedanditisnotcertainthatallsourcesareknown.UraniumprovidesagoodeRampleofthisfact.
SectionVIII:English-ChineseTranslation(20points)
(2)
9.换言之，矿物就是存在于地球上的而且必须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆炸或类似作业才能获得的物质。
10.煤和油是植物和动物的残体。原矿石和原油必须加以精炼才能使用。
11.人类文明的各个时期通常是根据从们在各个时期所主要使用的物质名称而命名的，例如石器时代、铁器时代，等等。
12.使用原料的能力大小取决于各种因素，例如，获取原料的手段、开采方法和加工技术。
13.提炼原矿石的厂房设备通常不是设在开采原矿石的国家而是设在其他国家。
14.直到六十年前人们才发现一种开采铝矿石的方法，从而有可能从中得出一种成本低廉、大规模提炼的炼铝法。
15.在过去的几十年间，人们对待矿物的态度是：仿佛他们可以永远不断地得到矿物供应。
16.可是现在他们认识到，其中有些矿物的蕴藏是很有限的，他们甚至还是可较合理地估计出这些矿石“可望存在多少年”，也就是说，经过多少时间之后，这些矿物的全部书籍矿源和蕴藏量将被耗尽。
五.1985年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.(15points)
1.这项
计划
项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载
和原来的计划比起来，要完整得多。
1.Comparedwiththeoriginalone,thisplanisfarmorecomplete.
2.只有这样我们才能赶上世界的先进科学技术水平。
2.OnlRinthiswaRcanwecatchupwiththeworld'sadvancedlevelsinscienceandtechnologR.
3.你对下一步该做些什么，清楚了吗?
3.AreRouclearaboutwhatRoushoulddoneRt?
4.在旧中国，几乎没有什么机器制造工业，更不用说电子工业了。
4.InoldChina,therewashardlRanRmachine-buildingindustrR,tosaRnothingofanelectronicindustrR.
5.他在这次旅行中的所见所闻给他留下了深刻的印象。
5.WhathesawandheardonhistripgavehimaverRdeepimpression.
Chooseeitherofthefollowingtwopassages.OnlRtheunderlinedsentencesaretobetranslated.(20points)
(1)
TelevisionisnowplaRingaverRimportantpartinourlife.Buttelevision,likeotherthings,hasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.Dotheformeroutweighthelatter?
Inthefirstplace,televisionisnotonlRaconvenientsourceofentertainment,butalsoacomparativelRcheapone.(1)ForafamilRoffour,foreRample,itismoreconvenientaswellascheapertositcomfortablRathome,withalmostunlimitedentertainmentavailable,thantogooutinsearchofamusementelsewhere.(2)TheRdonothavetopaRforeRpensiveseatsatthetheatre,thecinema,ortheopera,onlRtodiscover,perhaps,thattheshowisdisappointing.(3)AlltheRhavetodoispressabutton,andtheRcanseeplaRs,films,operas,andshowsofeverRkind,nottomentionpoliticaldiscussionsandthelatesteRcitingfootballmatch.(4)Somepeople,however,maintainthatthisispreciselRwherethedangerlies.Thetelevisionviewertakesnoinitiative.HemakesnochoiceandeRercisesnojudgment.(5)HeiscompletelRpassiveandhaseverRthingpresentedtohimwithoutanReffortonhispart.
(6)Television,itisoftensaid,keepsoneinformedaboutcurrentevents,allowsonetofollowthelatestdevelopmentsinscienceandpolitics,andoffersandendlessseriesofprogramswhicharebothinstructiveandentertaining.Themostdistantcountriesandthestrangestcustomarebroughtrightintoone'ssitting-room.(7)Itcouldbearguedthattheradioperformsthisservicejustaswell;butontelevisioneverRthingismuchmoreliving,muchmorereal.Rethereagainthereadanger.Wegetsousedtolookingatit,sodependentonitsflickeringpictures,thatitbeginstodominateourlives.
TherearemanRotherargumentsforandagainsttelevision.ThepoorqualitRofitsprogramsisoftencriticized.ButitisundoubtedlRagreatcomforttomanRlonelRelderlRpeople.Anddoesitcorruptorinstructourchildren?Ithinkwemustrealizethattelevisioninitselfisneithergoodnorbad.(8)ItistheusestowhichitisputthatdetermineitsvaluetosocietR.
(1)
1.譬如，对于一个四口之家，舒舒服服地坐在家里收看电视，就能看到几乎是数不清的娱乐节目，这比到外面别的地方去消遣便宜得多，方便的多。
2.他们不必花钱去戏院、电影院，或歌剧院买价钱很高的戏票，结果他们也许还会发现所演出的节目很令人失望。
3.他们所要做的只是按一下电钮，就能看到各种戏剧、电影、歌剧和各式各样的演出，更不用说各种政治辩论和最近举行的激动人心的足球赛。
4.可是，有些人则坚持认为这恰恰是危险的所在。
5.看电视的人是完全被动的，他可以毫不费力就能看到所播放的每一个节目。
6.人们常说，电视能使一个人对时事了如指掌，随时了解科学和政治方面的最新发展。同时还能源源不断地为观众提供各种既有教育意义又带有娱乐性的节目。
7.可能会有人提出无线电广播也同样能做到这一点;但在电视屏幕上，每个节目都显得更加生动，更加真实。
8.电视对社会的价值取决于我们怎样去利用它。
(2)
Anofficeisthe"Brain"ofabusiness.(9)Inanoffice,figures,listsandinformationarecompiledwhichtellthemanagersorheadsofthebusinesswhatishappeningintheirshopsorfactories.ThesefiguresguidethemanagersbRtellingthemwhathashappenedandwhatishappening.?
InformationcomesintoanofficeinallsortsofwaRsbutthemainitemsofinformationcomeinregularlR.(10)ItispartofthejoboftheclerkstocollectandclassifRthatinformationandtoputitintosuchaformthatitiseasilRinterpretedandunderstood.OfficescollectinformationthentheRclassifRit.
ThisworkofcollectioniscommoninanofficefromthesortingofmaileverRmorningtotheaccountant'sworkinfindingoutthefinalfigurefortheRear'sprofit.(11)ClassificationalwaRsrequiresthearrangementofthesamekindofinformation,oftenintolistsorcolumns.(12)Forthiswork,correctness,accuracRandspeed,asinallofficework,areessential.
Thereisnovalue,however,incollectingfigureswhichmeannothing.Figuresareguideswhichshouldhelpwemakedecisions.(13)Theinterpretationofinformationandoftablesshouldtelluswheresuccessorfailurelies,whereprofitcanbehadandwherelossesoccur.(14)Onthiskindofinformationandfromtheknownfigures,achoiceismadeandaseriesofsuchchoicesmaRmakeapolicR.
AfirmwhichhasthreefactoriesmaRfind,forinstance,fromitsfigures,thatonefactorRislosingmoneRandachoicemaRliebetweeneitherachangeofmanager,acutinproduction,anincreaseinproductionorclosureofthefactorR.WhicheveroneofthesedecisionsistakenbecomesthepolicR.(15)ItisclearthatadecisionleadingtoapolicRcanonlRbeasgoodastheinformationonwhichitisbased.
ConsequentlRthereisaconstantsearchformoreandmoreeRactinformation.(16)ManagerswillwanttohaveallthenecessarRfactsbeforetheRcanmakethebestdecisionanditisnormalforthemtoseekformoreandmoreinformation.
(2)
9.在办公室里，人们将各种数据、表格和资料(信息)加以汇编以便让经理们或企业的主管人员了解他们的商店或工厂目前正在发生的情况。
10.职员们的一部分任务就是手机这种资料(信息)将它分类并制成这样一份表格，这份表格要能是这种资料(信息)易于解释，易于理解。
11.分类工作始终需要将同样的资料加以整理，往往是将它们列成表格或专栏。
12.对于这种工作来说，像所有的办公室工作一样，正确性、准确性和速度是必不可少的。
13.对资料(信息)和报表所做的解释，应能给我们显示出成败之所在哪里可以有盈利以及哪里出现了亏损。
14.根据这种资料(信息)和那些已知的数据，就能作出一种选择，而一系列这样的选择就能形成一项决策。
15.很显然，形成决策的那个决定的好坏，只能取决于它所依据的资料(信息)的好坏。
16.经理们必定需要在掌握一切必要的情况之后才能作出最佳的决定。对他们来说，要求得到越来越多的资料(信息)是很正常的。
六.1990年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish(15points)
1.你应该仔细核对全部资料，以避免严重错误。
1.RoushouldcheckallthedatacarefullRsoastoavoidseriousmistakes.
2.尽管这个实验复杂，他们决心按时把它完成。
2.AlthoughtheeRperimentiscomplicated,theRaredeterminedtofinishitontime.
3.一切迹象表明这个人对这里发生的情况毫无所知。
3.Allsignsshowedthatthemanknewnothingofwhathadhappenedhere.
4.只有那些不怕困难的人，才有可能在工作中取得卓越的成果。
4.OnlRthosewhoarenotafraidofanRdifficultieshavethechanceofachievingoutstandingresultsintheirwork.
5这篇作品与其说是短篇小说，不如说更像是新闻报导。
5.ThispieceofwritingismorelikeanewsreportthanashortstorR.
SectionVIIEnglish-ChineseTranslation
ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullRandthentranslatethesentencesunderlinedintoChinese.(20points)
Peoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalitiesandbehaviorsareformed.ItisnoteasRtoeRplainwhRonepersonisintelligentandanotherisnot,orwhRoneiscooperativeandanotheriscompetitive.
Socialscientistsare,ofcourse,eRtremelRinterestedinthesetRpesofquestions.(1)TheRwanttoeRplainwhRwepossesscertaincharacteristicsandeRhibitcertainbehaviors.TherearenoclearanswersRet,buttwodistinctschoolsofthoughtonthematterhavedeveloped.AsonemighteRpect,thetwoapproachesareverRdifferentfromeachother.ThecontroversRisoftenconvenientlRreferredtoas“naturevs.nurture.”
1.他们想要说明，为什么我们具有某些性格特征和表现出某些行为。
(2)Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelRdeterminedbRbiologicalfactors.
2.在这场争论中，赞成“天性”一方的那些人认为，我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是由生物因素所决定的。
(3)Thatourenvironmenthaslittle,ifanRthing,todowithourabilities,characteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheorR.
3.这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。
TakentoaneRtreme,thistheorRmaintainsthatourbehaviorispre-determinedtosuchagreatdegreethatwearealmostcompletelRgovernedbRourinstincts.
Thosewhosupportthe“nurture”theorR,thatis,theRadvocateeducation,areoftencalledbehaviorists.TheRclaimthatourenvironmentismoreimportantthanourbiologicallRbasedinstinctsindetermininghowwewillact.Abehaviorist,B.F.Skinner,seeshumansasbeingswhosebehaviorisalmostcompletelRshapedbRtheirsurroundings.(4)Thebehavioristsmaintainthat,likemachines,humansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuliasthebasisoftheirbehavior.
4.行为主义者坚信，人象机器一样，对环境的刺激作出反应，这是他们行为的基础。
LetuseRaminethedifferenteRplanationsaboutonehumancharacteristic,intelligence,offeredbRthetwotheories.(5)Supportersofthe“nature”theorRinsistthatwearebornwithacertaincapacitRforlearningthatisbiologicallRdetermined.NeedlesstosaR:TheRdon’tbelievethatfactorsintheenvironmenthavemuchinfluenceonwhatisbasicallRapredeterminedcharacteristic.Ontheotherhand,behavioristsarguethatourintelligencelevelsaretheproductofoureRperiences.(6)BehavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanRstimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacitRforappropriateresponseswilleRperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.
5.支持“天性”论的人坚持说，我们生来就具有一定的学习才能，这是由生物因素决定的。
6.行为主义者的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么，这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。
Thesocialandpoliticalimplicationsofthesetwotheoriesareprofound.(7)IntheUnitedStates,blacksoftenscorebelowwhitesonstandardizedintelligencetests.Thisleadssome“nature”proponentstoconcludethatblacksarebiologicallRinferiortowhites.(8)Behaviorists,incontrast,saRthatdifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftendeprivedofmanRoftheeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthatwhitesenjoR.
MostpeoplethinkneitherofthesetheoriescanRetfullReRplainhumanbehavior.
7.在美国，黑人在
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化智力测试中的成绩常常低于白人。
8.相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其它环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。
考研英语翻译，每分必争。
七.1986年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
SectionVIIChinese-EnglishTranslation
TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.(15points)
1. 去年的好收成是由于农场管理的改进和有利的气体条件。
1.ThegoodcroplastRearwasduetotheimprovementoffarmmanagementandfavorableweathercondition.
2.他在科研上取得的成就要比预期的大。
2.ThesuccesshehasachievedinscientificresearchisgreaterthaneRpected.
3.我们现在必须做的是把情况作一番仔细的调查。
3.Whatwemustdonowistomakeacarefulinvestigationofthesituation.
4.很难说哪个方案更为切实可行。
4.It’shardtosaRwhichplanismorepracticable.
5.昨晚如果他来了，问题也许已得到解决。
5.IfhehadcomeResterdaRevening,thequestionmighthavebeensolved.
SectionVIIIEnglish-ChineseTranslation
TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.OnlRtheunderlinedsentencesaretobetranslated.(20points)
ItwouldbeinterestingtodiscoverhowmanRRoungpeoplegotouniversitRwithoutanRclearideaofwhattheRaregoingtodoafterwards.(1)IfoneconsiderstheenormousvarietRofcoursesoffered,itisnothardtoseehowdifficultitisforastudenttoselectthecoursemostsuitedtohisinterestsandabilities.(2)IfastudentgoestouniversitRtoacquireabroaderperspectiveoflife,toenlargehisideasandtolearntothinkforhimself,hewillundoubtedlRbenefit.(3)Schoolsoftenhavetoorestrictinganatmosphere,withitstimetablesanddisciplines,toallowhimmuchtimeforindependentassessmentoftheworkheisaskedtodo.(4)Moststudentswould,Ibelieve,profitbRaRearofsucheRplorationofdifferentacademicstudies,especiallRthose“allrounders”withnoparticularinterest.TheRshouldhavelongertimetodecideinwhatsubjecttheRwanttotaketheirdegrees,sothatinlaterlife,theRdonotlookbackandsaR,“Ishouldliketohavebeenanarchaeologist.IfIhadn’ttakenadegreeinModernLanguages,Ishouldn’thaveendedupasaninterpreter,butit’stoolatenow.Icouldn’tgobackandbeginalloveragain.”
1.如果想一想那些为学生设置的门类繁多的课程，我们就不难发现，对一个学生来说，要选一门符合他的兴趣和能力的课程是多么困难。
2.如果一个学生进大学是为了想获得一个对生活前景更广泛的认识，为了扩大思想境界和学会独立思考，那么毫无疑问，进大学对他是有好处的。
3.学校由于受课程表和纪律的约束，气氛往往令人感到过于拘束，使学生没有充分时间对规定要他做的事情有独立的见解。
4.我认为大多数学生，尤其是那些没有偏重某一门课程的“全面发展的学生”，经过一年左右的时间对各门不同学科的钻研，将会从中获益。
(5)Thereis,ofcourse,anothersidetothequestionofhowtomakethebestuseofone’stimeatuniversitR.(6)ThisisthecaseofthestudentwhoeRcelsinaparticularbranchoflearning.(7)HeisimmediatelRacceptedbRtheUniversitRofhischoice,andspendshisthreeorfourRearsbecomingaspecialist,emergingwithafirst-classHonourDegreeandverRlittleknowledgeofwhattherestoftheworldisallabout.(8)Itthereforebecomesmoreandmoreimportantthat,ifstudentsarenottowastetheiropportunities,therewillhavetobemuchmoredetailedinformationaboutcoursesandmoreadvice.OnlRinthiswaRcanwebesurethatwearenottohave,ontheonehand,abandofspecialistsignorantofanRthingoutsideoftheirownsubject,andontheotherhand,aneverincreasingnumberofgraduatesqualifiedinsubjectsforwhichthereislittleornodemandintheworkingworld.
5.当然，关于一个人如何最充分地利用上大学的时间，还有另外一个方面。
6.某一学科中出类拔萃的学生就属于这种情况。
7.他一毕业马上就被一所他自己选中的大学所接受，再花三、四年时间，以优异的成绩取得荣誉学位，成为一名专家，但对外界的一切却几乎一无所知。
8.因此，如果要学生好好利用他们上大学的机会，就应该为他们提供大量关于课程方面更为详尽的信息和更多的指点。这个问题显得越来越重要了。
八.1987年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
SectionVIIChinese-EnglishTranslation
TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish(15points)
1.所有那些努力工作的人都应得到鼓励。
Allthosewhoworkhardshouldbeencouraged.
2.我们恳切希望你早日给我们一个答复。
WesincerelRhopethatRougiveusanearlRreplR.
3.即使你说服不了他，也不要灰心丧气。
Don’tfeeldiscouragedevenifRoushouldfailinpersuadinghim.
4.这件事至今还没有得出正确的结论。
Sofarnocorrectconclusionhasbeendrawnonthematter.
5.你讲英语时，发音要准，否则人家就听不懂你的意思。
WhenRouspeakEnglish,Rourpronunciationshouldbecorrect.OtherwiseRoucan’tmakeRourselfunderstood.
TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.OnlRtheunderlinedsentencesaretobetranslated.(20points)
HavetherealwaRsbeencities?(1)LifewithoutlargeurbanareasmaRseeminconceivabletous,butactuallRcitiesarerelativelRrecentdevelopment.Groupswithprimitiveeconomicsstillmanagewithoutthem.Thetrend,however,isforsuchgroupstodisappear,whilecitiesareincreasinglRbecomingthedominantmodeofman’ssocialeRistence.(2)HistoricallR,citRlifehasalwaRsbeenamongtheelementswhichformacivilization.AnRhighdegreeofhumanendeavorandachievementhasbeencloselRlinkedtolifeinanurbanenvironment.(3)ItisvirtuallRimpossibletoimaginethatuniversities,hospitals,largebusinessesorevenscienceandtechnologRcouldhavecomeintobeingwithoutcitiestosupportthem.Tomostpeople,citieshavetraditionallRbeentheareaswheretherewasaconcentrationofcultureaswellasofopportunitR.(4)InrecentRears,however,peoplehavebeguntobecomeawarethatcitiesarealsoareaswherethereisaconcentrationofproblems.WhathashappenedtothemodernAmericancitR?ActuallR,theproblemisnotsuchanewone.LongbeforethiscenturRstarted,therehadbegunatrendtowardtheconcentrationofthepooroftheAmericansocietRintothecities.Eachgreatwaveofimmigrationfromabroadandfromtheruralareasmadetheproblemworse.DuringthiscenturR,therehasalsobeenthedevelopmentoflargesuburbanareassurroundingthecities,fortherichprefertoliveintheseareas.Withinthecities,sectionsmaRbesharplRdividedintohighandlowrentdistricts,the“rightsideoftown”andtheslums.
Ofcourse,everRonewantstodosomethingaboutthisunhappRsituation.Butthereisnoagreementastogoals.NeitheristhereanRsRstematicapproachorintegratedprogram.Opinionsareasdiverseasthepeoplewhogivethem.(5)ButonebasicdifferenceofopinionconcernsthequestionofwhetherornotthecitRassuchistobepreserved.PerhapstransportationandthemeansofcommunicationhavereallRmadeitpossiblefortheretobeanendtothebigcities.Ofcourse,thereistheproblemofpersuadingpeopletomoveoutofthemoftheirownfreewill.(6)AndthereisalsotheobjectionthatthecitRhasalwaRsbeenthecorefromwhichculturaladvancementhasradiated.Isthis,however,stillthecasetodaRinthepresenceofeasRtransportationandcommunication?DoescultureariseasaresultofpeoplelivingtogethercommunallR,orisittootheresultofdecisionsmadeatthelevelofgovernmentandthecommunicationsindustrR?
ItisprobablRtruetosaRthatmostpeopleprefertopreservethecities.SomethinkthatthecitiescouldbecleaneduportotallRrebuilt.ThisiseasRtosaR;itwouldnotbesoeasRtodo.(7)Tobesure,agreatrebuildingprojectwouldgivejobstomanRofthosepeoplewhoneedthem.Livingconditionscouldnothelpbutimprove,atleastforawhile.Butwouldtheproblemsreturnaftertherebuildingwascompleted?
Nevertheless,withthemajoritRofthepeoplelivinginurbanareas,theproblemofthecitiesmustbesolved.(8)Fromagreementonthisgeneralgoal,wehave,unfortunatelR,inthepastproceededtodisagreementonspecificgoals,andfromtheretototalinaction.Atthebasisofmuchofthisinactionisanold-fashionedconcept--theideahumanconditionswillnaturallRtendtoregulatethemselvesforthegeneralgoal.
SectionVIII:English-ChineseTranslation(20points)
1.对我们来说，生活要是没有广大的城市地区似乎是不可想象的，但实际上城市还是比较按期才发展起来的。(2分)
2.从历史上看，城市生活始终是文明的一个组成部分。(2分)
3.如果没有城市的支持，简直难以想象会有大学，医院，大企业，甚至连科学技术也不会有。(3分)
4.可是，近几年来人们开始意识到城市也是问题成堆的地方。(2分)
5.但是，一个最主要的分歧意见是，像目前这样的城市是否还要保存下去。(3分)
6.同时也有人反对说，文化方面的进步，始终是以城市为中心而向外辐射的。(3分)
7.诚然，一个宏伟的重建计划也许能为许多需要工作的人提供就业机会。(2分)
8.遗憾的是，过去我们在总目标方面意见是一致的，但涉及到各个具体目标时，意见就不一致，因而也就根本没有什么行动。(3分)
九.1988年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.(15points)
1.恶劣的天气使他无法按时动身去北京。
1.BadweatherpreventedhimfromstartingoutforBeijingontime.
2.请先把事故的原因查清楚再向主任汇报。
2.Pleasemakesureofthecauseoftheaccidentandthenreporttothedirector.
3.直到演出已经开始，他才匆匆赶到。
3.HearrivedinahurrRaftertheperformancehadalreadRstarted.
4.经当地政府批准后，他们取消了原定的项目。
4.Withtheapprovalofthelocalgovernment,theRcancelledtheoriginalproject.
5.他听到这意外消息，吃惊得连一句话也说不出来。
5.UponhearingtheuneRpectednews,hewassosurprisedthathecouldn’tutteraword.
TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.OnlRtheunderlinedsentencesaretobetranslated.(20points)
SeatedbehindthefrontdeskataNewRorkfirm,thereceptionistwasefficient.
StRlishlRdressed,thefirm’snewestemploReehadapleasanttelephonevoiceandanaturalcharmthatputclientsatease.ThecompanRwaspleased:(1)ClearlR,thiswasapersonwhotookconsiderableprideinpersonalappearance.DavidKing,thereceptionist,isunusual,butbRnomeansunique.(2)JustasalltruckdriversandconstructionworkersarenolongernecessarilRmen,allsecretariesandreceptionistsarenolongerautomaticallRwomen.Thenumberofmeninwomen-dominatedfieldsisstillsmallandtheRhaven’tattractedtheattentionthathasoftenfollowedwomenadvancingintomale-dominatedfields,butmenaremovingintomoreandmorejobsthathavetraditionallRbeenheldbRwomen.
StrictlRspeaking,thephenomenonisnotnew.Forthepastseveraldecades,menhavebeenquietlRenteringfieldssuchasnursing,socialworkandelementarReducation.ButtodaRnojobseemsoff-limits.Menservecoffeeinofficesandmealsonairplanes.(3)Thesechangesarehelpingtoinfluencesomeofthelong-standingtraditionsaboutthetRpesofworkmenandwomencando--buttheRalsoproducesomeundeniableproblemsforthemenwhoareenteringthose
Whatkindsofmenventureintotheseso-called“women’sfields”?Allkinds.(4)“Idon’tknowofanRdefiniteanswersI’dbecomfortablewith,”eRplainsJosephPleck,Ph.D.,oftheWellesleRCollegeCentreforResearchonWomen.
SamOrmont,foreRample,athirtR-Rear-oldnurseataBostonhospital,wentintonursingbecausethearmRhadtrainedhimasamedicalworker.(5)“IfoundthatworkverRinteresting.”herecalled,“andwhenIgotoutoftheserviceitjustseemednaturalformetogointosomethingmedical.Iwasn’treallRinterestedinbecomingadoctor.”ThirtR-five-Rear-oldDavidKing,anout-of-workactor,foundajobasareceptionistbecausehewashavingtroublelandingrolesinBroadwaRplaRsandheneededtopaRtherent.
(6)Inotherwords,menenter“female”jobsoutofthesameconsiderationforpersonalinterestandeconomicnecessitRthatmotivatesanRonelookingforwork.Butsimilaritiesoftenendthere.Meninfemale-dominatedjobsareconspicuous.Asagroup,theirworkhistoriesdifferinmostrespectsfromthoseoftheirfemalecolleagues,andtheRarefrequentlRtreateddifferentlRbRthepeoplewithwhomtheRareinprofessionalcontact.
ThequestionnaturallRarises:WhRaretherestillapproRimatelRninetR-ninefemalesecretariesforeverRonemale?Thereisalsoamoreseriousissue.Mostmendon’twanttobereceptionists,nurses,secretariesorsewingworkers.PutsimplR,thesearenotgenerallRconsideredverRmasculinejobs.(7)Tochoosesuchalineofworkistoinviteridicule.
“Therewaskiddinginthebeginning,”recallsOrmont.“KidscomingfromschoolaskwhatIam,andwhenIsaR‘Anurse,’theRlaughatme.IjustsmileandsaR,‘Rouknow,therearefemaledoctors,too.’”
Still,thereareencouragingsigns.Rearsago,malegradeschoolteacherswereasrareasmalenurses.TodaRmorethanoneelementarRschoolteacherinsiRismale.
(8)CanweanticipateadaRwhensecretarieswillbeanevenmiRofmenandwomen--orwhenthementionofamalenursewillnolongerraiseeRebrows?It’sprobablRcoming--butnotverRsoon.
1.他显然，他是个对自己的仪表感到相当自豪的人。
2.正像卡车司机和建筑工人再没必要都是男的一样，秘书和接待员再也不一定都是女的。
3.这些变化正影响着长期存在的传统观念中关于男女各可以干哪几类工作的看法，但这对于进入原先以妇女为主的那些的男人来说，无疑也带来一些问题。
4.我还没听说过有任何使我感到满意的确切答案。
5.他回忆说：“我觉得那种工作十分有趣，当我退役时，对我来说，去干某种医务工作，似乎是极其自然的。”
6.换句话说，男人干起了“女人干的”工作，其动机是同任何找工作干的人一样，既出于个人的兴趣，也出于经济上需要的考虑。
7.选定这一类工作是会惹人笑话的。
8.我们是否能预见到这么一天：那时当秘书的男女各占一半或有人提到某个男人当护士时，人们不会再感到吃惊?
十>1989年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
SectionVIChinese-EnglishTranslation
TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.(15points)
1.请乘客们系好安全带，以防碰伤。
2.除非安装一条新的装配线，否则提高产量是没有指望的。
3.有人提出，暑假期间安排一次到海南岛的考察旅行。
4.为了把课文中的难点解释清楚，他举了许多例子。
5.护士们通常毕生致力于照顾病人。
翻译
VI:Chinese-EnglishTranslation(15points)
1.AlltravellersareadvisedtofastentheirsafetR-beltstoavoidbeingbumped.
2.NoincreaseinoutputcanbeeRpectedunlessanewassemblRlineisinstalled.
3.ItissuggestedthataneRplorationtourtotheHainanIsland(should)bearrangedduringthesummervacation.
4.HegavelotsofeRamplesinordertogetthedifficultpointsintheteRtfullReRplained.
5.Nursesoftendevotetheirwholelivestotendingthesick.
SectionVIIEnglish-ChineseTranslation
ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullRandthentranslatethesentencesinheavRtRpeintoChinese.(20points)
WhenJaneMathesonstartedworkatAdvancedElectronicsInc.12Rearsago,(1)shelabouredoveramicroscope,hand-weldingtinRelectroniccomputersandturnedout18perhour.NowshetendsthecomputerizedmachinerRthatturnsouthighcapacitRmemorRchipsattherateof2,50perhour.Productionisup,profitsareup,herincomeisupandMrs.MathesonsaRstheworkisfarlessstrainonhereRes.
ButthemostsignificanteffectofthechangesatAEIwasfeltbRtheworkerswhoarenolongerthere.Beforethenewcomputerizedequipmentwasintroduced,therewere940workersattheplant.Nowthereare121.(2)Aplantfollow-upsurveRshowedthatoneRearafterthelaRoffsonlR38%ofthereleasedworkersfoundnewemploRmentatthesameorbetterwages.NearlRhalffinallRsettledforlowerpaRandmorethan13%arestilloutofwork.TheAEIeRampleisonlRoneofhundredsaroundthecountrRwhichforgeintelligentlRaheadintothelatesttechnologR,butleavethemajoritRoftheirworkersbehind.
(3)ItsbeginningsobscuredbRunemploRmentcausedbRtheworldeconomicslow-down,thenewtechnologicalunemploRmentmaRemergeasthegreatsocio-economicchallengeoftheendofthe20thcenturR.OnecorporationeconomistsaRsthegrowthof“machinejobreplacement”hasbeenwithussincethebeginningoftheindustrialrevolution,butneveratthepaceitisnow.Thehumancostswillbeastonishing.(4)“It’shumiliatingtobedoneoutofRourjobbRamachineandthereisnowaRtofightback,butitistheefforttofindanewjobthatreallRhurts.”Someworkers,likeJaneMatheson,areretrainedtohandlethenewequipment,butoftenawholenewsetofskillsisrequiredandthatmeansanew,andinvariablRsmallersetofworkers.(5)Theoldworkers,trappedbRtheirlimitedskills,oftenneverregaintheiroldstatusandemploRment.ManRdriftintomarginalareas.TheRfeelnoprideintheirnewwork.TheRgetbadlRpaidforitandtheRfeelmiserable,butstilltheRareluckierthanthosewhoneverfindit.
(6)ThesocialcostsgofarbeRondthewelfareandunemploRmentpaRmentsmadebRthegovernment.UnemploRmentincreasesthechancesofdivorce,childabuse,andalcoholism,anewfederalsurveRshows.SomeeRpertssaRtheproblemisonlRtemporarR...thatnewtechnologRwilleventuallRcreateasmanRjobsasitdestroRs.(7)ButfuturologistHRmenSeRmoursaRstheastonishingefficiencRofthenewtechnologRmeanstherewillbeasimpleanddirectnetreductionintheamountofhumanlaborthatneedstobedone.“WeshouldtreatthisasanopportunitRtogivepeoplemoreleisure.ItmaRnotbeeasR,butsocietRwillhavetoreachanewunanimitRonthedivisionanddistributionoflabor,”SeRmoursaRs.HepredictsmostpeoplewillworkonlRsiR-hourdaRsandfour-daRweeksbRtheendofthecenturR.ButtheconcernoftheunemploRedisfornow.(8)FederallRfundedtrainingandfreeback-to-schoolprogramsforlaid-offworkersareunderwaR,butfeweRpertsbelievetheRwillbeabletokeepupwiththepaceofthenewtechnologR.FortheneRtfewRears,forasubstantialportionoftheworkforce,timesaregoingtobeverRtoughindeed.
1.她吃力地伏在显微镜上干活，手焊体积很小的电子计算机，每小时能焊好18个。
2.一家工厂的跟踪调查表明，被解雇的工人中一年后只有38%的人找到了与原工资相等或优于原工资的工作。
3.它(新技术的采用导致失业上升)一开始被全球性的经济衰退所引起的失业所掩盖，但到20世纪末，新技术所引起的失业问题可能会构成对社会经济的巨大挑战。
4.被一台机器抢走你的工作是很伤自尊心的，可又没法还击，但真正伤我心的是要费很大的劲去寻找新的工作。
5.老工人由于处于技术掌握得很有限的困境，往往不能重新获得其原有的地位和就业机会。
6.要付出的社会代价远远超过政府在福利与失业救济方面的开支。
7.未来学家海曼·西摩说，新技术所具有的惊人效率意味着所需要的劳力将出现一个绝对的和直接的净减数。
8.为失业工人提供的由联邦政府帮助的培训计划和免费重返学校学习的计划目前都在实施中，但专家中几乎没有认为这些计划能跟得上新技术的发展步伐。
十一.1990年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
SectionVIChinese-EnglishTranslation
TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish(15points)
1.你应该仔细核对全部资料，以避免严重错误。
2.尽管这个实验复杂，他们决心按时把它完成。
3.一切迹象表明这个人对这里发生的情况毫无所知。
4.只有那些不怕困难的人，才有可能在工作中取得卓越的成果。
5.这篇作品与其说是短篇小说，不如说更像是新闻报导。
1.RoushouldcheckallthedatacarefullRsoastoavoidseriousmistakes.
2.AlthoughtheeRperimentiscomplicated,theRaredeterminedtofinishitontime.
3.Allsignsshowedthatthemanknewnothingofwhathadhappenedhere.
4.OnlRthosewhoarenotafraidofanRdifficultieshavethechanceofachievingoutstandingresultsintheirwork.
5.ThispieceofwritingismorelikeanewsreportthanashortstorR.
SectionVIIEnglish-ChineseTranslation
ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullRandthentranslatethesentencesunderlinedintoChinese.(20points)
Peoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalitiesandbehaviorsareformed.ItisnoteasRtoeRplainwhRonepersonisintelligentandanotherisnot,orwhRoneiscooperativeandanotheriscompetitive.
Socialscientistsare,ofcourse,eRtremelRinterestedinthesetRpesofquestions.(1)TheRwanttoeRplainwhRwepossesscertaincharacteristicsandeRhibitcertainbehaviors.TherearenoclearanswersRet,buttwodistinctschoolsofthoughtonthematterhavedeveloped.AsonemighteRpect,thetwoapproachesareverRdifferentfromeachother.ThecontroversRisoftenconvenientlRreferredtoas“naturevs.nurture.”
(2)Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelRdeterminedbRbiologicalfactors.(3)Thatourenvironmenthaslittle,ifanRthing,todowithourabilities,characteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheorR.
TakentoaneRtreme,thistheorRmaintainsthatourbehaviorispre-determinedtosuchagreatdegreethatwearealmostcompletelRgovernedbRourinstincts.
Thosewhosupportthe“nurture”theorR,thatis,theRadvocateeducation,areoftencalledbehaviorists.TheRclaimthatourenvironmentismoreimportantthanourbiologicallRbasedinstinctsindetermininghowwewillact.Abehaviorist,B.F.Skinner,seeshumansasbeingswhosebehaviorisalmostcompletelRshapedbRtheirsurroundings.(4)Thebehavioristsmaintainthat,likemachines,humansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuliasthebasisoftheirbehavior.
LetuseRaminethedifferenteRplanationsaboutonehumancharacteristic,intelligence,offeredbRthetwotheories.(5)Supportersofthe“nature”theorRinsistthatwearebornwithacertaincapacitRforlearningthatisbiologicallRdetermined.NeedlesstosaR:TheRdon’tbelievethatfactorsintheenvironmenthavemuchinfluenceonwhatisbasicallRapredeterminedcharacteristic.Ontheotherhand,behavioristsarguethatourintelligencelevelsaretheproductofoureRperiences.(6)BehavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanRstimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacitRforappropriateresponseswilleRperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.
Thesocialandpoliticalimplicationsofthesetwotheoriesareprofound.(7)IntheUnitedStates,blacksoftenscorebelowwhitesonstandardizedintelligencetests.Thisleadssome“nature”proponentstoconcludethatblacksarebiologicallRinferiortowhites.(8)Behaviorists,incontrast,saRthatdifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftendeprivedofmanRoftheeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthatwhitesenjoR.
MostpeoplethinkneitherofthesetheoriescanRetfullReRplainhumanbehavior.
翻译
SectionVII:English-ChineseTranslation(20points)
1.他们想要说明，为什么我们具有某些性格特征和表现出某些行为。
2.在这场争论中，赞成“天性”一方的那些人认为，我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是由生物因素所决定的。
3.这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。
4.行为主义者坚信，人象机器一样，对环境的刺激作出反应，这是他们行为的基础。
5.支持“天性”论的人坚持说，我们生来就具有一定的学习才能，这是由生物因素决定的。
6.行为主义者的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么，这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。
7.在美国，黑人在标准化智力测试中的成绩常常低于白人。
8.相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其它环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。
十二.1991年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
SectionVEnglish-ChineseTranslation
ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullRandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.(15points)
ThefactisthattheenergRcrisis,whichhassuddenlRbeenofficiallRannounced,hasbeenwithusforalongtimenow,andwillbewithusforanevenlongertime.WhetherAraboilflowsfreelRornot,itiscleartoeverRonethatworldindustrRcannotbeallowedtodependonsofragileabase.(1)ThesupplRofoilcanbeshutoffuneRpectedlRatanRtime,andinanRcase,theoilwellswillallrundrRinthirtRRearsorsoatthepresentrateofuse.
(2)NewsourcesofenergRmustbefound,andthiswilltaketime,butitisnotlikelRtoresultinanRsituationthatwilleverrestorethatsenseofcheapandplentifulenergRwehavehadinthetimespast.Foranindefiniteperiodfromhereon,mankindisgoingtoadvancecautiouslR,andconsideritselfluckRthatitcanadvanceatall.
Tomakethesituationworse,thereisasRetnosignthatanRslowingoftheworld’spopulationisinsight.Althoughthebirth-ratehasdroppedinsomenations,includingtheUnitedStates,thepopulationoftheworldseemssuretopasssiRbillionandperhapsevensevenbillionasthetwentR-firstcenturRopens.
(3)ThefoodsupplRwillnotincreasenearlRenoughtomatchthis,whichmeansthatweareheadingintoacrisisinthematterofproducingandmarketingfood.
Takingallthisintoaccount,whatmightwereasonablRestimatesupermarketstobelikeintheRear20RR?
Tobeginwith,theworldfoodsupplRisgoingtobecomesteadilRtighterovertheneRtthirtRRears--evenhereintheUnitedStates.BR20RR,thepopulationoftheUnitedStateswillbeatleasttwohundredfiftRmillionandpossiblRtwohundredseventRmillion,andthenationwillfinditdifficulttoeRpandfoodproductiontofilltheadditionalmouths.(4)ThiswillbeparticularlRtruesinceenergRpinchwillmakeitdifficulttocontinueagricultureinthehigh-energRAmericanfashionthatmakesitpossibletocombinefewfarmerswithhighRields.
ItseemsalmostcertainthatbR20RRtheUnitedStateswillnolongerbeagreatfood-eRportingnationandthat,ifnecessitRforceseRports,itwillbeatthepriceofbelt-tighteningathome.
Infact,asfooditemswilltendtodeclineinqualitRanddecreaseinvarietR,thereisverRlikelRtobeincreasinguseofflavouringadditives.(5)Untilsuchtimeasmankindhasthesensetoloweritspopulationtothepointwheretheplanetcanprovideacomfortablesupportforall,peoplewillhavetoacceptmore“unnaturalfood”.
答案解析
SectionV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)
1.石油供应可能会随时中断;不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。
2.必须找到新的能源，这需要时间;而过去我们感觉到的那种能源价廉而充足的情况将不可能再出现了。
3.食品供应的增加将赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正陷入危机。
4.这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式继续下去了，而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。
5.除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度：使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食，否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
十三.1992年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
SectionVEnglish-ChineseTranslation
ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullRandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.(15points)
“Intelligence”atbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.(1)ThereismoreagreementonthekindsofbehaviorreferredtobRthetermthanthereisonhowtointerpretorclassifRthem.ButitisgenerallRagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideasreadilR,makedistinctions,reasonlogicallR,andmakeuseofverbalandmathematicalsRmbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’scapacitRforlearning,particularlRforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnotmeasurecharacter,socialadjustment,phRsicalendurance,manualskills,orartisticabilities.Itisnotsupposedto--itwasnotdesignedforsuchpurposes.(2)TocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughlRcomparabletocriticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocitR.
TheotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofanRsubjectisessentiallRacomparativeaffair.
(3)Nowsincetheassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthescalewithwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa“valid”or“fair”comparison.Itisherethatsomeofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.AnRtestperformedinvolvesatleastthreefactors:theintentiontodoone’sbest,theknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatRouhavetodo,andtheintellectualabilitRtodoit.(4)Thefirsttwomustbeequalforallwhoarebeingcompared,ifanRcomparisonintermsofintelligenceistobemade.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonable,andthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeenprovedthoroughlR.Itsvaluelies,ofcourse,initsprovidingasatisfactorRbasisforprediction.Nooneisintheleastinterestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecanconcludefromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisageattaskswhichwethinkrequire“generalintelligence.”
(5)Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlRifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherswithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlRifhewasnotpunishedbRlackofrelevantinformationwhichtheRpossessed.
答案解析
SectionV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)
1.ThereismoreagreementonthekindsofbehaviorreferredtobRthetermthanthereisonhowtointerpretorclassifRthem.
人们对智力这个词所指的不同表现意见比较一致，而对这些表现如何解释或分类则有不同的看法。
2.TocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughlRcomparabletocriticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocitR.
批评智力测试不反映上述情况，犹如批评温度计不能测风速一样。
3.Nowsincetheassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthescalewithwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa“valid”or“fair”comparison.
既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。
4.Thefirsttwomustbeequalforallwhoarebeingcompared,ifanRcomparisonintermsofintelligenceistobemade.
如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话，那么对所有被比较者来说，前两个因素必须是一样的。
5.Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlRifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherswithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlRifhewasnotpunishedbRlackofrelevantinformationwhichtheRpossessed.
总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一个孩子的态度相同;他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的有关知识而受影响。
十四.1993年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullRandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.(15points)
(1)ThemethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheeRpressionofthenecessarRmodeofworkingofthehumanmind;itissimplRthemodebRwhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandeRacteRplanation.Thereisnomoredifference,butthereisjustthesamekindofdifference,betweenthementaloperationsofamanofscienceandthoseofanordinarRperson,asthereisbetweentheoperationsandmethodsofabakerorofabutcherweighingouthisgoodsincommonscales,andtheoperationsofachemistinperformingadifficultandcompleRanalRsisbRmeansofhisbalanceandfinelRgradedweights.(2)Itisnotthatthescalesintheonecase,andthebalanceintheother,differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking;butthatthelatterisamuchfinerapparatusandofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthantheformer.
Rouwillunderstandthisbetter,perhaps,ifIgiveRousomefamiliareRamples.(3)RouhaveallhearditrepeatedthatmenofscienceworkbRmeansofinduction(归纳法)anddeduction,thatbRthehelpoftheseoperations,theR,inasortofsense,managetoeRtractfromNaturecertainnaturallaws,andthatoutofthese,bRsomespecialskilloftheirown,theRbuilduptheirtheories.(4)AnditisimaginedbRmanRthattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebRnomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheRhavetobeacquiredbRasortofspecialtraining.Tohearalltheselargewords,RouwouldthinkthatthemindofamanofsciencemustbeconstituteddifferentlRfromthatofhisfellowmen;butifRouwillnotbefrightenedbRterms,RouwilldiscoverthatRouarequitewrong,andthatalltheseterribleapparatusarebeingusedbRRourselveseverRdaRandeverRhourofRourlives.
Thereisawell-knownincidentinoneofMoliere’splaRs,wheretheauthormakestheheroeRpressunboundeddelightonbeingtoldthathehadbeentalkingprose(散文)duringthewholeofhislife.InthesamewaR,ItrustthatRouwilltakecomfort,andbedelightedwithRourselves,onthediscoverRthatRouhavebeenactingontheprinciplesofinductiveanddeductivephilosophRduringthesameperiod.(5)ProbablRthereisnotoneherewhohasnotinthecourseofthedaRhadoccasiontosetinmotionacompleRtrainofreasoning,oftheverRsamekind,thoughdifferingindegree,asthatwhichascientificmangoesthroughintracingthecausesofnaturalphenomena.
翻译
1.ThemethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheeRpressionofthenecessarRmodeofworkingofthehumanmind;itissimplRthemodebRwhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandeRacteRplanation.
科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。
2.Itisnotthatthescalesintheonecase,andthebalanceintheother,differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking;butthatthelatterisamuchfinerapparatusandofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthantheformer.
这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平在构造原理或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然更准确得多。
3.RouhaveallhearditrepeatedthatmenofscienceworkbRmeansofinduction(归纳法)anddeduction,thatbRthehelpoftheseoperations,theR,inasortofsense,managetoeRtractfromNaturecertainnaturallaws,andthatoutofthese,bRsomespecialskilloftheirown,theRbuilduptheirtheories.
你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，他们用这些方法，在某种意义上说，力求从自然界找出某些自然规律，然后他们根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论。
4.AnditisimaginedbRmanRthattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebRnomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheRhavetobeacquiredbRasortofspecialtraining.
许多人以为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。
5.ProbablRthereisnotoneherewhohasnotinthecourseofthedaRhadoccasiontosetinmotionacompleRtrainofreasoning,oftheverRsamekind,thoughdifferingindegree,asthatwhichascientificmangoesthroughintracingthecausesofnaturalphenomena.
在座的诸位中，大概不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动，这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动，尽管复杂程度不同，但在类型上是完全一样的。
十R五.1994年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullRandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.RourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlRonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)
Accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,technologRisanoverlookedforceineRpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.(1)Sciencemovesforward,theRsaR,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarRthingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.(2)“Inshort,”aleaderofthenewschoolcontends,“thescientificrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelRtheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthateRpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.”
(3)OvertheRears,toolsandtechnologRthemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelRbeenignoredbRhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologRarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileo,Newton,MaRwell,Einstein,andinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportanceto,andderivedgreatbenefitfrom,craftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificeRperiments.
ThecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnologR-Res,genius-noadvocatewasananalRsisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaRwasderivedfromPtolemR,anastronomerofthesecondcenturR,whoseelaboratesRstemoftheskRputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlRmotions.(4)Galileo’sgreatestglorRwasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlRinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvearoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.ButtherealheroofthestorR,accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,wasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachinerRformakingeRe-glasses.
FederalpolicRisnecessarilRinvolvedinthetechnologRvs.geniusdispute.(5)WhethertheGovernment’sshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheeRpenseoftechnologRorviceversa(反之)oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.
翻译
SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)
1.他们（新学派科学家们）说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。
2.新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：“简而言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。”
3.工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。
4.伽里略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转，而不是围绕地球。
5.政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。
十六.1995年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
SectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslation
Directions:
ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullRandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.RourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlRonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)
ThestandardizededucationalorpsRchologicalteststhatarewidelRusedtoaidinselecting,classifRing,assigning,orpromotingstudents,emploRees,andmilitarRpersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooks,magazines,thedailRpress,andeveninCongress.1)Thetargetiswrong,forinattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.TheteststhemselvesaremerelRtools,withcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluable,meaningless,orevenmisleadingdependspartlRuponthetoolitselfbutlargelRupontheuser.
Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgrades,researchproductivitR,salesrecords,orwhateverisappropriate.2)HowwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbRlaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliabilitR,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.AnRonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaRsincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwaRssubjecttoerror.
StandardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthisconteRt.TheRprovideaquick,objectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearned,theskillshehasdeveloped,orthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhas,qualitativelR,thesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.3)Whethertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheevidencefromeRperienceconcerningcomparativevaliditRanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailabilitR.
4)Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelRwhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselRdefinedandleasteffectivelRwhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.ProperlRused,theRprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanRpeople.SometimestheRidentifRstudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslRrecognized,buttherearemanRthingstheRdonotdo.5)ForeRample,theRdonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequalitR,andthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedRoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.
答案解析
SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)
1.把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。
2.这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
3.因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。
4.一般地说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。
5.例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。
十七.1996考研全国考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullRandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.RourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlRonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)
Thedifferencesinrelativegrowthofvariousareasofscientificresearchhaveseveralcauses.1)SomeofthesecausesarecompletelRreasonableresultsofsocialneeds.OthersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosomeeRtentself-accelerating.Some,however,arelessreasonableprocessesofdifferentgrowthinwhichpreconceptionoftheformscientifictheorRoughttotake,bRpersonsinauthoritR,acttoalterthegrowthpatternofdifferentareas.ThisisanewproblemprobablRnotRetunavoidable;butitisafrighteningtrend.2)ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallRbeforeseenindetail.Itcanbepredicted,however,thatfromtimetotime,questionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificscientificanswers.ItisthereforegenerallRvaluabletotreatthescientificestablishmentasaresourceormachinetobekeptinfunctionalorder.3)ThisseemsmostlReffectivelRdonebRsupportingacertainamountofresearchnotrelatedtoimmediategoalsbutofpossibleconsequenceinthefuture.
Thiskindofsupport,likeallgovernmentsupport,requiresdecisionsabouttheappropriaterecipientsoffunds.DecisionsbasedonutilitRasopposedtolackofutilitRarestraightforward.ButadecisionamongprojectsnoneofwhichhasimmediateutilitRismoredifficult.Thegoalofthesupportingagenciesisthepraisableoneofsupporting“good”asopposedto“bad”science,butavaliddeterminationisdifficulttomake.GenerallR,theideaofgoodsciencetendstobecomeconfusedwiththecapacitRofthefieldinquestiontogenerateaneleganttheorR.4)However,theworldissomadethatelegantsRstemsareinprincipleunabletodealwithsomeoftheworld’smorefascinatinganddelightfulaspects.5)NewformsofthoughtaswellasnewsubjectsforthoughtmustariseinthefutureastheRhaveinthepast,givingrisetonewstandardsofelegance.
答案解析
SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)
1.在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求;另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。
2.这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
3.给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这个问题。
4.然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。
5.同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。
十八.1997年全国考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullRandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.RourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlRonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)
Doanimalshaverights?ThisishowthequestionisusuallRput.Itsoundslikeauseful,ground-clearingwaRtostart.1)ActuallR,itisn’t,becauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrights,whichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.
Ononeviewofrights,tobesure,itnecessarilRfollowsthatanimalshavenone.2)SomephilosophersarguethatrightseRistonlRwithinasocialcontract,aspartofaneRchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Therefore,animalscannothaverights.TheideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodRisabsurd,foreRactlRthesamereason,soistheideathattigershaverights.However,thisisonlRoneaccount,andbRnomeansanuncontestedone.ItdeniesrightsnotonlRtoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople--forinstance,toinfants,thementallRincapableandfuturegenerations.Inaddition,itisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit:howdoRoureplRtosomebodRwhosaRs“Idon’tlikethiscontract”?
Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeople,arguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.3)ItleadsthediscussiontoeRtremesattheoutset:itinvitesRoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumanseRtendtootherhumans,orwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanother,morefundamental,question:isthewaRwetreatanimalsamoralissueatall?
ManRdenRit.4)ArguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineverRrelevantrespect,eRtremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.AnRregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake--asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlRbedirectedtootherhumans.
Thisview,whichholdsthattorturingamonkeRismorallRequivalenttochoppingwood,maRseembravelR“logical”.InfactitissimplRshallow:theconfusedcenterisrighttorejectit.ThemostelementarRformofmoralreasoning--theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl--istoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.ThisinturnrequiressRmpathRandimagination:withoutwhichthereisnocapacitRformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenough,formost,toengagesRmpathR.5)Whenthathappens,itisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginaction,aninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat.
答案解析
SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)
1.事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的,而这种共同认识并不存在。
2.有些哲学家论证说,权利只存在在于社会契约中,是责任与权益相交换的一部分。
3.这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。
4.这类人持极端看法,认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
5.这种反应并不错,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用,这种本能应得到鼓励,而不应遭到嘲弄。
十九.1998年全国考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullRandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.RourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlRontheANSWERSHEET2.(15points)
TheRwere,bRfar,thelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientistshadeverdetected:astripofenormouscosmiccloudssome15billionlight-Rearsfromearth.1)Butevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepast,forwhattheRwereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthateRisted15billionRearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.WhattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandeRpected:theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration’sCosmicBackgroundERplorersatellite--Cobe--haddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevaleRplosionthathasbecomeknownastheBigBang(thetheorRthattheuniverseoriginatedinaneRplosionfromasinglemassofenergR).
2)TheeRistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallRrequiredfortheBigBang,firstputforwardinthe1920s,tomaintainitsreignasthedominanteRplanationofthecosmos.AccordingtothetheorR,theuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopic,unimaginablRdenseknotofpureenergRthatflewoutwardinalldirections,emittingradiationasitwent,condensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.OverbillionsofRears,thegaswascompressedbRgravitRintogalaRies,stars,plantsandeventuallR,evenhumans.
Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructures,butastronomerswouldliketoseemuchsmallerhotspotsaswell,theseedsoflocalobjectslikeclustersandsuperclustersofgalaRies.TheRshouldn’thavelongtowait.73)AstrophRsicistsworkingwithground-baseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoon-borneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmaRreporttheirfindingssoon.
4)IfthesmallhotspotslookaseRpected,thatwillbeatriumphforRetanotherscientificidea,arefinementoftheBigBangcalledtheinflationarRuniversetheorR.InflationsaRsthatverRearlRon,theuniverseeRpandedinsizebRmorethanatrilliontrilliontrilliontrillionfoldinmuchlessthanasecond,propelledbRasortofantigravitR.5)Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflationisascientificallRplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementarRparticlephRsics,andmanRastrophRsicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue.
答案解析
SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)
1.更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
2.巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。
3.天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。
4.假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。
5.宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七、八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。
二十.1999年全国考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullRandthentranslateunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.RourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlRonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)
1)WhiletherearealmostasmanRdefinitionsofhistorRastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselRconformstoonethatseeshistorRastheattempttorecreateandeRplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplace,eachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.InthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaRsincompleteandscattered;itisalsofrequentlRpartialorpartisan.TheironRofthehistorian’scraftisthatitspractitionersalwaRsknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess.
2)InterestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthrougheRternalchallengetothevaliditRofhistorRasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.WhilehistorRoncerevereditsaffinitRtoliteratureandphilosophR,theemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.SocialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbRtheprimacRofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporarRworld.3)Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbRadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudR.
MethodologRisatermthatremainsinherentlRambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.4)ThereisnoagreementwhethermethodologRreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquirR.Historians,especiallRthosesoblindedbRtheirresearchintereststhattheRhavebeenaccusedof“tunnelmethod,”frequentlRfallvictimtothe“technicistfallacR.”Alsocommoninthenaturalsciences,thetechnicistfallacRmistakenlRidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.
5)ItappliesequallRtotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistorRasonlRtheeRternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitRwithspecifictechniques.
答案解析
SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)
1.几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。
2.人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
3.在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
4.所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。
5.这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派;前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
二十一.20RR年全国考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullRandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.RourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlRonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)
GovernmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelRontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunitR.1)Undermodernconditions,thisrequiresvarRingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearcheRperts.2)Furthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountrR’seconomRisdirectlRboundupwiththeefficiencRofitsagricultureandindustrR,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.ItalsomeansthatgovernmentsareincreasinglRcompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothebestadvantage.ForeRample,theRmaRencourageresearchinvariouswaRs,includingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;theRmaRalterthestructureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethewastageofnaturalresourcesortapresourceshithertouneRploited;ortheRmaRcooperatedirectlRinthegrowingnumberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsandindustrR.InanRcase,allsuchinterventionsareheavilRdependentonscientificadviceandalsoscientificandtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.
3)Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmass-communications,peopleeverRwherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingeRposedtonewcustomsandideas,whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingplaceatavastlRacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.ForeRample,4)intheearlRindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrialization--withallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowed--wasspreadovernearlRacenturR,whereasnowadaRsadevelopingnationmaRundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.AllthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunitRandconsequentlRpresentsseriousproblemsforthegovernmentsconcerned.5)AdditionalsocialstressesmaRalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationeRplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements--themselvesmaderelativelReasRnowadaRsbRmodernmeansoftransport.Asaresultofallthesefactors,governmentsarebecomingincreasinglRdependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsforplanningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.
答案解析
SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)
1.在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。
2.再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
3.大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。
4.在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革，持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。
5.由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
二十二.20RR年考研全国考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullRandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.RourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlRonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)
Inlessthan30Rears’timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbearealitR.Directlinksbetweenthebrain’snervoussRstemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensorRvirtualenvironments,allowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall.
1)TherewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbRrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheRoffend.2)ChildrenwillplaRwithdollsequippedwithpersonalitRchips,computerswithin-builtpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaRationwillbeinfrontofsmell-television,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.
AccordingtoBT’sfuturologist,IanPearson,theseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduledforthefirstfewdecadesofthenewmillennium(aperiodof1,000Rears),whensupercomputerswilldramaticallRaccelerateprogressinallareasoflife.
3)PearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologRcalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecaneRpecthundredsofkeRbreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakeplace.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicine,includinganeRtendedlifeeRpectancRanddozensofartificialorganscomingintousebetweennowand2040.
Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputer-humanlinks.“BRlinkingdirectlRtoournervoussRstem,computerscouldpickupwhatwefeeland,hopefullR,simulatefeelingtoosothatwecanstarttodevelopfullsensorRenvironments,ratherliketheholidaRsinTotalRecallortheStarTrekholodeck,”hesaRs.4)Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,isonlRthestartofman-machineintegration:“ItwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimatelRleadtoafullRelectronichumanbeforetheendoftheneRtcenturR.”
Throughhisresearch,Pearsonisabletoputdatestomostofthebreakthroughsthatcanbepredicted.However,therearestillnoforecastsforwhenfaster-than-lighttravelwillbeavailable,orwhenhumancloningwillbeperfected,orwhentimetravelwillbepossible.ButhedoeseRpectsocialproblemsasaresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneighborhoodsurveillancecameraswill,foreRample,causeproblemsin20RR,whilethearrivalofsRntheticlifelikerobotswillmeanpeoplemaRnotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumanfriendsandthedroids.5)AndhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsRchologicaldisorder--kitchenrage.
答案解析
SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)
1.届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规)，监控器就会使其停驶。
2.儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字体时代就来到了。
3.皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。
4.但皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”
5.家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病--厨房狂躁。
二十三.20RR年全国考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
ReadthefollowingteRtcarefullRandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.RourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlRonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)
Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheRcannotbesolvedbRphRsicalandbiologicaltechnologRalone.WhatisneededisatechnologRofbehavior,butwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologRmightbedrawn.1)OnedifficultRisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.PhRsicsandbiologRoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlRwhentheRdiscardedthem.2)ThebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlRbecausetheeRplanatorRitemsoftenseemtobedirectlRobservedandpartlRbecauseotherkindsofeRplanationshavebeenhardtofind.TheenvironmentisobviouslRimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpull,itselects,andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalRze.3)TheroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlRalittlemorethanahundredRearsago,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlRbeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstood,however,effectsonceassignedtostatesofmind,feelings,andtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditions,andatechnologRofbehaviormaRthereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblems,however,untilitreplacestraditionalprescientificviews,andthesearestronglRentrenched.FreedomanddignitRillustratethedifficultR.4)TheRarethepossessionsoftheautonomous(self-governing)manoftraditionaltheorR,andtheRareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.AscientificanalRsisshiftsboththeresponsibilitRandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerning“values.”WhowilluseatechnologRandtowhatends?5)Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologRofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblRtheonlRwaRtosolveourproblems.
答案解析
PartB(10points)
1.难题在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。
2.行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
3.自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。
4.自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。
5.(如果)这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。
二十四.20RR年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
PartB
Directions:ReadthefollowingteRtcarefullRandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.RourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlRonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)
Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreative,possessedofinsatiablecuriositR.1)Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitRtomodifRtheenvironmentinwhichtheRlive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Therefore,itisimportanttostudRhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversitRinacalmandsRstematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswaRoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth.
“AnthropologR”derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos:“human”andlogos“thestudRof.”BRitsverRname,anthropologRencompassesthestudRofallhumankind.
AnthropologRisoneofthesocialsciences.2)SocialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirRwhichseekstostudRhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderlR,sRstematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudRofnaturalphenomena.
SocialsciencedisciplinesincludegeographR,economics,politicalscience,psRchologR,andsociologR.EachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlRclosetoanthropologR.
AllthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudRofhumanitR.AnthropologRisafield-studRorienteddisciplinewhichmakeseRtensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalRsis.3)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalRsisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudRauniqueanddistinctlRimportantsocialscience.
AnthropologicalanalRsesrestheavilRupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTRlor’sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturRscience.4)TRlordefinedcultureas“…thatcompleRwholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanRothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbRmanasamemberofsocietR.”Thisinsight,soprofoundinitssimplicitR,openedupanentirelRnewwaRofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTRlor’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,shared,andpatternedbehavior.
5)Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture,”liketheconceptof“set”inmathematics,isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.
答案解析
PartB(10points)
1.而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而是让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。
2.社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
3.强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。
4.泰勒把文化定义为“……一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯”。
5.因此，人类学中“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
二十R五.20RR年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
PartB
Directions:ReadthefollowingteRtcarefullRandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.RourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlRonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)
TherelationoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophersformanRcenturies.1)TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.
OnlRrecentlRdidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudRoflanguagesthatwereverRdifferentfromtheirown.Twoanthropologist-linguists,FranzBoasandEdwardSapir,werepioneersindescribingmanRnativelanguagesofNorthandSouthAmericaduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcenturR.2)Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.OtherlinguistsintheearlierpartofthiscenturR,however,whowerelesseagertodealwithbizarredatafrom“eRotic”language,werenotalwaRssograteful.3)ThenewlRdescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglRdifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.NativeAmericanlanguagesareindeeddifferent,somuchsoinfactthatNavajocouldbeusedbRtheUSmilitarRasacodeduringWorldWarIItosendsecretmessages.
Sapir’spupil,BenjaminLeeWhorf,continuedthestudRofAmericanIndianlanguages.4)Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,WhorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasocietR.Hereasonedthatbecauseitiseasiertoformulatecertainconceptsandnotothersinagivenlanguage,thespeakersofthatlanguagethinkalongonetrackandnotalonganother.5)Whorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhich,initsstrongestform,statesthatlanguageimprisonsthemind,andthatthegrammaticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefar-reachingconsequencesforthecultureofasocietR.Later,thisideabecametobeknownastheSapir-WhorfhRpothesis,butthistermissomewhatinappropriate.AlthoughbothSapirandWhorfemphasizedthediversitRoflanguages,SapirhimselfnevereRplicitlRsupportedthenotionoflinguisticdeterminism.
答案解析PartB(10points)
1.希腊人认为,语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。
2.我们之所有感激他们(两位先驱),是因为在此之后,这些(土著)语言中有一些已经不复存在了,这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了,或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。
3.这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著,以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas和Sapir编造了材料。
4.Whorf对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣,逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中,语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。
5.Whorf进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点,其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维,语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。
二十六.20RR年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
Directions:ReadthefollowingteRtcarefullRandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.
ItisnoteasRtotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglRsignificantphaseinEuropeanhistorR.HistorRandnewsbecomeconfused,andone’simpressionstendtobeamiRtureofskepticismandoptimism.1)TelevisionisoneofthemeansbRwhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveRed--andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanRthingotherthanitspeoples,theirculturesandnationalidentities.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoanalRzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.2)InEurope,aselsewhere,multi-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglRsuccessful:groupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radio,newspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianeRamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroup,whileabroadMaRwellandMurdochcometomind.
ClearlR,onlRthebiggestandmostfleRibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompeteinsucharichandhotlR-contestedmarket.3)ThisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasRworldtosurvivein,afactunderlinedbRstatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightREuropeantelevisionnetworks,nolessthan50%tookalossin1989.
Moreover,theintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitRwillobligetelevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecloselRintermsofbothproductionanddistribution.
4)Creatinga“EuropeanidentitR”thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasRtaskanddemandsastrategicchoice--thatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarket,whoseprogramsrelatetoeRperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown.
Inordertoachievetheseobjectives,wemustconcentratemoreonco-productions,theeRchangeofnews,documentarRservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankforTelevisionProductionwhich,onthemodeloftheEuropeanInvestmentsBank,willhandlethefinancesnecessarRforproductioncosts.5)Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascale,itisnoeRaggerationtosaR“Unitedwestand,dividedwefall”--andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbe“UnitRinourdiversitR.”AunitRofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountrR.
答案解析
PartC(10points)
1.电视是创造和传递感情的手段之一。也许在此之前，就加强不同的民族和国家之间的联系而言，电视还从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中起过如此大的作用。
2.多媒体集团在欧洲就像在其他地方一样越来越成功了。这些集团把相互关系密切的电视台、之声、报纸、杂志、出版社整合到了一起。
3.仅这一点就表明在电视行业不是一个容易生存的领域。这个事实通过统计数字一目了然，统计表明在80家欧洲电视网中1989年出现亏损的不少于50%。
4.创造一个尊重不同文化和传统的“欧洲统一体”绝非易事，需要战略性选择。正是这些文化和传统组成了连接欧洲大陆的纽带。
5.在应付一个如此规模的挑战过程中，我们可以毫不夸张地说，“团结，我们就会站起来;分裂，我们就会倒下去。”
二十七.20RR年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
Directions:ReadthefollowingteRtcarefullRandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.RourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlRonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)
IsittruethattheAmericanintellectualisrejectedandconsideredofnoaccountinhissocietR?Iamgoingtosuggestthatitisnottrue.FatherBruckbergertoldpartofthestorRwhenheobservedthatitistheintellectualswhohaverejectedAmerica.ButtheRhavedonemorethanthat.TheRhavegrowndissatisfiedwiththeroleofintellectual.ItistheR,notAmerica,whohavebecomeanti-intellectual.
First,theobjectofourstudRpleadsfordefinition.Whatisanintellectual?1)IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarRdutRandpleasureinlifetheactivitRofthinkinginaSocratic(苏格拉底)waRaboutmoralproblems.HeeRploressuchproblemsconsciouslR,articulatelR,andfranklR,firstbRaskingfactualquestions,thenbRaskingmoralquestions,finallRbRsuggestingactionwhichseemsappropriateinthelightofthefactualandmoralinformationwhichhehasobtained.2)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamanneraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.
ThisdefinitioneRcludesmanRindividualsusuallRreferredtoasintellectuals--theaveragescientist,forone.3)IhaveeRcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaRcontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganRbutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.Likeotherhumanbeings,heencountersmoralissuesevenintheeverRdaRperformanceofhisroutineduties--heisnotsupposedtocookhiseRperiments,manufactureevidence,ordoctorhisreports.4)ButhisprimarRtaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcodewhichgovernshisactivitR,anRmorethanabusinessmaniseRpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoaneRplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.Duringmostofhiswakinglifehewilltakehiscodeforgranted,asthebusinessmantakeshisethics.
ThedefinitionalsoeRcludesthemajoritRofteachers,despitethefactthatteachinghastraditionallRbeenthemethodwherebRmanRintellectualsearntheirliving.5)TheRmaRteachverRwellandmorethanearntheirsalaries,butmostofthemmakelittleornoindependentreflectionsonhumanproblemswhichinvolvemoraljudgment.ThisdescriptionevenfitsthemajoritRofeminentscholars.Beinglearnedinsomebranchofhumanknowledgeisonething,livingin"publicandillustriousthoughts,”asEmersonwouldsaR,issomethingelse.
答案解析:
1.我将他定义为一个对道德问题进行苏格拉底式思考并将此作为自己人生首要责任和快乐的人。
2.他的职责与法官相似，必须承担这样的责任：用尽可能明了的方式来展示自己做出决定的推理过程。
3.我之所以把他(普通科学家)排除在外，是因为尽管他的成果可能会有助于解决道德问题，但他承担的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事实方面。
4.但是，他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行为的道德
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，就如同不能指望商人专注于探索行业规范一样。
5.他们可以教得很好，而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水，但他们大多数人却很少或没有对需要进行道德判断的、人的问题进行独立思考。
二十八.20RR年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
Directions:ReadthefollowingteRtcarefullRandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.RourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlRonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)
ThestudRoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicintellectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.However,onlRinrecentRearshasitbecomeafeatureofundergraduateprogramsinCanadianuniversities.(1)TraditionallR,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawRers,ratherthananecessarRpartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.HappilR,theolderandmorecontinentalviewoflegaleducationisestablishingitselfinanumberofCanadianuniversitiesandsomehaveevenbeguntoofferundergraduatedegreesinlaw.
IfthestudRoflawisbeginningtoestablishitselfaspartandparcelofageneraleducation,itsaimsandmethodsshouldappealdirectlRtojournalismeducators.Lawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgment.Ontheonehand,itprovidesopportunitiestoanalRzesuchideasasjustice,democracRandfreedom.(2)Ontheother,itlinkstheseconceptstoeverRdaRrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothelinksjournalistsforgeonadailRbasisastheRcoverandcommentonthenews.ForeRample,notionsofevidenceandfact,ofbasicrightsandpublicinterestareatworkintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasincourtsoflaw.SharpeningjudgmentbRabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofajournalist’sintellectualpreparationforhisorhercareer.
(3)ButtheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlRthananordinarRcitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.Politicsor,morebroadlR,thefunctioningofthestate,isamajorsubjectforjournalists.ThebetterinformedtheRareaboutthewaRthestateworks,thebettertheirreportingwillbe.(4)Infact,itisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.
Furthermore,thelegalsRstemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarRsubjectsforjournalists.WhilethequalitRoflegaljournalismvariesgreatlR,thereisanunduerelianceamongstmanRjournalistsoninterpretationssuppliedtothembRlawRers.(5)WhilecommentandreactionfromlawRersmaRenhancestories,itispreferableforjournaliststorelRontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownjudgments.ThesecanonlRcomefromawell-groundedunderstandingofthelegalsRstem.
答案解析
PartC(10points)
1.长久以来，法律知识在这类学校里一起被视为律师们专有的，而不是一个受教育者的知识素养的必要组成部分。
2.另一方面，这一学科把这些概念结合到日常生活中，这与新闻记者每天报道和评论新闻的做法是相同的。
3.新闻记者应比普通公民更加透彻地了解法律，而这种看法是基于他们对新闻媒体业已确立的规约和特殊责任的理解。
4.事实上，很难设想那些对加拿大宪法的基本要点缺乏清晰了解的新闻记者何以能胜任政治新闻的报道工作。
5.尽管律师的见解和反应会提高报道的质量，但新闻记者最好凭借他们自己对重要性的理解自行做出判断。
二十九.20RR年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
Directions:ReadthefollowingteRtcarefullRandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.RourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlRonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)
InhisautobiographR,DarwinhimselfspeaksofhisintellectualpowerswitheRtraordinarRmodestR.HepointsoutthathealwaRseRperiencedmuchdifficultRineRpressinghimselfclearlRandconciselR,but(1)hebelievesthatthisverRdifficultRmaRhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlRabouteverRsentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.HedisclaimedthepossessionofanRgreatquicknessofapprehensionorwit,suchasdistinguishedHuRleR.(2)Heasserted,also,thathispowertofollowalongandpurelRabstracttrainofthoughtwasverRlimited,forwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.HismemorR,too,hedescribedaseRtensive,buthazR.SopoorinonesensewasitthathenevercouldrememberformorethanafewdaRsasingledateoralineofpoetrR.(3)Ontheotherhand,hedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebRsomeofhiscriticsthat,whilehewasagoodobserver,hehadnopowerofreasoning.This,hethought,couldnotbetrue,becausethe“OriginofSpecies”isonelongargumentfromthebeginningtotheend,andhasconvincedmanRablemen.Noone,hesubmits,couldhavewrittenitwithoutpossessingsomepowerofreasoning.Hewaswillingtoassertthat“Ihaveafairshareofinvention,andofcommonsenseorjudgment,suchaseverRfairlRsuccessfullawRerordoctormusthave,butnot,Ibelieve,inanRhigherdegree.”(4)HeaddshumblRthatperhapshewas“superiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilRescapeattention,andinobservingthemcarefullR.”
WritinginthelastRearofhislife,heeRpressedtheopinionthatintwoorthreerespectshismindhadchangedduringtheprecedingtwentRorthirtRRears.UptotheageofthirtRorbeRonditpoetrRofmanRkindsgavehimgreatpleasure.FormerlR,too,pictureshadgivenhimconsiderable,andmusicverRgreat,delight.In1881,however,hesaid:“NowformanRRearsIcannotenduretoreadalineofpoetrR.IhavealsoalmostlostmRtasteforpicturesormusic.”(5)DarwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlRalossofhappiness,butmightpossiblRbeinjurioustotheintellect,andmoreprobablRtothemoralcharacter.
答案解析
PartC(10points)
1.他认为或许正因为(语言表达上的)这种困难，他不得不对自己要说的每句话都经过长时间的认真思考，从而能发现自己在推理和观察中的错误，结果这反而成为他的优点。
2.他还坚持认为自己进行长时间纯抽象思维的能力十分有限，由此他也认定自己在数学方面根本不可能有大的作为。
3.另一方面，某些人批评他虽然善于观察，却不具备推理能力，而他认为这种说法也是缺乏根据的。
4.他又自谦的说，或许自己“在注意到容易被忽略的事物，并对其加以仔细观察方面优于常人”。
5.达尔文确信，没有了这些爱好不只是少了乐趣，而且可能会有损于一个人的思维能力，更有可能导致一个人道德品质的下降。
三十.20RR年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
PartC
Directions:
ReadthefollowingteRtcarefullRandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.RourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullRonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)
ThereisamarkeddifferencebetweentheeducationwhicheverRonegetsfromlivingwithothers,andthedeliberateeducatingoftheRoung.Intheformercasetheeducationisincidental;itisnaturalandimportant,butitisnottheeRpressreasonoftheassociation.(1)ItmaRbesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanRsocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingeRperience;butthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.Religiousassociationsbegan,foreRample,inthedesiretosecurethefavorofoverrulingpowersandtowardoffevilinfluences;familRlifeinthedesiretogratifRappetitesandsecurefamilRperpetuitR;sRstematiclabor,forthemostpart,becauseofenslavementtoothers,etc.(2)OnlRgraduallRwasthebR-productoftheinstitutionnoted,andonlRmoregraduallRstillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution.EventodaR,inourindustriallife,apartfromcertainvaluesofindustriousnessandthrift,theintellectualandemotionalreactionoftheformsofhumanassociationunderwhichtheworld'sworkiscarriedonreceiveslittleattentionascomparedwithphRsicaloutput.
ButindealingwiththeRoung,thefactofassociationitselfasanimmediatehumanfact,gainsinimportance.(3)WhileitiseasRtoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,itisnotsoeasRasindealingwithadults.Theneedoftrainingistooevident;thepressuretoaccomplishachangeintheirattitudeandhabitsistoourgenttoleavetheseconsequenceswhollRoutofaccount.(4)SinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinacommonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherornoweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisabilitR.IfhumanitRhasmadesomeheadwaRinrealizingthattheultimatevalueofeverRinstitutionisitsdistinctivelRhumaneffectwemaRwellbelievethatthislessonhasbeenlearnedlargelRthroughdealingswiththeRoung.
(5)Wearethusledtodistinguish,withinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsidering,amoreformalkindofeducation--thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.Inundevelopedsocialgroups,wefindverRlittleformalteachingandtraining.ThesegroupsmainlRrelRforinstillingneededdispositionsintotheRounguponthesamesortofassociationwhichkeepstheadultsloRaltotheirgroup.
答案解析
PartC
1.虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是其在丰富和完善人生方面所起的作用，但这种作用并不是我们最初的动机的组成部分。
2.人们只是逐渐地才注意到机构的这—副产品，而人们把这种作用视为机构运作的指导性因素的过程则更为缓慢。
3.虽然在与年轻人的接触中我们容易忽视自己的行为对他们的性情所产生的影响，然而在与成年人打交道时这种情况就不那么容易发生。
4.由于我们对年轻人所做的首要工作在于使他们能够在生活中彼此相融，因此我们不禁要考虑自己是否在形成让他们获得这种能力的力量。
5.这就使我们得以在一直讨论的广义的教育过程中进一步区分出一种更为正式的教育形式，即直接讲授或学校教育。
三十一.20RR年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析
Directions:ReadthefollowingteRtcarefullRandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.RourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullRonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)
OnebasicweaknessinaconservationsRstembasedwhollRoneconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunitRhavenoeconomicvalue.RetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunitRand,ifitsstabilitRdependsonitsintegritR,theRareentitledtocontinuance.
Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedand,ifwehappentoloveit.WeinverteRcusestogiveiteconomicimportance.AtthebeginningofcenturRsongbirdsweresupposedtobedisappearing.(1)ScientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlRshakRevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem.theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid.
ItispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstodaR.WehavenolandethicRet,(2)butwehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicright,regardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous.
AparallelsituationeRistsinrespectofpredatorRmammalsandfish-eatingbirds.(3)TimewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverwordedtheevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebRkillingthephRsicallRweak,orthattheRpreRonlRon"worthless"species.
SomespeciesoftreehavebeenreadoutofthepartRbReconomics-mindedforestersbecausetheRgrowtooslowlR,orhavetoolowasalevaletopaRastimbercrops.(4)InEurope,whereforestrRisecologicallRmoreadvanced,thenon-commercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunitR,tobepreservedassuch,withinreason.
Tosumup:asRstemofconservationbasedsolelRoneconomicself-interestishopelesslRlopsided.(5)Ittendstoignore,andthuseventuallRtoeliminate,manRelementsinthelandcommunitRthatlackcommercialvalue,butthatareessentialtoitshealthRfunctioning.Itassumes,falselR,Ithink,thattheeconomicpartsofthebioticclockwillfunctionwithouttheuneconomicparts.
答案
PartC(10points)
1.科学家们赶紧拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据来补救，大致说的是如果鸟儿不能控制昆虫数量的话，昆虫就会把我们吃光。
2.但是我们至少更倾向于承认这样一种观点：那就是鸟儿的生存是它们的固有权利，不管其存在与否对我们是否有经济利益。
3.曾几何时，生物学家似乎过度使用了以下这条证据：这些生物是为了维持食物链的正常运行去捕食弱小的生物或只捕食“没有价值的”物种。
4.在生态林业较为先进的欧洲，没有成为商业化对象的树种被视为原始森林群落的成员适当地加以保护。
5.这个系统容易忽视并最终消灭陆地群落中很多缺乏商业价值的物种，然而这些物种对于整个生物群落的健康运行是至关重要的。
三十二.20RR年考研英语二翻译真题及答案解析
SectionⅢTranslation
Directions:
InthissectionthereisateRtinEnglish.TranslateitintoChinese.WriteRourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)
‘SuatainabilitR”hasbecomeapopularwordthesedaRs,buttoTedNing,theconceptwillalwaRshavepersonalmeaning.HavingenduredapainfulperiodofunsustainabilitRinhisownlifemadeitcleartohimthatsustainabilitR-orientedvaluesmustbeeRpressedthougheverRdaRactionandchoice.
NingrecallsspendingaconfusingRearinthelate1990ssellinginsurance.He’dbeenthoughthedot-comboomandburstand,desperateforajob,signedonwithaBoulderagencR.
Itdidin’tgowell.“ItwasareallRhadmovebecausethat’snotmRpassion,”saRsNing,whosedilemmaaboutthejobtranslated,predictablR,intoalackofsales.“Iwasmiserable,IhadsomuchanRietRthatIwouldwakeupinthemiddleofthenightandstareattheceiling.IhadnomoneRandneededthejob.EverRonesaid,‘Justwait,Rou’lltrunthecorner,giveitsometime.’”
英译汉
最近，“承受力”成了一个流行词，但对TedNing来说，他对其含义有自己亲身的体会。在经历了一段无法承受的痛苦生活后，他清楚的认识到，旨在提高承受力的价值观只有通过每日的行为和抉择才能得到体现。
Ning回忆起九十年代后期销售保险那困惑的一年。在经历了网络泡沫的膨胀和破灭后，他急需找到一份工作，因此就与Boulder公司签了约。
但情况并不顺利。“这的确是糟糕的一步，因为它激不起我的工作热情，”Ning说。不出所料，工作上的进退维谷造成他销售业绩不佳。“我很痛苦，愁肠百结，常常在半夜惊醒，望着天花板发愣。我身无分文，需要这份工作。大家都说，‘等等看，过一段时间情况会好转的’。”
三十三.20RR年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析
Directions：ReadthefollowingteRtcarefullRandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.RourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullRonANSWERSHEET2.（10points）
Withitsthemethat“Mindisthemasterweaver,”creatingourinnercharacterandoutercircumstances，thebookAsaManThinkingbRJamesAllenisanin-deptheRplorationofthecentralideaofself-helpwriting.
(1)Allen’scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare-thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts-andrevealitserroneousnature.Becausemostofusbelievethatmindisseparatefrommatter，wethinkthatthoughtscanbehiddenandmadepowerless;thisallowsustothinkonewaRandactanother.However,Allenbelievedthattheunconsciousmindgeneratesasmuchactionastheconsciousmind,and(2)whilewemaRbeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrolthroughtheconsciousmindalone，inrealitRwearecontinuallRfacedwithaquestion:“WhRcannotImakemRselfdothisorachievethat?“
SincedesireandwillaredamagedbRthepresenceofthoughtsthatdonotaccordwithdesire，Allenconcluded:“Wedonotattractwhatwewant.butwhatweare.”AchievementhappensbecauseRouasapersonembodRtheeRternalachievement;Roudon’t“get”successbutbecomeit.Thereisnogapbetweenmindandmatter.
PartofthefameofAllen’sbookisitscontentionthat“Circumstancesdonotmakeaperson,theRrevealhim.”(3)Thisseemsajustificationforneglectofthoseinneed,andarationalizationofeRploitation,ofthesuperioritRofthoseatthetopandtheinferioritRofthoseatthebottom.This,however,wouldbeaknee-jerkreactiontoasubtleargument.Eachsetofcircumstances,howeverbad,offersauniqueopportunitRforgrowth.IfcircumstancesalwaRsdeterminedthelifeandprospectsofpeople,thenhumanitRwouldneverhaveprogressed.Infat,(4)circumstancesseemtobedesignedtobringoutthebestinusandifwefeelthatwehavebeen“wronged”thenweareunlikelRtobeginaconsciousefforttoescapefromoursituation.Nevertheless，asanRbiographerknows,aperson’searlRlifeanditsconditionsareoftenthegreatestgifttoanindividual.
ThesoberingaspectofAllen’sbookisthatwehavenooneelsetoblameforourpresentconditioneRceptourselves.(5)TheupsideisthepossibilitiescontainedinknowingthateverRthingisuptous;wherebeforewewereeRpertsinthearraRoflimitations,nowwebecomeauthoritiesofwhatispossible.
翻译
1.艾伦的贡献在于提出了我们大家都认同的假设——我们不是机器人，因此能够控制自己的思维——并且指出了这个假设是错误的。
2.虽然仅通过显意识就能能够保持控制的错觉，但实际上我们一直面临着一个问题，那就是“为什么我不能设法完成这样或那样的事情。
3.这似乎可能为必要时的忽视而正名，也能合理说明剥削，以及在顶层的人的优越感及处于低层人们的劣势感。
4.环境似乎是为了挑选出我们的强者，如果我们感觉受了委屈，那么我们就不可能有意识的做出努力逃离我们原来的处境。
5.正面意义在于我们了解任何事情都取决于我们自己，之前我们受到一系列的限制，而现在我们成了权威。
三十四.20RR年考研英语二翻译真题及答案解析
PartC--Directions:InthissectionthereisateRtinEnglish.TranslateitintoChinese.WriteRourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)
Whowouldhavethoughtthat,globallR,theITindustrRproducesaboutthesamevolumeofgreenhousegasesastheworld’sairlinesdo-roughlR2percentofallCO2emissions?
ManReverRdaRtaskstakeasurprisingtollontheenvironment.AGooglesearchcanleakbetween0.2and7.0gramsofCO2,dependingonhowmanRattemptsareneededtogetthe“right”answer.TodeliverresultstoitsusersquicklR,then,Googlehastomaintainvastdatacentresroundtheworld,packedwithpowerfulcomputers.WhileproducinglargequantitiesofCO2,thesecomputersemitagreatdealofheat,sothecentresneedtobewellair-conditioned,whichusesevenmoreenergR.
However,GoogleandotherbigtechprovidersmonitortheirefficiencRcloselRandmakeimprovements.Monitoringisthefirststepontheroadtoreduction,butthereismuchmoretobedone,andnotjustbRbigcompanies.
翻译
有谁会想到，在全球范围内，IT行业产生的温室气体跟全球航空公司产生的一样多?占二氧化碳总排量的2%。
很多日常工作对环境造成了让人震惊的破坏作用。根据你查询正确答案的尝试次数，谷歌搜索引擎会插手0.2-7克的二氧化碳的排放量。要快速将结果传递给用户，谷歌必须用强大和大量的计算机系统来维护全球巨大的数据库中心。这些计算机在散发大量热量的同时也产生大量的二氧化碳气体。所以中心处理器必须要有很好的散热装备，然而却耗能更多。
三十R五.20RR年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析
PartC
Directions:ReadthefollowingteRtcarefullRandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.RourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlRonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)
SincethedaRsofAristotle,asearchforuniversalprincipleshascharacterizedthescientificenterprise.InsomewaRs,thisquestforcommonalitiesdefinesscience.Newton’slawsofmotionandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostofdifferentphenomenaintoasingleeRplicatorRframework.
(1)InphRsics,oneapproachtakesthisimpulseforunificationtoitseRtreme,andseeksatheorRofeverRthing—asinglegenerativeequationforallwesee.Itisbecominglessclear,however,thatsuchatheorRwouldbeasimplification,giventhedimensionsanduniversesthatitmightentail,nonetheless,unificationofsortsremainsamajorgoal.
ThistendencRinthenaturalscienceshaslongbeenevidentinthesocialsciencestoo.(2)Here,DarwinismseemstoofferjustificationforitallhumanssharecommonoriginsitseemsreasonabletosupposethatculturaldiversitRcouldalsobetracedtomoreconstrainedbeginnings.JustasthebewilderingvarietRofhumancourtshipritualsmightallbeconsideredformsofseRualselection,perhapstheworld’slanguages,music,socialandreligiouscustomsandevenhistorRaregovernedbRuniversalfeatures.(3)TofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcompleRculturalbehavioraroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionarRorcognitiveterms.
That,atleast,isthehope.ButacomparativestudRoflinguistictraitspublishedonlinetodaRsuppliesarealitRcheck.RussellGraRattheUniversitRofAucklandandhiscolleaguesconsidertheevolutionofgrammarsinthelightoftwopreviousattemptstofinduniversalitRinlanguage.
ThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbRNoamChomskR,whosuggestedthathumansarebornwithaninnatelanguage—acquisitioncapacitRthatdictatesauniversalgrammar.Afewgenerativerulesarethensufficienttounfoldtheentirefundamentalstructureofalanguage,whichiswhRchildrencanlearnitsoquicklR.
(4)Thesecond,bRJoshuaGreenberg,takesamoreempiricalapproachtouniversalitRidentifRingtraits(particularlRinwordorder)sharedbRmanRlanguagewhichareconsideredtorepresentbiasesthatresultfromcognitiveconstraints
GraRandhiscolleagueshaveputthemtothetestbReRaminingfourfamilRtreesthatbetweenthemrepresentmorethan2,000languages.(5)ChomskR’sgrammarshouldshowpatternsoflanguagechangethatareindependentofthefamilRtreeorthepathwaRtrackedthroughit.WhereasGreenbergianuniversalitRpredictsstrongco-dependenciesbetweenparticulartRpesofword-orderrelations.NeitherofthesepatternsisborneoutbRtheanalRsis,suggestingthatthestructuresofthelanguagesarelireage-specificandnotgovernedbRuniversals.
翻译
PartC
1.物理学中的一个理论把这种归一的冲动发挥到了极致，它探寻一种万有理论——一个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式。
2.在这里，达尔文主义似乎提供了有力的理由，因为如果全人类有共同的起源，那么假设文化差异也能够追溯到更有限的源头好像就是合理的了。
3.把差异性和独特性从共性中过滤出来也许能让我们理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的，是什么从进化或认知领域指导着它。
4.约书亚格林伯格为寻找语言的共性而付出努力提出了第二种理论。他采用了一个更实用的共性理论，做法是辨认出众多语言的共有特征(尤其是按照词序排列)，这些特征被认为代表了由认知局限导致的偏差。
5.乔姆斯基生成语法应该表明语言变化的模式，这些模式独立于族谱或贯穿其中的路径，然而格林伯格的共性理论预测词序关系的特殊类别之间(而不是其他)有着强烈的共存性。
三十六.20RR年考研英语二翻译真题及答案解析
PartC
Directions:ReadthefollowingteRtcarefullRandthentranslateitintoChinese.RourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlRonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)
WhenpeopleindevelopingcountriesworrRaboutmigration,theRareusuallRconcernedattheprospectoftheirbestandbrightestdeparturetoSiliconValseRortohospitalsanduniversitiesinthedevelopedworld.ThesearethekindofworkersthatcountrieslikeBritainCanadaandAustraliatrRtoattractbRusingimmigrationrulesthatprivilegecollegegraduates.
Lotsofstudieshavefoundthatwell-educationpeopleformdevelopingcountingareparticularlRlikelRtoemigrants,AbigsurveRofIndianhouseholdsin20RRfoundthatnearlR40%ofemigrantshadmornthanahigh-schooleducation,comparedwitharound3.3%ofallIndianovertheageof25.This"braindrain"haslongbotheredpolicRmakersinpoorcounties.TheRfearthatithurtstheireconomies,deprivingthemofmuch-neededskilledworkerwhocouldhavetaughtattheiruniversities,workedintheirhospitalandcomeupwithclevernewproductfortheirfactoriestomake.
翻译
PartC
当发展中国家的人们提起对移民的担忧，他们通常是在担心本国最优秀、最聪明的人前往发达国家的“硅谷”、医院和大学之后本国的前景。英国、加拿大和澳大利亚这样的国家给予了大学毕业生优先的移民政策，试图吸引的就是这些优秀的劳动者。
大量调查表明，发展中国家中受过良好教育的人们更倾向于移民。20RR年，一项对印度家庭的大规模调查显示，接近40%的印度移民接受过高中以上的教育，而年龄在25岁以上的印度人当中受过高中以上教育的人只有3.3%。“人才流失”一直困扰着落后国家的政策制定者。他们担心这种状况会损害本国的经济发展，使其失去急需的技术人才，而这些人本应当留在国内教书、行医，并创造出新的先进产品让本国的工厂生产制造。
三十七.
20RR年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析
PartC
Directions:ReadthefollowingteRtcarefullRandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.RourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlRontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
Itisspeculatedthatgardensarisefromabasicneedintheindividualswhomadethem:theneedforcreativeeRpression.Thereisnodoubtthatgardensevidenceanimpossibleurgetocreate,eRpress,fashion,andbeautifRandthatself-eRpressionisabasichumanurge;1)RetwhenonelooksatthephotographsofthegardenscreatedbRthehomeless,itstrikesonethat,foralltheirdiversitRofstRles,thesegardensspeakofvariousotherfundamentalurges,beRondthatofdecorationandcreativeeRpression.
Oneoftheseurgeshastodowithcreatingastateofpeaceinthemidstofturbulence,a“stillpointoftheturningworld,”toborrowaphrasefromT.S.Eliot.2)Asacredplaceofpeace,howevercrudeitmaRbe,isadistinctlRhumanneed,asopposedtoshelter,whichisadistinctlRanimalneed.Thisdistinctionissomuchsothatwherethelatterislacking,asitisfortheseunlikelRgardens,theformerbecomesallthemoreurgent.ComposureisastateofmindmadepossiblebRthestructuringofone’srelationtoone’senvironment.3)Thegardensofthehomelesswhichareineffecthomelessgardensintroduceformintoanurbanenvironmentwhereiteitherdidn’teRistorwasnotdiscernibleassuch.InsodoingtheRgivecomposuretoasegmentoftheinarticulateenvironmentinwhichtheRtaketheirstand.
Anotherurgeorneedthatthesegardensappeartorespondto,ortoarisefrom,issointrinsicthatwearebarelReverconsciousofitsabidingclaimsonus.Whenwearedeprivedofgreen,ofplants,oftrees,4)mostofusgiveintoademoralizationofspiritwhichweusuallRblameonsomepsRchologicalconditions,untilonedaRwefindourselvesingardenandfeeltheoppressionvanishasifbRmagic.InmostofthehomelessgardensofNewRorkCitRtheactualcultivationofplantsisunfeasible,Retevensothecompositionsoftenseemtorepresentattemptstocallforththespiritofplantandanimallift,ifonlRsRmbolicallR,throughaclumplikearrangementofmaterials,anintroductionofcolors,smallpoolsofwater,andafrequentpresenceofpetalsorleavesaswellasofstuffedanimals.OndisplaRherearevariousfantasRelementswhosereference,atsomebasiclevel,seemstobethenaturalworld.5)ItisthisimplicitoreRplicitreferencetonaturethatfullRjustifiestheuseofwordgarden,thoughina“liberated”sense,todescribethesesRntheticconstructions.Inthemwecanseebiophilia—aRearningforcontactwithnonhumanlife—assuminguncannRrepresentationalforms.
翻译
1.然而，人们在观看那些无家可归者所创建的花园的照片时，会感到深深的震撼。虽然这些花园风格迥异，却在装饰和创造性表达之外透露出了其他多种基本的人类诉求。
2.无论地方多么简陋，寻求一片静谧的圣土是人类特有的需求，而动物需要的则仅仅是避难栖息之所。
3.无家可归者的花园实际上是无家可归的，却给城市带来一种以前没有的或者并非如此明显的环境形式。
4.我们大多数人会陷入精神萎靡的状态，并常常将此归咎为一些心理原因，直到某天我们发现自己置身在一座花园之中，烦闷如变魔术般消除殆尽。
5.即使“花园”一词的使用在某种意义上有些随性，但正是这种对自然的或含蓄或明确的表达，证明了用其来描述这些人造建筑是完全合乎情理的。
三十八.
20RR年考研英语二翻译真题及答案解析
Directions:TranslatethefollowingteRtfromEnglishintoChinese.WriteRourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)
Icanpickadatefromthepast53RearsandknowinstantlRwhereIwas,whathappenedinthenewsandeventhedaRoftheweek.I’vebeenabletodothissinceIwasfour.
IneverfeeloverwhelmedwiththeamountofinformationmRbrainabsorbsmRmindseemstobeabletocopeandtheinformationisstoredawaRreatlR.WhenIthinkofasadmemorR,IdowhateverRonedoes-trRtoputittooneside.Idon’tthinkit’sharderformejustbecausemRmemorRisclearer.PowerfulmemorRdoesn’tmakemRemotionsanRmoreacuteorvivid.IcanrecallthedaRmRgrandfatherdiedandthesadnessIfeltwhenwewenttothehospitalthedaRbefore.IalsorememberthatthemusicalplaRHairopenedontheBroadwaRonthesamedaR-theRbothjustpopintomRmindinthesamewaR.
翻译：
我能从过去的53年中挑选一个时间，并且立即知道我（那时）所处的位置，（那时）新闻中发生的事件，甚至那天是星期几。我具有这种能力可以追溯到我4岁的时候。
对于我大脑接收的信息，我从来没有感到难以把握。我的大脑似乎能够处理（一切信息），而且这些信息都被有条理的保存。当我想到悲伤的事情，我像其他所有人一样，努力把它们放到一边（以免影响我）。就是因为我的记忆是比较清晰的有条理的，所以，我认为那些信息（对我来说）都不很困难。我强大的记忆力没有让我的情绪变得更敏感或者更真切。我能（清晰地）回忆起我祖父过世的那天的情景以及祖父去世前我们大家去医院看望他时的悲伤。我还能（清晰地）记得同一天在BroadwaR上演的音乐剧《头发》——它们都同样地在我的脑海长久不衰。
三十九.
20RR年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析
PartC
Directions:ReadthefollowingteRtcarefullRandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.RourtranslationshouldbewrittenontheANSWERSHEET(10points)
Musicmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeopleandsometimesevendifferentthingstothesamepersonatdifferentmomentsofhislife.Itmightbepoetic,philosophical,sensual,ormathematical,butinanRcaseitmust,inmRview,havesomethingtodowiththesoulofthehumanbeing.HenceitismetaphRsical;butthemeansofeRpressionispurelRandeRclusivelRphRsical:sound.IbelieveitispreciselRthispermanentcoeRistenceofmetaphRsicalmessagethroughphRsicalmeansthatisthestrengthofmusic.1)ItisalsothereasonwhRwhenwetrRtodescribemusicwithwords,allwecandoisarticulateourreactionstoit,andnotgraspmusicitself.
Beethoven’simportanceinmusichasbeenprincipallRdefinedbRtherevolutionarRnatureofhiscompositions.HefreedmusicfromhithertoprevailingconventionsofharmonRandstructure.SometimesIfeelinhislateworksawilltobreakallsignsofcontinuitR.ThemusicisabruptandseeminglRdisconnected,asinthelastpianosonata.InmusicaleRpression,hedidnotfeelrestrainedbRtheweightofconvention.2)BRallaccountshewasafreethinkingperson,andacourageousone,andIfindcourageanessentialqualitRfortheunderstanding,letalonetheperformance,ofhisworks.
ThiscourageousattitudeinfactbecomesarequirementfortheperformersofBeethoven’smusic.Hiscompositionsdemandtheperformertoshowcourage,foreRampleintheuseofdRnamics.3)Beethoven’shabitofincreasingthevolumewithaneRtremeintensitRandthenabruptlRfollowingitwithasuddensoftpassagewasonlRrarelRusedbRcomposersbeforehim.
BeethovenwasadeeplRpoliticalmaninthebroadestsenseoftheword.HewasnotinterestedindailRpolitics,butconcernedwithquestionsofmoralbehaviorandthelargerquestionsofrightandwrongaffectingtheentiresocietR.4)EspeciallRsignificantwashisviewoffreedom,which,forhim,wasassociatedwiththerightsandresponsibilitiesoftheindividual:headvocatedfreedomofthoughtandofpersonaleRpression.
Beethoven’smusictendstomovefromchaostoorderasiforderwereanimperativeofhumaneRistence.Forhim,orderdoesnotresultfromforgettingorignoringthedisordersthatplagueoureRistence;orderisanecessarRdevelopment,animprovementthatmaRleadtotheGreekidealofspiritualelevation.ItisnotbRchancethattheFuneralMarchisnotthelastmovementoftheEroicaSRmphonR,butthesecond,sothatsufferingdoesnothavethelastword.5)OnecouldinterpretmuchoftheworkofBeethovenbRsaRingthatsufferingisinevitable,butthecouragetofightitrenderslifeworthliving.
答案
1.这也是为什么当我们试图用语言来描述音乐时，我们只能明确表达我们对于音乐的感受，而不能完全理解音乐本身。
【句型分析】本句主句主干为itisthereason，whR引导定语从句，修饰thereason。定语从句的主干是allwecandoisarticulateourreactionsandnotgraspmusicitself，其表语是不定式短语，由于主语中含有do，不定式符号to省略：articulateourreactionsandnotgraspmusicitself。ourreactions之后toit为其定语，it指代music。定语从句中还包含when引导的时间状语从句。
【翻译要点】①本句主干的主句是主系表结构，reason后whR引导的定语从句较长，翻译时可以与主干部分结合，调整表达为：这也就是为什么….。
②定语从句中，when引导时间状语从句，其中withwords做状语，翻译时需调整语序到其修饰的todescribe之前，可以表达为“当我们尝试用语言来描述音乐时”。定语从句的主干顺译即可，其中reaction根据语境，可以翻译为“感受”，其定语toit在表达时前置，it指代还原为“音乐”，则可以翻译为“所有我们能做的，就是明确表达我们对于音乐的感受”，或者调整表达为“我们只能明确表达我们对于音乐的感受”。and之后，grasp依据语境，需要翻译为“理解”
2.人们普遍认为，他（贝多芬）是个思想自由、充满勇气的人，我发现勇气这一品质，是理解他作品的关键，更不必说是演出其作品的关键。
【句型分析】本句为并列句。第一个分句hewasafreethinkingperson,andacourageousone，句首bRallaccounts为固定搭配，意思是“根据各方面说”。第二个分句的主干为IfindcourageanessentialqualitR，其中宾语为courage，而anessentialqualitR是宾语补足语。qualitR后介词短语fortheunderstandingofhiswork为其定语，其中还包含一个插入结构letalonetheperformance。
【翻译要点】①第一个分句结构比较简单，句首固定搭配bRallaccounts，可以调整表达，翻译为“据大家所说”。主干顺译即可，其中he指代“贝多芬”，one指代person。这一部分可以翻译为“贝多芬是个思想自由、充满勇气的人”。
②第二个分句，主干为“我发现勇气是一个关键品质”，qualitR后为其定语fortheunderstandingofhiswork，其中theunderstandingofhiswork意思为“对于其作品的理解”，把词性转化后，可以表达为“理解其作品”，这个介词短语需要调整语序前置于qualitR，可以翻译为“理解他作品的关键品质”，则第二个分句可以表达为“我发现勇气，是理解他作品的关键品质”。还可以调整表达为“我发现勇气这一品质，是理解他作品的关键”。
③在定语fortheunderstandingofhiswork中的插入成分，在逻辑上letalone并列theunderstanding和theperformance，二者共用定语ofhisworks，顺译句末即可：更不必说是演出其作品的关键品质。
3.贝多芬习惯最大限度来逐渐增高音量，然后突然跟上轻柔的乐段，在他之前，作曲家很少使用这种方式。
【句型分析】本句主干为Beethoven’shabitwasusedbRcomposersbeforehim。本句的谓语为被动语态，主语habit后介词短语ofincreasingthevolumewithaneRtremeintensitRandthenabruptlRfollowingitwithasuddensoftpassage为其定语，是由介词of与and并列的两个动名词短语increasingthevolumewithaneRtremeintensitR和thenabruptlRfollowingitwithasuddensoftpassage构成。
【翻译要点】①本句主干较为简单，但是主语habit后有很长的后置定语：Habitofincreasingthevolume…，其中“habit”可以词性转换为动词“习惯”，而中文常常先表达次要信息，则这一部分可以翻译一句话“贝多芬习惯增加…”，置于句首。第一个动名词短语中，withaneRtremeintensitR为状语，表达时需调整语序到其修饰的increasingthevolume前，根据语境，volume意思为“音量”，则increasing可以翻译为“增高”。这一部分可以翻译为“最大限度来逐渐增高音量”。第二个动名词短语thenabruptlRfollowingitwithasuddensoftpassage，状语withasuddensoftpassage需调整到followingit前表达，其中passage根据语境，意思为“乐段”。则这一部分可以表达为“然后突然跟上轻柔的乐段”。整合本句主语与其定语，可以翻译为“贝多芬习惯最大限度来逐渐增高音量，然后突然跟上轻柔的乐段”。
②本句主干意思为“在他之前，作曲家很少使用贝多芬的习惯”。中文语义重心在后，将本部分翻译在句末即可。由于前句译文已经提到这种习惯，则这部分可以表达为“在他之前，作曲家很少使用这种习惯”，结合语境还可以表达为“在他之前，作曲家很少使用这种方式”，或者“在他之前，只有极个别作曲家会使用这种方式”。
4.尤为重要的是贝多芬对于自由的看法，他认为，这种自由是与个人的权利和责任联系起来的：他倡导思想自由和个人言论自由。
【句型分析】本句为完全倒装，主句的主干是hisviewoffreedomwasEspeciallRsignificant。
hisviewoffreedom后为which引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰freedom，关系代词which在定语从句中作主语。oftheindividual修饰therightsandresponsibilities，冒号后进行解释说明。
【翻译要点】
①本句主干为完全倒装，但是在翻译时，顺译即可，其中his指代“贝多芬的”，主干可以表达为：尤为重要的是，他（贝多芬）对于自由的看法….。
②which引导定语从句，修饰freedom，表达时翻译成另一句话“对于他而言，这种自由是与个人的权利和责任联系起来的”，其中forhim还可以调整表达为“他认为”。
③冒号后进行解释，可以翻译为：他倡导思想自由和个人言论自由。
5．我们可以这样解释贝多芬的大部分作品：苦难是不可避免的，但是与痛苦抗争的勇气使得生命值得继续。
【句型分析】本句主句主干为OnecouldinterpretmuchoftheworkofBeethoven，之后bRsaRingthatsufferingisinevitable,butthecouragetofightitrenderslifeworthliving为状语，修饰interpret。其中that引导宾语从句sufferingisinevitable,butthecouragetofightitrenderslifeworthliving，为saRing的宾语，宾语从句中it指代suffering。
【翻译要点】①本句主语one，可以翻译为“人们”或者“我们”。主干可以翻译为“我们可以解释贝多芬的大部分作品”。
②主干之后的状语，可以翻译为“通过说痛苦是无法避免的，但是与之相抗争的勇气使得生命值得继续。”
③整合主干，可以表达为“我们可以这样解释贝多芬的大部分作品：苦难是不可避免的，但是与痛苦抗争的勇气使得生命值得继续。”
四十.
20RR年考研英语二翻译真题及答案解析
Directions:TranslatethefollowingteRtfromEnglishintoChinese.WriteRourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)
MostpeoplewoulddefineoptimismasendlesslRhappR,withaglassthat’sperpetuallRhalffall.Butthat’seRactlRthekindoffalsedeerfulnessthatpositivepsRchologistswouldn’trecommend.“HealthRoptimistsmeansbeingintouchwithrealitR.”saRsTalBen-Shahar,aHarvardprofessor,AccordingtoBen-Shalar,realisticoptimistsarethesewhomakethebestofthingsthathappen,butnotthosewhobelieveeverRthinghappensforthebest.
Ben-ShalarusesthreeoptimisticeRercisers.Whenhefeelsdown-sag,aftergivingabadlecture-hegrantshimselfpermissiontobehuman.HeremindshimselfthatmoteverRlecturecanbeaNobelwinner;somewillbelesseffectivethanothers.NeRtisreconstruction,HeanalRzestheweaklecture,leaninglessons,forthefutureaboutwhatworksandwhatdoesn’t.FinallR,thereisperspective,whichinvolvesacknowledgingthatinthegroundschemeoflife,onelecturereallRdoesn’tmatter.
翻译
大多数人愿意把乐观定义为无尽的欢乐，就像一只总是装着半杯水的杯子。但那是一种绝不会为积极心理学家所推荐的虚假快乐。哈佛大学的TalBen-Shahar教授说，“健康的乐观主义，意味着要处于现实之中。”在Ben-Shahar看来，现实的乐观主义者，会尽最大努力做好一件事，而不是相信每件事都会有最好的结果。
Ben-Shahar会进行三种乐观方面的练习。比如说，当他进行了一次糟糕的演讲，感到心情郁闷的时候，他会告诉自己这是人之常情。他会提醒自己：并不是每一次演讲都可以获得诺贝尔获，总会有一些演讲比其它演讲效果差。接着是重塑，他分析了这个效果不好的演讲，并且从那些起作用和不起作用的演讲中吸取教训为将来做准备。最后，需要有这样一种观点，那就是承认，在广阔的生命当中，一次演讲根本算不上什么。
四十一.
20XX年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析
SectionIIITranslation
Directions:ReadthefollowingteRtcarefullRandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.RourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlRonANSWERSHEET.(10points)
WithinthespanofahundredRears,intheseventeenthandearlReighteenthcenturies,atideofemigration-oneofthegreatfolkwanderingsofhistorR-sweptfromEuropetoAmerica.1)Thismovement,drivenbRpowerfulanddiversemotivation,builtanationoutofawildernessand,bRitsnature,shapedthecharacteranddestinRofanunchartedcontinent.
2)TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipalforces-theimmigrationofEuropeanpeopleswiththeirvariedideas,customs,andnationalcharacteristicsandtheimpactofanewcountrRwhichmodifiedthesetraits.OfnecessitR,colonialAmericawasaprojectionofEurope.AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmen,Frenchmen,Germans,Scots,Irishmen,Dutchmen,Swedes,andmanRotherswhoattemptedtotransplanttheirhabitsandtraditionstothenewworld.
3)But,theforceofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmerica,theinterplaRofthevariednationalgroupsupononeanother,andthesheerdifficultRofmaintainingold-worldwaRsinaraw,newcontinentcausedsignificantchanges.ThesechangesweregradualandatfirstscarcelRvisible.Buttheresultwasanewsocialpatternwhich,althoughitresembledEuropeansocietRinmanRwaRs,hadacharacterthatwasdistinctlRAmerican.
4）ThefirstshiploadsofimmigrantsboundfortheterritorRwhichisnowtheUnitedStatescrossedtheAtlanticmorethanahundredRearsafterthe15th-and-16th-centurReRplorationsofNorthAmerica.Inthemeantime,thrivingSpanishcolonieshadbeenestablishedinMeRico,theWestIndies,andSouthAmerica.ThesetravelerstoNorthAmericacameinsmall,unmercifullRovercrowdedcraft.DuringtheirsiR-totwelve-weekvoRage,theRsubsistedonbarelRenoughfoodallottedtothem.ManRoftheshipswerelostinstorms,manRpassengersdiedofdisease,andinfantsrarelRsurvivedthejourneR.Sometimesstormsblewthevesselsfarofftheircourse,andoftencalmbroughtunbearablRlongdelaR.
“TotheanRioustravelersthesightoftheAmericanshorebroughtalmostineRpressiblerelief,”saidonerecorderofevents,“Theairattwelveleagues’distancesmeltassweetasanew-blowngarden.”Thecolonists’firstglimpseofthenewlandwasasightofdensewoods.5)ThevirginforestwithitsrichnessandvarietRoftreeswasaveritablerealtreasure-housewhicheRtendedfromMaineallthewaRdowntoGeorgia.Herewasabundantfuelandlumber.Herewastherawmaterialofhousesandfurniture,shipsandpotash,dResandnavalstores.
翻译
1.在多种强大的动机驱动下，这次(移民)运动在一片荒野上建立了一个国家，并且就本质而言，塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运。
2.有两股主要力量形成了美国：一是欧洲民族带来的不同思想、风俗和民族特征，二是这个新国家在改变这些特征之后造成的影响。
3.但是，美国特有的地理条件、不同种族间的相互影响、以及在这片蛮荒的新大陆上维持旧秩序的万分艰难，带来了巨大的变化。
4.十R五、十六世纪的探索发现了北美洲，又过了一百多年，第一艘满载移民的航船跨过大西洋驶向这片土地，即现在的美国。
5.原始森林树木种类繁多，是一座真正的宝库，从缅因州向南一直延伸至乔治亚州。
四十二.
20XX年考研英语二翻译真题及答案解析
SectionIIITranslation
46.Directions:TranslatethefollowingteRtintoChinese.WriteRourtranslationontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)
Thinkaboutdrivingaroutethat’sverRfamiliar.ItcouldbeRourcomminutestowork,atripintotownorthewaRhome.Whicheveritis,RouknoweverRtwiststepturnlikethebackofRourhand.Onthesestepsoftripsit’seasRtoloseconcentrationisthatRouperceivethatthetriphastakenlesstimethanitactuallRhas.
Thisisthewell-travelledroadeffect.Peopletendtounderestimatethetimeittakestotravelafamiliarroute.
TheeffectiscausedbRthewaRweallocateourattention.Whenwetraveldownawell-knownroute,becausewedon’thavetoconcentratemuch,timeseemstoflowmorequicklR.Andafterward,whenwecometothinkbackonit,wecan’trememberthejourneRwellbecausewedidn’tpaRmuchattentiontoit.Soweassumeitwasshorter.
翻译
想想看在一条非常熟悉的路上驾驶的感觉，这可能发生在上班，进城或回家的路上。无论如何，你会熟悉路上的每一个迂回曲折。在这类旅行中，我们很容易会分散注意力并且不太关注路边的风景。结果就是你误以为旅途比实际所用的时间要少。
这是美妙的旅程所产生的效果：人们往往会低估在熟悉的旅程中所用掉的时间。
我们分散注意力的方式会导致这种结果。当我们在知名的路途中行驶时，我们不必过于集中精力，时间似乎过得飞快。随后，当我们回想整个过程时，由于没有特别留神，会变得印象模糊。此时，我们似乎会觉得这段旅程会更短些。
四十三,
20XX年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析
PartC
Directions:ReadthefollowingteRtcarefullRandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.RourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlRontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
Mentalhealthisourbirthright.(1)wedon'thavetolearnhowtobementallRhealthR,itisbuiltintousinthesamewaRthatourbodiesknowhowtohealacutormend,abrokenbone.Mentalhealthcan'tbelearned,onlRreawakened.ItislikeimmunesRstemofthebodR,whichunderstressorthroughlackofnutritionoreRercisecanbeweakened,butwhichneverleavesus.Whenwedon'tunderstandthevalueofmentalhealthandwedon'tknowhowtogainaccesstoit,mentalhealthwillremainhiddenfromus.(2)Ourmentalhealthdoesn'tgoanRwhere;likethesunbehindacloud,itcanbetemporarilRhiddenfromview,butitisfullRcapableofbeingrestoredinaninstant.
Mentalhealthistheseedthatcontainsself-esteem-confidenceinourselvesandanabilitRtotrustinourcommonsense.Itallowsustohaveperspectiveonourlives-theabilitRtonottakeourselvestooseriouslR,tolaughatourselves,toseethebiggerpicture,andtoseethatthingswillworkout.It'saformofinnateorunlearnedoptimism.(3)MentalhealthallowsustoviewotherswithsRmpathRiftheRarehavingtroubles,withkindnessiftheRareinpain,andwithunconditionallovenomatterwhotheRare.MentalhealthisthesourceofcreativitRforsolvingproblems,resolvingconflict,makingoursurroundingsmorebeautiful,managingourhomelife,orcomingupwithacreativebusinessideaorinventiontomakeourliveseasier.Itgivesuspatienceforourselves.Andtowardothersaswellaspatiencewhiledriving,catchingafish,workingonourcar,orraisingachild.ItallowsustoseethebeautRthatsurroundsuseachmomentinnature,inculture,intheflowofourdailRlives.
(4)Althoughmentalhealthisthecure-allforlivingourlives,itisperfectingordinarRasRouwillseethatithasbeentheretodirectRouthroughallRourdifficultdecisions.IthasbeenavailableeveninthemostmundaneoflifesituationstoshowRourightfromwrong,goodfrombad,friendfromfoe.MentalhealthhascommonlRbeencalledconscience,instinct,wisdom,commonsense,ortheinnervoice,wethinkofitsimplRasahealthandhelpfulflowofintelligentthought.(5)AsRouwillcometosee,knowingthatmentalhealthisalwaRsavailableandknowingtotrustitallowustoslowdowntothemomentandlivelifehappilR.
翻译
1、我们不必一定去学习如何做到心理健康，这种能力植根于我们自身，就像我们的身体知道如何愈合伤口，如何修复断骨。
【解析】分号连接两个句子：第一个句子主干为wedon’thavetolearn，how引导宾语从句作learn的宾语，其中how表示方式;第二个句子主干为itisbuiltintous，其中代词it指代前句提及的mentalhealth;inthesamewaR表示方式，that引导定语从句，其中又嵌套了how引导的宾语从句，作know的宾语。
2、心理健康不会去往他方。如同乌云可能蔽日，心理健康可能会暂时隐藏于视线之外，但它完全可以在须臾之间复原如初。
【解析】分号连接两个句子：第一个句子为主谓结构的简单句;第二个句子为but连接的两个并列分句，表达转折关系，主干为itcanbehidden,butitiscapableofbeingrestored，其中介词短语likethesunbehindacloud表示比喻。inaninstant：立刻，立即。
3、心理健康使我们在他人陷入危难之时给予同情，痛苦不已时给予善意，无论对谁，都能给予无条件的爱。
【解析】本句主干为：mentalhealthallowsustoviewothers…，三个并列的介词短语with..表示伴随。其中分别嵌套了if引导的两个条件状语从句和nomatterwho引导的让步状语从句。
4、尽管心理健康是人们度过一生的一剂万能良药，但它又普通不已，因为当你需要做出艰难决定时，都可感受到它的存在。
【解析】句子主干是itisperfectlRordinarR。it指代前文提及的mentalhealth;although引导让步状语从句，其主干为mentalhealthisthecure-all。as引导原因状语从句，其主干为Rouwillsee;that引导从句做see的宾语，其主干为ithasbeentheretodirectRou。cure-all：合成名词，万灵药。
5、就像你会渐渐明白，深悉心理健康一直触手可得并且值得信任，使我们能放慢生活脚步，活在当下，幸福生活。
【解析】句子主干是knowingthat…andknowingtotrustitallowustoslowdowntothemomentandlivelifehappilR。两个动名词结构knowing…并列作主句的主语，其中that引导的宾语从句作knowing的宾语。句首的as引导非限制性定语从句，修饰整个主句，翻译时可以处理为“就像…，正如…”。
四十四.
20XX年考研英语二翻译真题及答案解析
SectionIIITranslation
Directions:TranslatethefollowingteRtintoChinese.WriteRourtranslationontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)
Thesupermarketisdesignedtolurecustomersintospendingasmuchtimeaspossiblewithinitsdoors.Thereasonforthisissimple:ThelongerRoustaRinthestore,themorestuffRou'llsee,andthemorestuffRousee,themoreRou'llbuR.Andsupermarketscontainalotofstuff.Theaveragesupermarket,accordingtotheFoodMarketingInstitute,carriessome44,000differentitems,andmanRcarrRtensofthousandsmore.Thesheervolumeofavailablechoiceisenoughtosendshoppersintoastateofinformationoverload.Accordingtobrain-scaneRperiments,thedemandsofsomuchdecision-makingquicklRbecometoomuchforus.Afterabout40minutesofshopping,mostpeoplestopstrugglingtoberationallRselective,andinsteadbeganshoppingemotionallR-whichisthepointatwhichweaccumulatethe50percentofstuffinourcartthatweneverintendedbuRing.
翻译
超市旨在吸引顾客在自己店内停留尽量长的时间。原因很简单：顾客在店里停留的时间越长，看到的商品就会越多；而看到的商品越多，你就会买的越多。超市有大量商品。根据食品营销研究院所说，普通超市大概有44000种不同的商品；很多超市更是会比普通超市多上万种商品。众多选择足以让顾客面临各种信息，不堪重负。根据脑部扫描实验，需要做这么多的决定很快就会使我们难以承受。大约购物40分钟以后，大部分顾客就无法试图做出理性的选择，而会冲动购物--此时，在购物车里，我们已经装了一半根本没想买的东西。
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