中美上海联合公报

中美上海联合公报JointCommuniqueofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaandtheUnitedStatesofAmerica（《中美上海联合公报》，1972.2.28）PresidentRichardNixonoftheUnitedStatesofAmericavisitedthePeople'sRepublicofChinaattheinvitationofPremierChouEn-laiofthePeople'sRepublicofChinafromFebruary21toFebruary28,1972.AccompanyingthePresidentwereMrs.Nixon,U.S.SecretaryofStateWilliamRogers,AssistanttothePresidentDr.HenryKissinger,andotherAmericanofficials.PresidentNixonmetwithChairmanMaoTsetungoftheCommunistPartyofChinaonFebruary21.ThetwoleadershadaseriousandfrankexchangeofviewsonSino-U.S.relationsandworldaffairs.Duringthevisit,extensive,earnestandfrankdiscussionswereheldbetweenPresidentNixonandPremierChouEn-laionthenormalizationofrelationsbetweentheUnitedStatesofAmericaandthePeople'sRepublicofChina,aswellasonothermattersofinteresttobothsides.Inaddition,SecretaryofStateWilliamRogersandForeignMinisterChiPeng-feiheldtalksinthesamespirit.PresidentNixonandhispartyvisitedPekingandviewedcultural,industrialandagriculturalsites,andtheyalsotouredHangchowandShanghaiwhere,continuingdiscussionswithChineseleaders,theyviewedsimilarplacesofinterest.TheleadersofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaandtheUnitedStatesofAmericafounditbeneficialtohavethisopportunity,aftersomanyyearswithoutcontact,topresentcandidlytooneanothertheirviewsonavarietyofissues.Theyreviewedtheinternationalsituationinwhichimportantchangesandgreatupheavalsaretakingplaceandexpoundedtheirrespectivepositionsandattitudes.TheChinesesidestated:Whereverthereisoppressionthereisresistance.Countrieswantindependence,nationswantliberationandthepeoplewantrevolution-thishasbecometheirresistibletrendofhistory.Allnations,bigorsmall,shouldbeequal;bignationsshouldnotbullythesmallandstrongnationsshouldnotbullytheweak.Chinawillneverbeasuperpoweranditopposeshegemonyandpowerpoliticsofanykind.TheChinesesidestatedthatitfirmlysupportsthestrugglesofalltheoppressedpeopleandnationsforfreedomandliberationandthatthepeopleofallcountrieshavetherighttochoosetheirsocialsystemsaccordingtotheirownwishesandtherighttosafeguardtheindependence,sovereigntyandterritorialintegrityoftheirowncountriesandopposeforeignaggression,interference,controlandsubversion.Allforeigntroopsshouldbewithdrawntotheirowncountries.TheChinesesideexpresseditsfirmsupporttothepeoplesofVietNam,LaosandCambodiaintheireffortsfortheattainmentoftheirgoalanditsfirmsupporttotheseven-pointproposaloftheProvisionalRevolutionaryGovernmentoftheRepublicofSouthVietNamandtheelaborationofFebruarythisyearonthetwokeyproblemsintheproposal,andtotheJointDeclarationoftheSummitConferenceoftheIndochinesePeoples.Itfirmlysupportstheeight-pointprogramforthepeacefulunificationofKoreaputforwardbytheGovernmentoftheDemocraticPeople'sRepublicofKoreaonApril12,1971,andthestandfortheabolitionofthe"U.N.CommissionfortheUnificationandRehabilitationofKorea".ItfirmlyopposestherevivalandoutwardexpansionofJapanesemilitarismandfirmlysupportstheJapanesepeople'sdesiretobuildanindependent,democratic,peacefulandneutralJapan.ItfirmlymaintainsthatIndiaandPakistanshould,inaccordancewiththeUnitedNationsresolutionsontheIndia-Pakistanquestion,immediatelywithdrawalltheirforcestotheirrespectiveterritoriesandtotheirownsidesoftheceasefirelineinJammuandKashmirandfirmlysupportsthePakistanGovernmentandpeopleintheirstruggletopreservetheirindependenceandsovereigntyandthepeopleofJammuandKashmirintheirstrugglefortherightofself-determination.TheU.S.sidestated:PeaceinAsiaandpeaceintheworldrequireseffortsbothtoreduceimmediatetensionsandtoeliminatethebasiccausesofconflict.TheUnitedStateswillworkforajustandsecurepeace;just,becauseitfulfillstheaspirationsofpeoplesandnationsforfreedomandprogress;secure,becauseitremovesthedangerofforeignaggression.TheUnitedStatessupportsindividualfreedomandsocialprogressforallthepeoplesoftheworld,freeofoutsidepressureorintervention.TheUnitedStatesbelievesthattheefforttoreducetensionsisservedbyimprovingcommunicationbetweencountriesthathavedifferentideologiessoastolessentherisksofconfrontationthroughaccident,miscalculationormisunderstanding.Countriesshouldtreateachotherwithmutualrespectandbewillingtocompetepeacefully,lettingperformancebetheultimatejudge.Nocountryshouldclaiminfallibilityandeachcountryshouldbepreparedtoreexamineitsownattitudesforthecommongood.TheUnitedStatesstressedthatthepeoplesofIndochinashouldbeallowedtodeterminetheirdestinywithoutoutsideintervention;itsconstantprimaryobjectivehasbeenanegotiatedsolution;theeight-pointproposalputforwardbytheRepublicofVietNamandtheUnitedStatesonJanuary27,1972representsabasisfortheattainmentofthatobjective;intheabsenceofanegotiatedsettlement,theUnitedStatesenvisagestheultimatewithdrawalofallU.S.forcesfromtheregionconsistentwiththeaimofself-determinationforeachcountryofIndochina.TheUnitedStateswillmaintainitsclosetieswithandsupportfortheRepublicofKorea;theUnitedStateswillsupporteffortsoftheRepublicofKoreatoseekarelaxationoftensionandincreasedcommunicationintheKoreanpeninsula.TheUnitedStatesplacesthehighestvalueonitsfriendlyrelationswithJapan;itwillcontinuetodeveloptheexistingclosebonds.ConsistentwiththeUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilResolutionofDecember21,1971,theUnitedStatesfavorsthecontinuationoftheceasefirebetweenIndiaandPakistanandthewithdrawalofallmilitaryforcestowithintheirownterritoriesandtotheirownsidesoftheceasefirelineinJammuandKashmir;theUnitedStatessupportstherightofthepeoplesofSouthAsiatoshapetheirownfutureinpeace,freeofmilitarythreat,andwithouthavingtheareabecomethesubjectofgreatpowerrivalry.ThereareessentialdifferencesbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStatesintheirsocialsystemsandforeignpolicies.However,thetwosidesagreedthatcountries,regardlessoftheirsocialsystems,shouldconducttheirrelationsontheprinciplesofrespectforthesovereigntyandterritorialintegrityofallstates,non-aggressionagainstotherstates,non-interferenceintheinternalaffairsofotherstates,equalityandmutualbenefit,andpeacefulcoexistence.Internationaldisputesshouldbesettledonthisbasis,withoutresortingtotheuseorthreatofforce.TheUnitedStatesandthePeople'sRepublicofChinaarepreparedtoapplytheseprinciplestotheirmutualrelations.Withtheseprinciplesofinternationalrelationsinmindthetwosidesstatedthat:--progresstowardthenormalizationofrelationsbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStatesisintheinterestsofallcountries;--bothwishtoreducethedangerofinternationalmilitaryconflict;--neithershouldseekhegemonyintheAsia-Pacificregionandeachisopposedtoeffortsbyanyothercountryorgroupofcountriestoestablishsuchhegemony;and--neitherispreparedtonegotiateonbehalfofanythirdpartyortoenterintoagreementsorunderstandingswiththeotherdirectedatotherstates.Bothsidesareoftheviewthatitwouldbeagainsttheinterestsofthepeoplesoftheworldforanymajorcountrytocolludewithanotheragainstothercountries,orformajorcountriestodivideuptheworldintospheresofinterest.Thetwosidesreviewedthelong-standingseriousdisputesbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates.TheChinesesidereaffirmeditsposition:TheTaiwanquestionisthecrucialquestionobstructingthenormalizationofrelationsbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates;theGovernmentofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaisthesolelegalgovernmentofChina;TaiwanisaprovinceofChinawhichhaslongbeenreturnedtothemotherland;theliberationofTaiwanisChina'sinternalaffairinwhichnoothercountryhastherighttointerfere;andallU.S.forcesandmilitaryinstallationsmustbewithdrawnfromTaiwan.TheChineseGovernmentfirmlyopposesanyactivitieswhichaimatthecreationof"oneChina,oneTaiwan""oneChinatwogovernments","twoChinas",an"independentTaiwan"oradvocatethat"thestatusofTaiwanremainstobedetermined".TheU.S.sidedeclared:TheUnitedStatesacknowledgesthatallChineseoneithersideoftheTaiwanStraitmaintainthereisbutoneChinaandthatTaiwanisapartofChina.TheUnitedStatesGovernmentdoesnotchallengethatposition.ItreaffirmsitsinterestinapeacefulsettlementoftheTaiwanquestionbytheChinesethemselves.Withthisprospectinmind,itaffirmstheultimateobjectiveofthewithdrawalofallU.S.forcesandmilitaryinstallationsfromTaiwan.Inthemeantime,itwillprogressivelyreduceitsforcesandmilitaryinstallationsonTaiwanasthetensionintheareadiminishes.Thetwosidesagreedthatitisdesirabletobroadentheunderstandingbetweenthetwopeoples.Tothisend,theydiscussedspecificareasinsuchfieldsasscience,technology,culture,sportsandjournalism,inwhichpeople-to-peoplecontactsandexchangeswouldbemutuallybeneficial.Eachsideundertakestofacilitatethefurtherdevelopmentofsuchcontactsandexchanges.Bothsidesviewbilateraltradeasanotherareafromwhichmutualbenefitcanbederived,andagreedthateconomicrelationsbasedonequalityandmutualbenefitareintheinterestofthepeoplesofthetwocountries.Theyagreetofacilitatetheprogressivedevelopmentoftradebetweentheirtwocountries.Thetwosidesagreedthattheywillstayincontactthroughvariouschannels,includingthesendingofaseniorU.S.representativetoPekingfromtimetotimeforconcreteconsultationstofurtherthenormalizationofrelationsbetweenthetwocountriesandcontinuetoexchangeviewsonissuesofcommoninterest.Thetwosidesexpressedthehopethatthegainsachievedduringthisvisitwouldopenupnewprospectsfortherelationsbetweenthetwocountries.TheybelievethatthenormalizationofrelationsbetweenthetwocountriesisnotonlyintheinterestoftheChineseandAmericanpeoplesbutalsocontributestotherelaxationoftensioninAsiaandtheworld.PresidentNixon,Mrs.NixonandtheAmericanpartyexpressedtheirappreciationforthegracioushospitalityshownthembytheGovernmentandpeopleofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.